10) GEC 8 - Global Demography Bachelor of secondary education. Ppt.pdf

Hello, one of my files in contemporary world

1. GLOBAL
DEMOGRAPHY

2. Demography
ØGreek word “Demos” meaning people and
“graphy” meaning science: the study of people. The
word was first used by a French writer Achille
Guillard in 1855.
Øis the study of human populations – their size,
structure and development across space – and the
process through which populations change. Births,
Deaths, & Migration are the “Big Three” of
demography. Jointly producing population stability
or change.
(Stockholm University)

3. TERMS:
•Population
Is the whole number of people or inhabitants in a country or region
•Birth Rate
The number of births per 1000 people per year
(Total live births/Total population) x 1000
•Mortality Rate/ Death Rate
Death Rate (Mortality): The Percentage of people who die relative
to the country’s population (annual)
(Total deaths/Total population) x 1000
•Life Expectancy at Birth
The average number of years that a person or animal can expect to
live

4. •Fertility Rate
Total number of children borne by a woman at a point
of time during her child-bearing age (15-45 years)
Family size depends upon
oDuration of marriage
oEducation of couple
oNo. of live births
oContraception method
oSocioeconomic status

5. GLOBAL MIGRATION
•Mobility
Refers to the movement of people from place to place, or job to
job, or social class to social class
•Migration
the act or process of moving from one place to another with the
intention of staying at the destination permanently or for a long
period of time
•Immigration
Act of entering a foreign country, often for permanent residency
•Emigration
Act of leaving one’s own country often to settle permanently in
another country

6. •Migration Internal
Population movements within a country
Ex. Rural-Urban Migration
•Migration International
Population movement across national boundaries
oResettlement migration
oContract Migrations
oRefugees (Force Migrations)

7. WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?
•Economic reason
•Political reason
•Social reason
•Cultural reason
•Push-Pull Factor

8. THEORIES OF POPULATION
GROWTH & DECLINE
•Malthusian Theory by Thomas Malthus
(1766-1834)
•The Demographic Transition Theory

9. MALTHUSIAN THEORY
ØOverpopulation and Massive Poverty
ØThomas Malthus (1766-1834)
ØTheorized pessimistically that population was uncontrollable
ØHe argued that population was growing faster than the amount
of resources we could produce
ØThis suggested that at some point population would outgrow
resources (food)
ØA catastrophe such as war, famine or disease would then cut
the population which would return to balance again

10. oPositive or Natural Checks
Malthus believed that natural forces would correct the imbalance
between food supply and population growth in the form of
natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes an human made
actions such as wars and famines
oPreventative Checks
To correct the imbalance, Malthus also suggested using
preventative measures to control the growth of the population
these measures include family planning, late marriages, and
celibacy.

11. CRITICISMS ON THE MALTHUSIAN
THEORY OF POPULATION
Population Growth & Food Production
ØIn Western Europe, populations have grown not at the rate
Malthus predicted and food production has also risen because of
technological advancements
Global Trade
ØThe limited availability of land at the time was the basis for
Malthus theory on food production constraints. However, thanks
to globalization, we can trade goods and services for food, which
increases the amount of food a country can consume.

12. THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY
Øis a generalized description of the changing pattern of
mortality, fertility and growth rates as societies move from
one demographic regime to another. The term was first
coined by the American demographer Frank W. Notestein
in the mid-twentieth century, but it has since been
elaborated and expanded upon by many others.

13. THE THEORY OF
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION

14. •1
st
stage/Phase 1: Pre-transition
ØCharacterized by high birth rates,
and high fluctuating death rates
ØSlow population growth because high
birth rates and high death rates
which offset each other.

15. •2
nd
Stage/Phase 2: Early Transition
ØDuring the early stages of the transition,
the death rate begins to fall
Øas birthrates remain high, the population
starts to grow rapidly.
ØRapid population growth because birth
rates remain high but death rates
declined because of better sanitation,
clean drinking water, availability of food
and health care

16. •3
rd
Stage/ Phase 3: Late Transition
ØBirth rates start to decline
ØThe rate of population growth
decelerates
ØStable population growth as the economy
and educational system improves and
people have fewer children

17. •4
th
Stage/ Phase 4: Post Transition
ØPost transitional societies are
characterized by low birth and low
death rates
Øpopulation growth is negligible or even
enters a decline
ØDeclining population growth because the
relatively high level of affluence and
economic develop encourage women
to delay having children.

18. IMPLICATIONS OF OVERPOPULATION
The Good News The Bad News
Better economy Shortage of food and land
Efficient utilization of
resources
Environmental problems
Medical, agricultural and
industrial growth
Problem of unemployment
Better labor force Poverty and low standard
of living
Greater investment in
capital formation
Inflation
Conflict and war

19. THE THEORY OF
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION