10 Kingdom Animalia.pdf

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1. KINGDOM
ANIMALIA
THE KINGDOM OF ANIMALS

2. TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED
▪What are Animals?
▪General Characters of Animals
▪Classification of Animals

3. WHAT ARE ANIMALS?
▪Greek word “Anima”
▪Proper definition:
•Eukaryotic
•Multicellular
•Heterotrophs
•Nutrition by ingestion

4. SOME OTHER PROPERTIES
▪Usually motile
▪Develop from zygote
•Combination of egg and sperm
•Forms multicellular embryo
▪Usually diploid

5. KINGDOM ANIMALIA
▪Two kingdom classification
•Kingdom Animalia
•Protozoa
•Metazoa
▪Five Kingdom Classification
•Protozoa placed in Protista
•Separate kingdom for
Multicellular Animals
•Evolved from protista

6. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS
▪Helpful characters:
•Multicellularity
•Symmetry
•Body Cavity
•Cleavage Pattern

7. MULTICELLULARITY
▪In three kingdoms
▪Most complex in animals
▪Complex connections between cells
•Communication
•Transport of materials
▪Unique characteristics

8. SYMMETRY
▪Arrangements of body parts
▪Around central axis (mouth to anus)
▪Animals have 3 arrangements
1.Asymmetry
2.Radial symmetry
3.Bilateral symmetry

9. ORGANIZATION OF TISSUES
▪Three patterns
•No Tissues
•Two tissue layers –
Diploblastic
•Three tissue layers
–Triploblastic

10. BODY CAVITY –COELOM
▪Triploblastic have three patterns
•Acoelomates
•no cavity
•Found in platyhelminthes
•Psuedocoelomates
•false coelom
•Found in Nematoda
•Coelomates
•true coelom
•All other phyla

11. ACOELOMATES

12. PSEUDOCOELOMATES

13. COELOMATES

14. SPIRAL AND RADIAL CLEAVAGE

15. PATTERN OF CLEAVAGE
Protostomes
•Annelida
•Mollusca
•Arthropoda
Deuterostomes
•Echinodermata
•Hemichordata
•Chordata

16. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS
Kingdom Animalia
Parazoa
Eumetazoa
Radiata
Bilatria
Acoelomates
Pseudocoelomates
Coelomates
Protostomes
Deuterostomes

17. Multicellular, Asymmetrical, No tissues
DIVISION PARAZOA

18. PHYLUM PORIFERA
▪Latin: Porus= Pores; Fera= bearing
▪Common name: Sponges
▪Habitat: Aquatic
▪5,000 species
•150 freshwater
•Remaining marine

19. PHYLUM PORIFERA
▪Multicellular body
▪No symmetry
▪No tissues
▪No organs
▪Two layers of cells
•Outer wall –pinacoderm
•Inner layer –choanoderm
•Gelatinous mesenchyme in between

20. PHYLUM PORIFERA
▪Mesenchyme contains:
•Amoeboid cells
•Sponginfibers
▪Size:
•Few mm to more than 1 meter
▪Large cavity
•Called spongocoel
•Divided into chambers or canals
•Lined by choanocytes
•Filter feeders

21. PHYLUM PORIFERA
▪Pores in body wall
•Called ostia
•Allow entry of water
▪Single large opening
•For exit of water
•Called osculum
▪No respiratory system
▪No circulatory system
▪All are sessile

22. COLLAR CELLS –CHOANOCYTES

23. PHYLUM PORIFERA
▪No excretory system
•Wastes removed by diffusion
▪No nervous system
•Cells can communicate
•Control flow of water
▪Skeleton
•Needle like structures
•Called spicules
•Made of silica, CaCO
3or spongin
•Provides support

24. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
▪Budding
▪Small internal or external bud
•Internal buds called gemmules
▪Gradually grows
▪Ultimately separates
▪Grows to form new sponge

25. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
▪Union of egg and sperm
•Inside mesenchyme
▪Zygote forms
▪Released from mother
▪Develops into new individual
▪Most species hermaphrodite
▪Mostly protandrous
▪Sexes separate in some

26. EXAMPLES
Sycon
A typical sponge
Leucoselenia
Many erect tubes
Spongilla
Freshwater sponge
Euplectella
Venus flower basket

27. IMPORTANCE
▪Skeleton used for washing / bathing
▪Natural sponges still used in many countries
▪Commercial sponges are found in Mediterranean sea
▪Ability to absorb fluid: used during surgical operations
▪Sound absorption in buildings

28. True Multicellular Animals
DIVISION EUMETAZOA
True TissuesTrue Tissues

29. Radially Symmetrical Animals
GRADE RADIATA

30. PHYLUM CNIDARIA/ COELENTERATA
▪Cnidocytes–stinging cells
▪All are aquatic
•Marine and freshwater
▪Two body layers –Diploblastic
•Ectoderm –forms body cover
•Endoderm –specialized for digestion
•Mesoglea–jelly like middle layer
▪Arranged as tissues
▪Simple organs

31. PHYLUM CNIDARIA
▪Single body cavity (gastrovascularcavity)
•Acts as digestive cavity
•Filled with water
•Also called enteron
▪Single opening (mouth only)
•Sac like digestive system
▪Radial Symmetry
•Part arranged around central axis
▪Size
•Microscopic hydra
•Jelly fishes (2m)

32. PHYLUM CNIDARIA
▪Nervous system
•No brain
•Network of neurons
•Called nerve net
•Spread evenly in body wall
▪Lifestyle
•Some are free swimming (jelly fish)
•Some are sessile (hydra)
•Some live in colonies (corals)

33. PHYLUM CNIDARIA
▪Mouth surrounded by tentacles
▪Tentacles have special cells
•Called Cnidocytes
•Contain nematocyts
•Organs of offense and defense
▪Diet: Carnivorous
•Feed on small animals
•Immobilize prey by nematocysts
•Engulfed in digestive cavity
•Digested by enzymes
•Nutrients distributed by diffusion

34. ALTERNATION OF GENERATION
▪Twobody forms
▪Medusa
•Umbrella like
•Free swimming
•Sexual reproduction
▪Polyp (gastrozooids)
•Cylindrical body
•Usually sessile
•Involved in nutrition
▪Both generations alternate
▪Both are diploid

35. POLYMORPHISM
▪Many type of individuals in same colony
▪Structurally and functionally different
▪Gastrozooids
•Feeding
▪Gonozoids
•Asexual reproduction
▪Medusa and Blastostyle
•Sexual reproduction

36. REPRODUCTION

37. COMMON EXAMPLES
Hydra
Freshwater polyp
No alternation of generation
Obelia
Colonial polyp
Shows alternation of generation

38. COMMON EXAMPLES
Aurelia
Jellyfish
Polyp reduced
Medusa dominant
Physalia
Portuguese man of war
Colonial
Many types of zooids

39. COMMON EXAMPLES
Actinia
Sea anemone
Polyp only
Enteronshows partitions called
mesenteries
Medrepora
Coral
Colonial
Body covered in calcium
carbonate

40. CORALS
▪Colonial Polyps
▪Shells of calcium carbonate
▪Only tentacles emerge
▪Produce large masses of chalk
▪Found in tropical waters
▪Harbor great diversity of life

41. Triploblastic animals, bilateral symmetry
GRADE BILATERIA
True Tissues
Bilateral Symmetry

42. Triploblastic, Acoelomate, Flatworms
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES

43. PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
▪Platy= Flat; Helmins= worm
▪Soft body
▪Dorso-ventrally compressed
▪Triploblastic
▪Acoelomates
▪Protostomes
▪Bilateral symmetry
▪Unsegmentedbody

44. LIFESTYLE
▪Almost all parasites
•Taeniasolium(tapeworm)
•Fasciolahepatica (liver fluke)
•Schistosoma(blood fluke)
▪Obtain nutrition from host
▪Common in tropics
▪Some are free living
•Dugesia(planaria)
▪Size:
•Few mm (planaria)
•Several meters (tapeworm)

45. ORGAN SYSTEMS
▪Digestive system
•Sac like
•Branched
•Poorly developed
•Sometimes absent
▪Excretory system
•Branched
•Flame cells

46. ORGAN SYSTEMS
▪Nervous System
•Group of neurons
•Called ganglia
•Ventral nerve cords
•Sense organs at anterior end
•Distinct head
▪Respiratory system: Absent
▪Circulatory system: Absent
▪Locomotion:
•Free living species have cilia
•Can swim in water
•Parasites do not usually move

47. REPRODUCTION
▪Asexual reproduction
•By fission
•Body transversely divided
•Two new individuals
▪Sexual reproduction
•Most species hermaphrodite
•Larval forms present

48. FOOD
▪Parasites obtain food from host
▪Free living feed on
•Small animals
•Plants
•Decaying matter

49. COMMON FLATWORMS
▪Dugesia
•Planaria
•Free living
•Ciliated outer cover
▪Fasciolahepatica
•Endoparasite
•Host: Sheep and man
•Lives in bile duct
•Suckers for attachment
•Intermediate host: snail

50. COMMON FLATWORMS
▪Taeniasolium
•Tape worm
•Endoparasite
•Host: man, cattle, pig
•Intermediate host: pig / cattle
•Ribbon like body
•Segmented
•Proglottids
•Contain sex organs
•Break off and passed out through feces
•Difficult to treat
Sucker

51. LIFE CYCLE OF TAPEWORM

52. ADAPTED FOR PARASITIC LIFE
▪No epidermis
▪Resistant cuticle
▪Adhesive organs: suckers, hooks
▪No muscles
▪Simple digestive system
▪Complicated reproduction: Numerous ova
▪Complex life cycle: Multiple hosts

53. Bilateral, Pseudocoelomates
PHYLUM NEMATODA

54. PHYLUM NEMATODA /
ASCHELMINTHES
▪Meaning pointed ends
▪Round worms
▪Triploblastic
▪Pseudocoelomates
▪Elongated body
▪Worm-like
▪Pointed ends

55. BODY FEATURES
▪Both ends similar
▪No distinction of head and tail
▪Bilateral symmetry
▪Non-segmented body
▪Pseudocoelom
▪Not true coelom

56. BODY FEATURES
▪Skeleton:
•Not present
•Pseudocoelomhas special cells
•Filled with protein rich fluid
•Acts as hydrostatic skeleton
Size:
Usually microscopic
Up to 1 meter

57. DIGESTION AND EXCRETION
▪Digestive system
•Simple
•Tube like alimentary canal
•Two openings
•Called “tube within tube”
▪Excretory system
•Longitudinal canals
•Unite at anterior end
•Pore on ventral surface

58. NERVOUS SYSTEM
•Nerve ring around pharynx
•Dorsal ventral and lateral nerve cords
•Run throughout length
•Sense organs in the form of papillae
•Present on lips on anterior end

59. LOCOMOTION
▪Muscles arranged in four bands
•Two dorsolateral
•Two ventrolateral
▪Can bend dorsoventrally
▪Undulating waves of contraction
▪No circular muscles

60. BODY FEATURES
▪Circulatory system
•Not present
▪Respiratory System
•Not present
▪Reproductive system
•Testes and ovaries
•Sexes usually separate
•Large number of eggs
•Larval stage present

61. LIFESTYLE
▪Mostly parasitic
•Cause diseases in plants, animals and man
▪Ascarislumbricoides
•Common parasite in man
•Lives in intestine
▪Rhabditis
•Many species
•Common in soil, feces, water

62. PARASITIC NEMATODES
▪Enterobiusvermicularis
•Called pinworm
•All around world
•Common in Europe + America
•Parasite of large intestine
•Movement causes itching
•Inflammation of mucous membranes
•Insomnia and loss of appetite

63. PARASITIC NEMATODES
▪Ancylostomaduodenale
•Hook worm
•Parasite of small intestine
•Asia, N Africa, Europe
•Sucks blood from villi
•Produce anticoagulant
•Prevent clotting of blood
•Continuous bleeding
•May cause anemia in children
•Retarded physical and mental growth

64. SOIL NEMATODES
▪Free living
▪Very common
▪Break organic matter
▪Single rotting apple
•Up to 90,000 worms
▪Billions in an acre of soil

65. Triploblastic Coelomates, Segmented Worms
PHYLUM ANNELIDA

66. PHYLUM ANNELIDA
▪Latin: Annulus= ring
▪Segmented worms
▪Triploblastic
▪Bilateral symmetry
▪Coelomates
▪Organs well developed
▪Includes worms
•Nereis(marine)
•Stylaria(freshwater)
•Earthworm (terrestrial)
•Leech (parasite)

67. METAMERIC SEGMENTATION
▪Metameric segmentation
•Divided into similar segments
•Organs repeated in each part
▪Septa between each segment
•Appear as rings from outside
▪Passage for some organs like
•Gut,
•Blood vessels,
•Nerve cords

68. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
▪“Tube within tube”
▪Alimentary canal
•Divided into distinct parts
•Each part has special function
▪Two openings
•Mouth at anterior end
•Anus at posterior end
▪Prostomiumat mouth
▪Digestive system poor in parasites

69. COELOM
▪True coelom is present
▪Two layers of mesoderm
•Parietal layer (lines the ectoderm)
•Visceral layer (lines digestive tract)
▪Space between both layers
▪Filled with coelomicfluid
•Acts as hydrostatic skeleton

70. EXCRETORY SYSTEM
▪Metanephridia
▪Pair in each segment
▪Ciliated opening
▪Collects nitrogenous wastes
▪From coelomicfluid
▪Supplied with blood capillaries

71. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
▪Advanced central nervous system
▪Simple brain
▪Ventral nerve cord
•Divided into smaller nerves in each segment

72. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
▪First group of invertebrates with closed system
▪Closed circulatory system
•Blood remains within blood vessels
▪Simple heart pumps blood in vessels
▪Supplies nutrients and gasses

73. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
▪No special structures
▪Gas exchange through skin
▪By simple diffusion into blood capillaries
▪Skin kept moist all the time
•By mucous and coelomicfluid

74. LOCOMOTION
▪Muscles for locomotion
•Present in body wall
▪Arranged in two pairs
•Circular muscles
•Longitudinal muscles
▪Exert pressure on coelomicfluid
•Compartment can shirk or elongate
▪Chitinoussetae
•Help in locomotion / attachment
▪Some have parapodia(Nereis)

75. REPRODUCTION
▪Sexual reproduction is common
▪Most are hermaphrodite
•Like earthworm and leech
▪Sexes separate in some
•Like Nereis
▪Fertilization is external
▪Free swimming larve
•Called trochophorelarva

76. IMPORTANCE OF EARTHWORM
▪Burrows in soil
▪Makes passages for air
▪Makes soil soft
▪Mixes the soil
▪Helpful for growth of roots
▪Commonly called natural plough

77. CLASSIFICATION OF ANNELIDS
▪On the basis of organs of locomotion
▪Three classes
•Class Polycheta
•Class Oligocheta
•Class Hirudinea

78. CLASS POLYCHETA
▪Distinct head
•With eyes and tentacles (palps)
▪Sexes usually separate
▪Locomotion by parapodia
▪Mostly aquatic (marine)
▪Trochophorelarva
▪Examples
•Nereis
•Chaetopterus

79. CLASS OLIGOCHETA
▪Internal and external segmentation
▪Locomotion by setae
▪Head not prominent
▪Mostly hermaphrodite (bisexual)
▪No larva
▪Terrestrial or aquatic
▪Examples
•Lumbricusterrestris
•Pheretimaposthuma

80. CLASS HIRUDINEA
▪Fixed number of segments in body
▪Additional rings on each segment
•Called annuli
▪No organs of locomotion
•Move by stretching body
▪Mostly hermaphrodite
▪Trochophorelarva
•Aquatic
▪No distinct head
▪Mostly parasites
▪Chitinousjaws
▪Produce anticoagulant
•To prevent blood clotting
▪Example
•Hirudomedicinalis

81. SUMMARY OF LECTURE
▪Annelids –Segmented worms
▪Metameric segmentation
▪Specialized organ systems
•Digestive system
•Circulatory system
•Nervous system
▪Classification
•Polycheta(Nereis)
•Oligocheta(Earthworm)
•Hirudinea(Leech)

82. Soft bodied animals
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

83. PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
▪Very diverse group
▪Second largest group of invertebrates
▪50,000 living species
▪Triploblastic
▪Ceolomates
▪Bilateral symmetry
▪Mostly covered in shell
▪Advanced organ systems

84. DISTRIBUTION
▪Widely distributed
▪Some are exclusively aquatic
•Freshwater or marine
•Like squids and octopus
▪Some are terrestrial
•Live on moist places
•Like land snail

85. GENERAL FEATURES
▪Diverse body forms
▪Basic features are common
▪Glandular epithelium
•Called mantle
•Sometimes secretes shell
▪Shell is protective cover
•Creates problem in locomotion
•Due to weight
▪Some do not have shell

86. GENERAL FEATURES
▪Body soft and unsegmented
▪Divided into three parts
•Head
•Visceral mass
•Foot
▪Visceral mass is covered by shell
•Contains most of internal organs
•Shell is produced by mantle
▪Some space between mantle cavity and shell
•Contains gills for respiration
▪Some have rasping tongue in mouth

87. ORGAN SYSTEMS
▪Digestive system
•Specialized Gut
•Two openings
▪Excretory system
•Paired nephridia
▪Circulatory system
•Open circulatory system in most
•Coelom divided into spaces called sinuses
•Heart pumps blood in sinuses
•Respiratory pigment: hemocyanin
•Closed circulatory system in cephalopoda

88. ORGAN SYSTEMS
▪Respiratory system
•Gills in aquatic species
•Mantle converted into lungs in snail
▪Nervous system
•Three pairs of ganglia
•Present in head, viscera, foot
▪Muscular foot for locomotion
•Movement slow due to heavy shell
•Some are sessile
▪Reproduction
•Sexes separate
•Trochophorelarve

89. CLASSIFICATION
▪Six major classes
▪Three will be discussed:
•Class Gastropoda
•Class Bivalvia
•Class Cephalopoda

90. CLASS GASTROPODA
▪Asymmetrical body
▪Covered in single piece of shell
•Shell is usually coiled
•Can hide completely in shell
▪Aquatic and terrestrial
▪Aquatic species have gills
▪Terrestrial species have lungs
•Mantle is converted into lungs
▪Examples
•Helix aspersa(Garden snail)
•Limax(slug)

91. CLASS BIVALVIA/ PELECYPODA
▪Bilaterally symmetrical
▪All are aquatic
▪Laterally compressed body
▪Shell composed of two pieces
▪Plate like gills
▪Examples:
•Mytilus(marine mussel)
•Anodonta(freshwater mussel)
•Ostrea(oyster)

92. CLASS CEPHALOPODA
▪Highly developed and active
▪Bilateral symmtry
▪Dorsoventrallyflattened body
▪All are aquatic
▪Shell is reduced, internal or absent
▪Examples
•Loligo(squid)
•Sepia (cuttlefish)
•Octopus
▪Giant squid is largest invertebrate

93. IMPORTANCE OF MOLLUSCS
▪Some are harmful
•Slugs damage gardens and fields
•Shipworm (Teredo) damages wood of ships
▪Many are beneficial
•Source of food
•Clams, oysters, mussels used a food
•Shells used for making buttons
•Mixed with tar to make roads
•Some used for making ornaments
•Oysters provide pearls

94. INTERESTING FACT
▪Octopuses have complex brain
▪Highly developed
▪Shows complex behaviors
•Can learn and remember
•Can associate symbols in lab
•Can Open a screw cap jar
•Can change skin color
▪Giant Squid
•Largest invertebrate
•Up to 15 meters

95. SUMMARY OF LECTURE
▪Soft bodied animals
▪Triploblastic coelomates
▪Usually covered in shell
▪Special epithelium called mantle
•Performs various functions
▪Advanced organ systems
▪Three classes:
•Gastropoda(snails and slugs)
•Cephalopoda(Squids and octopuses)
•Bivalvia(Mussels and oysters)

96. Animals with jointed legs
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

97. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
▪Arthro= joint; poda= leg
▪Segmented body
•Not metameric segmentation
▪Triploblastic Coelomates
▪Bilateral symmetry
▪Highly advanced group
▪Largest and most diverse group
•Insects are the most common arthropods
▪Found in all types of habitats

98. ORIGIN OF ARTHROPODS
▪Share some features with annelids
•Segmented body
•Cuticle
•Appendages
▪May share common ancestor

99. HABITAT
▪Found in all types of habitats
•Land
•Water
•Air

100. SEGMENTATION
▪Body is segmented
▪Joined to each other
•Thin and flexible portion in between
▪Appendages have joints
•Modified for various functions
•Cutting, biting, stinging, flight, swimming
▪Highly variable body plan
•Some worm like
•Some have two or three segments

101. COELOM
▪Triploblastic coelomates
▪Coelom is reduced
▪Replaced by hemocoel
▪Acts as part of blood vascular system
•Open circulatory system
•Blood flows in cavities
•Bathes all tissues
•Primitive heart
•Main blood vessel on dorsal side
•Blood is colorless

102. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
▪Well developed
▪Alimentary canal
•Two openings
▪Different parts
•Each performs separate function
▪Food
•Herbivore
•Carnivore
•Omnivore

103. NERVOUS SYSTEM
▪Well developed
▪Paired ganglia (brain)
▪Ventral nerve cords
▪One ganglion in each segment
▪Complex sensory organs
•Compound eyes
•Antennae
•Palps
•Sensilla

104. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
▪Tracheal system in insects
•Air tubes
•Extended in the body
•Open outside the body
•Opening called spiracles
▪Aquatic species
•Respiration by gills
▪Scorpions and Spiders
•Respiration by book lungs

105. EXCRETORY SYSTEM
▪Malpighiantubules
▪Associated with digestive system
▪Absorb wastes from hemocoel
▪Excrete uric acid crystals
▪Excreted with feces
▪No separate opening

106. SKELETON
▪Most adaptive feature
▪Outer covering –exoskeleton
▪Made up of chitin
•Light weight but tough
•Non-living
•Non-cellular
▪Attachment of muscles
•On the principle of lever
▪Forms paired appendages
•Running, swimming, flying
▪Jaws, claws, lenses, sting

107. ECDYSISOR MOLTING
▪Young insects need to grow
▪Tough exoskeleton does not allow
▪Must be shed time to time

108. REPRODUCTION
▪Sexes separate
▪Metamorphosis
•Change in body form
•Various stage of life cycle
▪Larva is different from adult
▪Incomplete metamorphosis
•In primitive insects
•Larva resembles adult
•Called instar / nymph

109. CLASSIFICATION
▪Very large group
▪Very diverse
▪Divided into many classes
▪Important ones are:
•Class Crustacea
•Class Insecta
•Class Arachnida
•Class Myriapoda

110. CLASS CRUSTACEA
▪Aquatic arthropods
▪Gills for respiration
▪Cephalothorax
▪Carapace on dorsal surface
▪Salts deposited in exoskeleton
▪Appendages:
•Capture food
•Walking
•Swimming
•Respiration
•Reproduction

111. CLASS CRUSTACEA
▪Coelom replaced by hemocoel
▪Two pairs of antennae
▪One pair of mandibles (lower)
▪Two pairs of maxillae (upper)
▪Sexes usually separate
▪Examples
•Crabs, lobsters, prawns
•Daphnia
•Cyclops
•Wood louse

112. CLASS INSECTA
▪Largest group of animals
▪Found everywhere
▪Many are social
▪Three segments
•Head
•Thorax
•Abdomen
▪Thorax further divided
•Three segments
•Each has a pair of legs

113. CLASS INSECTA
▪Appendages
•Single pair of antennae
•Compound eyes
•One or two pairs of wings
▪Complex brain
•Ventral nerve cords
▪Sexes separate
▪Metamorphosis common
▪Examples
•Dragonflies, mosquitos
•Moths, wasps, beetles

114. CLASS ARACHNIDA
▪Cephalothorax
▪Appendages:
•Chelicerae with claws
•Pedipalps
•Four pairs of legs
•No antennae or jaws
▪Respiration by gills or book lungs
▪Excretion by Malpighiantubules
▪Simple eyes
▪Sexes separate
▪Mostly oviparous
▪No metamorphosis

115. CLASS MYRIAPODA
▪Many segments
▪Each has pair of legs
▪Pair of antennae
▪Pair of eyes
▪Examples
•Centipede
•Millipede

116. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
▪Many are Pests
▪Compete for food
•Destroy stored food
▪Occupy our space
•Cockroaches, ants
▪Affect our animals
•Ticks and mites
▪Cause loss to property
•Termites
▪Locust
•Destroy crops

117. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
▪Many transmit diseases
▪Mosquito
•Malaria
•Dengue
▪Flea
•Plague
▪Flies
•Hepatitis and cholera
▪Tsetse fly
•Seeping sickness

118. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
▪Many are beneficial
▪Honeybee
•Honey
•Wax
▪Silkworm
•Silk
▪Predators
•Eat pest species
•Biological control
▪Fish eat insect larvae
▪Some are scavengers

119. DEUTEROSTOMES

120. Spiny skinned animals
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA

121. PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
▪Echino= spines; derm= skin
▪Triploblastic coelomates
▪Deuterostomes
▪5,000 species
▪All marine
•Bottom of oceans
•Close to shore

122. PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
▪Radial symmetry
•For special mode of life
•But larvae are bilateral
▪Delicate epidermis
▪Covered in skeleton
•Derived from mesoderm
•Covers from outside
•Called endoskeleton
•Made of CaCO
3
▪Spines on skin
▪Mouth on lower surface

123. BODY SHAPE
▪Arms attached to central disc
▪Sometimes flat like biscuit
•Cake urchin
▪Oval / spherical
•Sea urchin
▪Star shaped with short arms
•Star fish
▪Star shaped with long arms
•Brittle star
▪Long feathery arms
•Feather stars
▪Elongated –worm like
•Sea cucumber

124. LOCOMOTION
▪Some are attached to substrate
▪Most can move freely
▪By means of tube feet
▪Hydraulic system and muscles

125. WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM
▪Unique in animal kingdom
▪Embedded in coelom
▪Many tubes and spaces
•Surrounding mouth
•Reach arms and tube feet
▪Water keeps circulating
•Enters from a sieve like plate
•Called Madriporite
•On aboralsurface
▪Gas and waste exchange
▪Hydraulic system of tube feet

126. ORGANS AND ORGAN SYSTEMS
▪Moderately advanced
▪Specialized
•Digestive system
•Reproductive system
▪Not specialized
•Excretory system
•Respiratory system
▪Nervous system
•Nerve ring around mouth
•Nerves reach arms

127. REPRODUCTION
▪Sexes separate
▪External fertilization
▪Larvae
•Called:
•Bipinnaria
•Brachiolaria
•Bilateral symmetry
•Resemble chordates
▪Regeneration of lost body parts

128. PLACE IN ANIMAL KINGDOM
▪Less developed
▪Simpler than annelids
▪Placed on top of invertebrates
▪Different from most invertebrates
▪Resemble chordates
•Radial cleavage
•Deuterostomes
•Biochemical similarities
•Mesoderm skeleton
▪Common evolution

129. EXAMPLES
▪Asterias(Star fish)
▪Sea urchin
▪Sea cucumber
▪Cake urchin
▪Brittle star
▪Feather star

130. SUMMARY OF LECTURE
▪Triploblastic, Coelomate, Deuterostomes
▪Radial symmetry in adults, bilateral in larva
▪Share features with chordates
▪Marine, bottom dwellers
▪Simple digestive, nervous, reproductive systems
▪Water vascular system
▪Locomotion by tube feet

131. Acorn worms
PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA

132. PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA
▪Intermediate between invertebrates and chordates
▪Closely related to chordates
▪Sometimes called pre-chordates
▪Deuterostomes
▪Marine worms
▪Soft bodied
▪Examples:
•Balanoglossus
•Saccoglossus

133. BODY FEATURES
▪Divided into three segments
•Proboscis
•Collar
•Trunk
▪Coelomicpouches in each segment
▪Unicellular epidermis
•Has mucous secreting cells
▪Straight digestive tract

134. ORGAN SYSTEMS
▪Circulatory system
•Median dorsal vessel
•Median ventral vessel
▪Respiratory system
•Gill slits behind collar
•On dorsal surface
▪Excretory system
•Single glomerulus
•Connected to blood vessels
▪Nervous system
•Subepidermalplexus

135. Animals with Notochord
PHYLUM CHORDATA

136. PHYLUM CHORDATA
▪Named after notochord
•Present in all
•Supportive structure
▪Triploblastic coelomates
▪Deuterostomes
▪Highly advanced
▪Very diverse
▪Found in all habitats

137. COMMON FEATURES
▪Three basic similarities
▪Notochord
•Rod like structure
•On dorsal surface
•Stiff vacuolated cells
•Present in some stage of life
▪Central nervous system
•On dorsal surface
•Usually hollow
▪Gill openings
•During some stage of life

138. CLASSIFICATION OF CHORDATES
Chordata
Acrania
Urochordates
Cephalochordates
Craniata Vertebrates
Pices
Cyclostoma
Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes
Tetrapoda
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves
Mammals

139. SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA
▪Called tunicates
▪Larvae
•Have nerve cord
•Have notochord
•Are free swimming
▪Adults
•Sessile
•Enclosed in tunic
▪Example
•Molgula

140. SUBPHYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATA
▪Notochord persistent
▪Nerve cord persistent
▪Extended throughout body
▪Example
•Amphioxus

141. SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA
▪Higher chordates
▪Have cranium
•Encloses brain
▪Have vertebral column
•Encloses spinal cord
▪Divided into two super-classes
•Pices(fishes)
•Aquatic forms
•Tetrapoda(four footed animals)
•Live on land

142. SUMMARY OF LECTURE
▪Hemichordata
•Marine worms
•Intermediate between invertebrates and chordates
▪Chordates
•Notochord
•Nerve cord
•Gill slits
▪Three subphyla
•Urochordata
•Cephalochordata
•Vertebrata

143. Aquatic Vertebrates
SUPERCLASS PICES

144. SUPERCLASS PICES
▪Adapted for aquatic life
▪Earliest vertebrates
▪Evolved from lower chordates
▪Three classes
•Class Cyclostoma
•Class Chondrichthyes
•Class Osteichthyes

145. CLASS CYCLOSTOMA
▪Cyclo= round; stoma= mouth
▪Most primitive vertebrates
▪No jaws
▪Body long –eel-like
▪No scales on body
▪No paired appendages
▪Skeleton of cartilage
▪Ventral scutorialmouth

146. CLASS CYCLOSTOMA
▪Heart with one auricle
▪6 –14 pairs of gills
▪No stomach in digestive system
▪Examples:
•Lampreys
•Hagfishes
▪Reproduction:
•Fertilization external
•Sexes separate in hagfishes
•Lampreys are hermaphrodite
•Long larval period in lampreys

147. CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES
▪Chondro= Cartilage; Ichtyes= fish
▪Sharks and rays
▪Endoskeleton made of cartilage
•Degenerate character
▪Resemble bony fish
▪Fusiform body
▪Mouth on ventral surface
▪Olfactory sacs not connect to oral cavity

148. CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES
▪Placoidscales on body
▪J shaped stomach in digestive system
▪Circulatory system
•Many pairs of aortic arches
▪Respiratory system
•5 –7 gills
•No operculum
▪No swim bladder
▪Sexes separate
▪Ovipariousor viviparous

149. INTERESTING FACTS
▪Whale Shark –Second largest vertebrate
•Largest are whales (mammal)
•Size can be 30-50 feet
▪Skates and rays are bottom dwellers
•Pectoral fins highly enlarged
•Appear like wings
▪Sting ray
•Tail is long and whip like
•Bears spines
▪Electric ray
•Muscles generate electric shock

150. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
▪Sharks eat fish, lobsters, crabs
•Voracious predators
•Cause economic loss
▪Used as food in some parts of world
▪Liver oil used in medicine
•Contains Vitamin A & D
▪Shark skin leather
•Making bags etc.

151. CLASS OSTEICHTHYES
▪Osteo= bone; Ichthyes= fish
▪Endoskeleton made of bones
▪Notochord sometimes persistent
•In some parts of the body
▪Skin covered in scales
•Ganoid, cycloid, ctenoid
•Not placoid
▪Terminal mouth
•Jaws
•With or without teeth

152. CLASS OSTEICHTHYES
▪Respiratory system
•Gills
•Supported by bony gill arches
•Covered by operculum
▪Swim bladder
•Helps in buoyancy
•Sometimes connected with mouth
▪Circulatory system
•Two chambered heart
•Atrium and ventricle
•NucelatedRBCs

153. CLASS OSTEICHTHYES
▪Nervous system
•Brain
•10 pairs of cranial nerves
▪Locomotion
•By fins
•Have fin rays
•Paired and unpaired
▪Reproduction
•Sexes separate
•Paired gonads
•Fertilization external

154. ADAPTATIONS TO AQUATIC LIFE
▪Streamlined body
•Fusiform, Boat shaped
•Little resistance to water
•Best for fast swimming
▪Swim bladder
•In most bony fish
•Hydrostatic organ
•Sometimes connected with mouth
•Filled by O
2, N
2or CO
2

155. ADAPTATIONS TO AQUATIC LIFE
▪Fins for locomotion
•Paired fins
•Pectoral and pelvic
•Unpaired fins
•Dorsal, caudal, anal
▪Respiratory system
•Gills
•Gas exchange in water
•Supplied with blood capillaries
▪Excretory system
•Kidneys
•Excretion in aquatic environment

156. SUMMARY OF LECTURE
▪Three classes of aquatic vertebrates
▪Class Cyclostoma
•Most primitive
•Eel like body
•No jaws, suctorialmouth
•Lampreys and hagfishes
▪Class Chondrichthyes
•Skeleton of cartilage
•Only placoidscales
•Sharks and rays
▪Class Osteichthyes
•Most advanced
•Ctenoid, ganoid, cycloid scales

157. Four legged vertebrates
SUPERCLASS TETRAPODA

158. SUPERCLASS TETRAPODA
▪Appendages
•Two pairs
•Jointed
▪Developed from fish
▪Arrived on land
▪Includes four classes
•Class Amphibia
•Class Reptilia
•Class Aves
•Class Mammalia

159. LAND VERSUS WATER
▪Both are different
▪More oxygen in air
▪Salts dissolved in water
▪Drastic temperature changes
▪Places of shelter on land
▪More breeding places
▪Water provides more support

160. ADAPTATIONS TO LAND
▪Protection from dryness
•Hard skin
•Protection from sunlight
▪Protection of eggs
•Hard shell
•Mechanical injury
•Desiccation
•Stored food

161. ADAPTATIONS TO LAND
▪Absorption of O
2from air
•Lungs instead of gills
•Requires changes in circulatory system
▪Locomotion
•Fins replaced by legs
•Walking, running, flying, climbing
▪Sensory organs
•More advanced
•Highly specialized

162. CLASS
AMPHIBIA
ANAMNOITIC TETRAPODS

163. CLASS AMPHIBIA
▪Amphi= of both kinds; Bia= life
▪Part of life on land, part in water
▪Between fish and reptiles
•Limbs instead of fins
•Lungs instead of gills
•Slightly harder skin
▪Larvae are aquatic
•No limbs
•Have gills and other features
▪Not very successful on land
•Cannot live far from water

164. EVOLUTION OF AMPHIBIA
▪Evolved from fish
▪Devonian period
▪Called lobe-fin fish (Dipnoi)
▪Lived in shallow water
▪Crawled from pool to pool
▪Slowly adapted to land

165. CLASS AMPHIBIA
▪Bony skeleton
▪Various body forms
•With or without tail
▪Locomotion
•Four legs
•Webbed feet
•Some are legless (caecilians)
▪Skin smooth and moist
•Has many glands
•Produce poison
•Skin color (chromatophores)
•No scales

166. CLASS AMPHIBIA
▪Respiration
•Gills in larva
•Lungs in adult
▪Heart
•3 chambered
•2 atria, 1 ventricle
•Sinus venosus
•Truncusarteriosus

167. CLASS AMPHIBIA
▪Reproduction
•Sexes separate
•Fertilization external
•Anamnoiticeggs
•Larval stage
•Metamorphsis
▪Cold blooded
•Poikilotherms
•Hibernate in winter

168. CLASS
REPTILIA

169. CLASS REPTILIA
▪Adapted to life on land
•More advanced than amphibians
▪Better limbs
•Efficient locomotion
▪Dry scales on skin
•Protect from desiccation
▪Reproduction
•Copulatoryorgan
•Internal fertilization
•Large yolky eggs
•Amniotic egg

170. CLASS REPTILIA
▪Circulatory system
•Incompletely partitioned ventricle
•Completely partitioned in crocodiles
▪Cold blooded
•Poikilotherms
•Hibernate in winter
▪Habitat
•Warm climates
•Tropical and temperate zones

171. EVOLUTION OF REPTILES
▪Evolved from amphibians
▪Flourished in Mesozoic era
•225 –65 million years ago
•Age of dinosaurs (Jurassic)
•More than a dozen groups
▪Climate changed
▪Most became extinct
•Only four groups survived

172. LIVING REPTILES
▪Four major groups
•Lizards and Snakes
•Crocodiles
•Turtles and tortoises
•Tuatara (Sphenodon)
▪Gave rise to birds

173. CLASS
AVES
VERTEBRATES IN THE AIR

174. CLASS AVES
▪Highest developed group
▪Among most familiar
▪Evolved from reptiles

175. EVOLUTION OF BIRDS
▪Earliest bird fossils
•From late Jurassic
•Evolved from reptiles
•Many species
▪Archeopteryx
•Size of crow
•Skull like modern birds
•Teeth in jaws
•Three claws in wings
▪Connecting link
•Between reptiles and birds

176. CLASS AVES
▪Streamlined body –spindle shaped
•Head, neck, trunk, tail
▪Warm blooded (homeotherm)
▪Forelimbs adapted for flight
▪Hind limbs for various functions
•Perching, running

177. CLASS AVES
▪Exoskeleton of feathers
•Produced by epidermis
▪Scales on legs
▪Air spaces in bones
•Lightweight
•Adaptation for flight
▪Large eye sockets in skull
▪Jaws converted to beak
•Teeth absent

178. CLASS AVES
▪4 chambered heart
•Aorta on right side
▪Respiration by lungs
•Extensions called air sacs
•Extended into bones
▪Sound producing organ
•Syrinx
•At lower end of trachea

179. CLASS AVES
▪Excretory system
•Kidneys
•No bladder
•Semisolid urine
▪Reproduction
•Sexes separate
•Internal fertilization
•Large yolky eggs
•Single ovary is functional
▪Gizzard for crushing food
▪Some birds don’t fly
•Ostrich, kiwi

180. CLASS
MAMMALIA

181. CLASS MAMMALIA
▪Mammary glands
•Nourish young with milk
▪Most evolved group
▪Most advanced nervous system

182. EVOLUTION OF MAMMALS
▪Evolved from reptiles
•Determined from fossil record
•A group called cotylosaurs
▪Ancestors lived in Jurassic period
•Called mammal like reptiles
•At least five groups
▪Varanope
•Found in Texas
•Size of mouse
•Lived on trees
▪Became dominant in Cenozoic

183. CLASS MAMMALIA
▪Body covered in hair
▪Muscular diaphragm
▪Lower jaw has one bone
•Articulates with skull
▪External ears
•Three bones in inner ear
•Malleus, Incus, Stapes
▪Deciduous & permanent teeth
▪Warm blooded (homeotherms)

184. CLASS MAMMALIA
▪Four chambered heart
•Left aortic arch
•Non nucleated RBCs
▪Sound box
•Larynx
•On top of trachea
▪Give birth to young
•Viviparous
•Nourish by milk
▪Found in all habitats
•Air, water, land

185. CLASSIFICATION OF MAMMALS
▪Three Subclasses
•Prototheria–Egg laying mammals
•Metatheria–pouched mammals
•Eutheria–placental mammals

186. SUBCLASS PROTOTHERIA
▪Characters of reptiles and mammals
•Connecting link
•Proof of reptilian origin
▪Aquatic life
•Webbed feet
•Thick fur on body
▪Female has mammary glands
▪Lays eggs
▪Cloaca
•Single opening

187. SUBCLASS METATHERIA
▪Primitive mammals
▪Abdominal pouch –marsupium
•Young born immature
•Kept in marsupium
•Nourished by milk
▪Also called pouched mammals
▪Examples
•Opossum
•Kangaroo
•Tasmanian wolf
▪Found in Australia and South America

188. SUBCLASS EUTHERIA
▪Placental mammals
▪Develop within mothers body
▪Placenta
•Nourishment within mother’s body
•Produces many hormones
▪All mammalian characters
▪Examples:
•Man, whale, elephant,
•Horse, rat, bat, dolphin

189. LECTURE SYMMARY
▪Four classes of Tetrapods
▪Amphibia
•Not very well adapted to land
•Confined to moist places
▪Reptiles
•Adapted to land
•Confined to warm environments
▪Aves
•Adapted for aerial life
▪Mammals
•Most successful group on land