10 Management of Dry and Pregnanat Animals.pptx.ppt

1- Blatant noises

It is described by western travelers as a vile belching and it is most disturbing to the unaccustomed ears.
It usually occurs during regurgitation of the cud.

1. Management of Dry and Pregnant
Animals
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah
Dept. of Livestock Production
University of Veterinary and
Animal Sciences, Lahore

2. Management from Breeding to
Pregnancy
 Watch carefully, particularly during the last
stages of pregnancy to avoid abortion due to
Unnecessary exercise,
Fights or other physical trauma
During early stages of pregnancy;
No need of special feeding for heifers
The system of feeding and
management for heifers
before breeding may continue

3. Dry Period
The goal for ideal body condition score for
the dry cow is 3.5 (score must fall between a
minimum of 3 and a maximum of 4)
Cattle replenishes body fat reserves more
efficiently while lactating than during the dry
period

4. A well-managed feeding program combined
with frequent observation is required to
achieve condition
Removing excess fat from over conditioned
cows by limiting energy intake

5. Pregnant cow may be transferred to calving
pen 1-2 weeks before the expected date

6. Drying-off Animals
Milking should be stopped two months before
parturition
Dry period is necessary for four purposes
1.To give rest to organs of milk secretions
2.To permit nutrients to be stored for
developing fetus
3.Replenish the body scores
4.Build-up of body flesh

7. Methods of Drying
Cows which are not given dry period do not
produce sufficient milk
There are three ways to dry:
1.Incomplete milking
2.Intermittent milking
3.Abrupt cessation

8. Strategy
Reducing the amount of concentrates
Water intake should also be curtailed
Dietary changes made gradually
Important for animals producing < 15 l/d
Low yielding animals be dried off abruptly

9. Dry Period
Dry period of 45-60 days is advisable
Less than 45 days is not useful and
Above 60 days is not economical
Divided into early/mid and late dry groups
Late or close-up group expected to calve
within 2 to 4 weeks
Early/mid dry group might need more critical
observation and care.

10. Objective of Nutrition
Optimize milk yield,
reproduction and
health in the subsequent lactation
Control negative energy balance and
mineral metabolism in dry period and
Avoid occurrence of fatty liver,
milk fever and other associated diseases

11. Care of Pregnant Animals
The early and last 1/3 gestation is important
Provide adequate feeding to meet nutritional
requirements of both mother and foetus
Challenge feeding (extra) be given from 5th
month of pregnancy @ 1.25 - 1.75 kg of
concentrate and 3.4 - 4.5 kg from 8th month
onwards, over and above maintenance
Provide adequate clean water

12. Pregnancy Allowance
During last three months of pregnancy when
fetal growth is very rapid, a special
pregnancy allowance of about 1-2 Kg of
concentrate should be offered

13. Housing
Pregnant animal approaching parturition
should be isolated and kept in calving pen
Avoid crowding
mounting by other animals
And infection from carrier animals

14. Expected Date
Know expected date of calving is a must to
take care at time of parturition
Careful watch close to expected date of
parturition
Do not interfere the normal act of calving
If there is dystocia provide time,
veterinarian help

15. Close up Period
During close-up period on a rising plan of
nutrition to compensate decreasing feed intake
to prevent negative energy balance and
subsequent mobilization of adipose tissue
and to meet nutrient requirements of advanced
pregnancy
Such a ration should contain small amounts of
the same forages and concentrates as fed to
lactating dairy animals

16. Higher plan of nutrition
Change to a higher grain diet in the close-up
period must be made gradually
Additional concentrate will not only help the
rumen adapt to the higher starch contents of
the ration in early lactation
but will also provide nutrients necessary for
the growing fetus and other organ changes
occurring in preparation for lactation

17. CP content of dry animal close-up ration
should be 13 to 14 % on a dry matter basis
Additional undegradable protein fed during
late gestation may improve
body condition at calving
subsequent milk yield
reproductive performance, and
fewer health disorders.

18. Dry animal must also be provided with
sufficient amount of mineral and vitamins
Should not be given excessive amount of
calcium as due to negative feedback
mechanism it may stop the release of
calcium from body and may lead to milk fever
after parturition

19. Calving Pens
Isolate the pregnant animal 8-10 days before
the expected date of calving
Keep it in a
clean
well bedded,
dry and
disinfected maternity pen
Watch closely as calving time approaches at
least every two to three hours.

20. Good calving environment reduces the
exposure of cows and newborn calves to
infectious disease
Clean and comfortable area that provides
cows with good footing minimizes the
potential for injuries
Calving areas should be landscaped to allow
for adequate drainage
Shade structures are recommended

21. Dry cow and springer
recommendations
Feed for maintenance of body condition
Avoid moldy and poorly fermented feeds
Appropriate vitamin and mineral supplements
Adequate metabolizable protein
Allow 2.5 feet per cow of bunk space
Avoid overcrowding (<one cow per stall),
frequent group changes and additions
Hot and stuffy conditions.

22. Adequate fresh water (one drinking spot per
15 cows),
comfortable and dry areas to rest with 100
square feet per cow.
Do not vaccinate less than 2-3 weeks prior to
calving
Do not vaccinate when the temperature is
over 85º F (30º C).

23. Consider pregnancy re-checks before drying
off to verify date and presence of calf
Trim all late pregnancy cows to assure good
foot balance.
Control and treat cases of foot rot and heel
warts.

24. Preparation for Calving
Provided comfortable place before labor
begins
A clean, well bedded and dry box stall of at
least 80 sq. ft
A dedicated pack with 125 sq. ft. per animal
or a conventional barn stall with lots of
bedding will work
Calving areas should be cleaned out weekly
and bedded daily

25. Cows should have access to feed and water
Will not eat or drink much at this time
Making sure the teats are clean
Newborns might suckle unassisted
Teat dip wiped off after contact for a few
minutes

26. Vaginal Prolapse
During the last few weeks of pregnancy, a
tendency of prolapsed of vagina
May be caused by constipation, mineral
deficiency and debility
Balanced and laxative rations to maintain the
normal tone of the reproductive tract.

27. Udder Edema
Sometime udder edema occurs before calving.
Can be avoided by
Moderate exercise for a half an hour two to
three times per day
Massaging the udder for a few minutes is also
helpful
Use of diuretics and
prepartum milking may be helpful in severe
cases.

28. Calving Assistance
Calves are usually born without assistance
Any abnormality in their presentation
requires immediate attention by a competent
person to correct the position of the calf so
that it can be delivered
Strict sanitation must be observed during
assistance

29. Expulsion of Placenta
After removal of calf
Milk animal it will help in removal of placenta
Placenta is normally expelled within 2 to 6
hours after calving
If placenta fails to be expelled with 12 hours it
is considered retained placenta
In case of retained placenta, veterinarian
should be called for its removal.

30. After Calving
After normal birth, the dam is alert and willing to
eat and drink within one or two hours of calving
Warm water and some wheat bran should be
offered to dam after calving
It is necessary to encourage the dairy animals
to rise and to move to the manger for feeding
after calving, especially on the day of calving
and the first 2 days after calving

31. Health after Calving
The animal should be closely watched for
health problems after calving
Observing feed intake and milk production
Rectal temperature and ketone levels daily
Animals having health problems should be
identified and treated accordingly
whereas healthy animals can join the general
population 3 to 4 days postpartum

32. Minerals and Vitamins
Special care should be taken regarding mineral
and vitamin deficiencies
Can have a serious adverse effect on the newborn
calf
Feeding trace mineralized salt plus recommended
amounts of calcium and phosphorus is usually
sufficient to avoid these problems
Calcium and phosphorus not in excessive
amounts

33. The Calving Process
Observed frequently for first stage of labor.
Signs include
Increased vaginal discharge,
restlessness,
lying down and standing up frequently,
Nervousness,
kicking at the belly and contractions. Individual
animals will vary in the intensity of signs

34. The onset of milk fever,
abnormal presentations and
 uterine torsions alter the characteristics and
the timeline.
Stage 1 ends when the cervix is fully dilated
This process should take 2-4 hours in heifers
and 2-3 hours in older cows

35. Stage 2 of labor involves the appearance of
the water bag or feet
Strong uterine contractions and the delivery
of the calf into the birth canal
It ends with the delivery of the calf
This period should last less than an hour in
heifers and about 30 minutes in older cows

36. Calving Assistance
Calving assistance requires
Cleanliness,
Good judgment and consistency
Vaginal exams and manipulations of the calf
Tail has been held or tied out of the way
Vulva has been scrubbed with soap
Plastic sleeve put on operators arm

37. Sterile lubricant, not soap, should be used on
sleeves and inside the cow
Soaps are irritating and lead to metritis
Dirty techniques will contaminate the uterus
Bacteria to the mouth and nose of the calf
Pulling calves before complete dilation, with
too much force or too quickly often leads to
increased calf loss and vaginal trauma

38. Dystocia commonly scored on a 1 to 5 scale
“1” represents no problem whereas
“5” represents extreme difficulty
 30% of calvings involve some difficulty
Effects of this physical trauma
Calves can be stillborn
Prevalence from 5% in older cows to10% in
heifers

39. Problems associated with dystocia
Hypoglycemia and hypothermia
Passive transfer failure despite proper
colostrum management in calves
Quantifying the indicators of these metabolic
effects such as blood oxygen, CO2, acid-
base balance and cortisol is impractical in
the field..

40. Even moderate assistance will cause higher
illness and death rates in comparison to
normal deliveries
Dystocia calves as a whole will experience
4 times more sickness and higher death
rates than normal ones
25% of these die within 48 hours of birth

41. In dystocia calves, often breathing reflexes
are poor and the mouth and upper airways
can be mucous filled
Vigorous rubbing, poking a piece of straw up
a nostril, pouring water in an ear, hanging
over a gate, mouth to nose resuscitation and
using oxygen resuscitators are ways of
stimulating these calves.