11. Integrated Solid waste management in the community

Management of waste in public health

1. 1
INTERGRATED SUSTAINABLE
WASTE MANAGEMENT
By
Dr. Richard. K. Mugambe
MaKSPH

2. 2
What is Waste?
Basel Convention Definition of Waste
“substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended
to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the
provisions of the law”
Disposal means
“any operation which may lead to resource recovery,
recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternative uses
(Annex IVB of the Basel convention)”

3. 3
Classification of solid wastes
according to their properties
Bio-degradable
can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)
Non-biodegradable
cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old
machines,
cans, styrofoam containers and others)

4. 4
Classification of Wastes according to
their Effects on Human Health and the Environment
Hazardous wastes
Substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially,
agriculturally, or economically that are shipped, transported to
or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal
in, or in transit through, any part of the world.
Non-hazardous
Substances safe to use commercially, industrially,
agriculturally, or economically that are shipped, transported to
or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal
in, or in transit through, any part of the world.

5. 5
Sources of solid waste
Households
Commerce and
Industry

6. 6
Sources of solid waste
Agriculture
Fisheries

7. 7
Source Facilities, activities and
locations where wastes is
generated
Types of solid waste
Residential Single family & multi family
detached dwellings, low,
medium and high income
apartments
Food waste, paper, cardboard,
plastics, textiles, leather, yard
wastes, wood, glass, tin cans,
aluminium, ashes, street leaves,
household hazardous waste etc
Commercial Stores, restaurants, markets,
office buildings, hotels, print
shops, service stations, auto
repair shops etc
paper, cardboard, plastics, wood,
glass, special waste, hazardous
waste etc
InstitutionalSchools, Hospitals, Prisons,
Government offices and
centres
As in commercial
Municipal
services
Street cleaning, landscaping,
catch basin cleaning, parks
and beaches and other
recreational areas
Special waste, rubbish, street
sweepings, landscape and tree
trimmings, catch basin debris,
general wastes from parks,
beaches and other recreational
areas

8. 8
Waste Generation by Country
(Global Waste Survey Final Report Published by IMO 1995)*
Countries Amount /year
Japan 395 M tonnes/year
Germany 104 M tonnes/year
Netherlands 6.1 M tonnes/year
Hungary 102 M tonnes/year
Poland 130 M tonnes/year
Romania 607 M tonnes/year
Bahrain 92,000 tonnes/year
China 6 B tonnes/year
Philippines 1.3 M tonnes/year
*from primary and secondary industry sectors

9. Generation and Economic
development
•Economic growth, improvement of living
conditions, change of energy structure plus
population increase result into increased
amounts of MSWs generated. Generation
varies with levels of development
–Highly developed countries: 1.2 - 1.8 kg/p/day
–Industrial countries: 0.7 – 1.2 kg/p/day
–Countries of medium income: 0.5 – 0.75kg/p/day
–Countries of low income: 0.3 – 0.6 Kg/p/day
9

10. Factors that determine the
quantity and characteristics of
solid wastes
•Life style
•Income
•Season
•Culture
•Others?????
10

11. Effects of poor solid waste in urban environments
•Pollution of water
–If not properly disposed, waste substances may severely pollute
groundwater and surface water bodies (Rivers, Lakes and other surface
water bodies)
•Air pollution
•Nuisances: smells, flies and mosquitoes
•Socio-economic effects
•Politics
–Uncollected waste and uncontrolled dumping are symbols of a failing
municipal management; therefore waste issues are often (mis)used in
politics

12. Global issues related to solid
waste
•Solid waste management is closely related
to major global issues:
–Population growth
–Urbanisation
–Access to clean drinking water
–Depletion of natural resources
–Sustainability
–Trends in international waste trade

13. Sustainability
oDomains of sustainability:
–Society
–Environment
–Economy
oSustainability is adequately addressed if
and only if each of the domains is
addressed, as well as their mutual
interactions.

14. Sustainable waste management is:
•Appropriate to local conditions regarding all
the three domains of sustainability
–Environment (including options and
technologies selected and applied to protect the
environment)
–Society (including people’s attitudes,
institutional framework and political aspects)
–Economy (including financial arrangements)
•Capable of maintaining itself over time
without exhausting resources it needs.

15. Integrated waste management
considers:
•All three domains of sustainability (environment, society,
economy)
•Different waste management options (prevention, reuse,
recycling, energy recovery, disposal,…)
•Different habitat scales (household, neighbourhood, city,
region,…)
•Various stakeholders (formal and informal, profit-oriented
and non-profit, large and small, local and national, men and
women,…)
•Technological issues and non-technological issues (people’s
attitudes towards waste, ability and willingness to pay,
environmental effects, transparency of institutions, citizen
participation, political interventions,…)
•Other urban systems (e.g. water supply, DRAINAGE,
agriculture,…)

16. Integrated Solid Waste Management:
definition and dimensions
•Integrated solid waste management 
refers to the strategic
approach to sustainable
 management of solid
wastes
 covering all sources and all aspects, and covering
generation, segregation, transfer, sorting,
 treatment,
recovery and
 disposal in an integrated manner, with an
emphasis on maximizing resource use efficiency.
–Requires a consideration of the waste management hierarchy
–Development of an Integrated Solid waste management plan
•Dimensions of Integrated Solid waste management:
–Stakeholders
–Sustainability aspects
–System components

17. Waste management Hierarchy
17

18. Resource recovery
•Two categories of resources can be
recovered from waste – materials or energy.
•Materials are recovered through
–Reuse of products
–Useful applications of materials
–Recycling of materials
•Energy is recovered through
–Processes of anaerobic degradation of organic
waste in anaerobic digestion installations and in
waste landfills
–Incineration of waste

19. Materials recovery
This presentation will focus on materials
recovery because of two reasons:
•Materials recovery is higher in the EU
hierarchy of waste management options
than energy recovery.
•In the strategic documents on
environment, the EU strives to become a
recycling society, that seeks to avoid
waste and uses waste as a resource.

20. Materials recovery rates in the EU
•Expressed as percentage of all municipal waste.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Composting
Recycling
* *

21. Driving forces for development of
recycling
•Lack of landfilling space
•Other SWM options more costly
•Recycling targets set in legislation
•Existing or potential market demand for
the recovered waste materials by end-
users (manufacturing industries or other
users)

22. Lack of landfill space
•As said before, public outcry due to cases of
pollution of groundwater by abandoned waste
dumps, resulted in tremendous public opposition
to siting of new landfills in the 1980s.
•In consequence, due to serious concern about
running out of landfill space, municipalities
developed extensive programmes for separate
waste collection for recycling.
•(These programmes often had so great success
that municipalities were completely unprepared for
the following stage - material processing.)

23. Alternative to more costly
options
•Waste incineration technology that meets all EU
legal requirements is very costly – over 100 EUR
per tonne of municipal waste. (This is the amount
that waste companies ask their waste generating
clients to pay.)
•Therefore, in countries where incineration is the
prevailing waste treatment option, recycling can
become a very attractive alternative.
•For example, when this policy was introduced in
the Netherlands, many offices started separating
paper from other waste (for recycling purposes) so
as to decrease their waste, and thus their costs.

24. Recycling targets set in
legislation
•Based on ‘polluter pays’ principle,
Extended Producer Responsibility is a
product and waste management system in
which manufacturers – not the consumer
or government – take responsibility for the
environmentally safe management of their
product when it is discarded.
•This system has thus far been applied to
packaging waste, discarded batteries,
waste electric and electronic equipment
(WEEE), end-of-life vehicles.

25. Advantages of reuse and recycling
i.Reduction of the amount of materials requiring collection and
disposal, which means:
ii.Longer lifetimes for landfills; more capacity for waste in other
kinds of treatment facilities
iii.Lower transportation and landfill costs
iv.More reliable and local supply of raw materials to local
industries, avoiding using foreign exchange and import
procedures
v.Reduced extraction of non-renewable raw or virgin materials
and associated environmental devastation
vi.Reduced deforestation
vii.Conservation of resources, energy and water
viii.Provision of income and employment
ix.Availability of affordable products for the poor
25

26. Who are stakeholders?
•Stakeholders or ‘interested parties’ are
persons, groups or organisations with vested
interest in any process or activity (legislation,
reform, programme, service, campaign,
scheme, project,…) being proposed within
the waste management system (or any other
field).
•A stakeholder is any entity with either
declared (expressed) or conceivable
(possible) interest or stake in any process or
activity being proposed within the waste
management system (or any other field).

27. Dimension: Stakeholders (1)
•Waste generators
–Households (citizens)
–Commercial centres,
markets
–Institutions and offices
–Hospitals
–Construction sector
–Manufacturing industries
–Agriculture
–Forestry
–Mining
–…
•Providers of waste
collection and processing
services
–Municipal authorities
–Private waste collection
companies
–Recycling businesses
–Waste pickers
(scavengers)
•Users of recycled
(recovered) materials
–Manufacturing industries
–Farmers
–…
By the way: what generator produces most
waste?

28. Dimension: Stakeholders (2)
•Politicians who make environmental and public health policies
•Lawyers who translate these policies into laws and regulations
•Law enforcement agencies
•Civil society members
–Interest groups
–Various non-governmental organisations (NGOs)
–Community-based organisations (CBOs)
–Media
•Engineers/consultants
–Designers of waste treatment or disposal facilities
–Contractors who build these facilities
–Independent companies for construction quality control and assurance
•National and foreign financing agencies, donors
•Universities, research institutes, advisory committees
•People impacted by (inappropriate) waste management activities

29. Dimension: Aspects
Essential for sustainability:
•Political/policy aspect
•Legislation including law enforcement
•Institutional (framework, capacity and strength)
•Environmental and public health
•Economic/financial
•Social/cultural
•Technological
•Managerial/organisational

30. Dimension: Components
Components (activities) in a waste management system:
•Prevention
•Waste generation
•Waste segregation at source
•Waste storage, collection, transfer, transport
•Reuse of products, sorting and recycling of waste
materials, composting of organic waste
•Energy recovery from waste
•Waste disposal

31. Examples from your professional
practice
Related to Solid Waste Management:
•Which stakeholders do you deal with in
your work? Why?
•What system components do you consider
while dealing with these stakeholders?
Why?
•What aspects give you most headache in
your work? Why?

32. Integrated Solid Waste Management
principles
•Equity: all citizens are entitled to an appropriate waste
management system for environmental health reasons.
•Effectiveness: the waste management model applied will lead
to the safe removal of all waste.
•Efficiency: the management of all waste is done by maximising
the benefits, minimising the costs and optimising the use of
resources, taking into account equity, effectiveness and
sustainability.
•Sustainability: the waste management system is appropriate
to the local conditions and feasible from a technical,
environmental, social, economic, financial, institutional and
political perspective. It can maintain itself over time without
exhausting the resources upon which it depends.
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33. Development of an Integrated Solid
waste management plan
•What are the steps involved in developing an
ISWM plan?
–Stakeholder consultations
–Understand current situation
–Estimate future conditions
–Establish solid waste management improvement
scenarios including the business as usual scenario
–Establish criteria for choosing the best scenario
–Choose the best scenario and develop a work plan
for implementation 33