11 particulate model (part 1)

1. Interactive Science Volume A
Chapter 11

2. 2

3. Part (a)

4. Part (a)
Matter is made up of ATOMS! Atoms
are little bits too small for us to see.
They are so tiny you can’t break
them down further.
4

5. Part (a)
Matter is made up of
very small things. These
things can be broken
down into smaller… and
smaller… and smaller
pieces.
5

6. Part (a)
John Dalton (1766 – 1844)
English Chemist
Matter is made up of
small individual
particles. These
particles are like solid
balls.
6

7. Part (a)
Robert Brown (1773 –
1858)
Scottish Scientist
Pollen grains floating on
water are moving about.
It seems that matter is not
only made up of small
particles, the particles are
constantly moving.
7

8. Part (a)
Albert Einstein (1879 –
1955)
German-born American
Physicist
Pollen grains are moving
about because they are
being bombarded by
smaller, moving water
particles. Not because
they can move by
themselves.
8

9. Part (a)
9

10. Part (a)
Hockey Puck Ball Bearings
10

11. The Particulate Model of Matter suggests that:
1. All matter is made up of small discrete particles.
2. The small discrete particles are in
constant and random motion.
Part (a)
* Discrete – individually separate and distinct.
11

12. Part (b)
In terms of Particulate Model of Matter…

13. Part (b)
13

14. Part (b)
14

15. Part (b)
15

16. Part (b)
16

17. Part (b)
17

18. SolidSolid LiquidLiquid GasGas
• Fixed shape
• Fixed volume
• Fixed volume
• Does not have
fixed shape
• Assumes shape
of container
• No fixed shape
• No fixed
volume
• Assumes the
shape and
volume of
container
• Not easily
compressible
• Not easily
compressible
• Highly
compressible
• Does not flow
easily
• Flows easily• Flows easily
Part (b)
18

19. Arrangement of particles
•Particles are packed
closely together.
•Particles are arranged
in a regular pattern.
Forces between Forces between
particlesparticles
•Very strong
attractive &
repulsive forces.
•Fixed volume & fixed
shape.
Motion of particles
•Particles vibrate
vigorously about
fixed positions.
Distance between
particles
•Little space between
particles.
•Incompressible.
SOLID
Part (b)
19

20. Arrangement of particles
•Particles are packed
closely together.
•Particles have no
regular pattern.
Forces between Forces between
particlesparticles
•Strong inter
-molecular forces.
•Fixed volume but no
fixed shape.
Motion of particles
•Particles vibrate
vigorously and
can slide past
each other.
•No fixed
positions.
Distance between particles
•Little space between
particles.
•Particles are slightly further
compared to solids.
•Incompressible.
LIQUID
Part (b)
20

21. Arrangement of particles
•Particles are not closely
packed.
•Particles have no
regular pattern.
Forces between Forces between
particlesparticles
•Weak inter
-molecular forces.
•No fixed volume and
no fixed shape.
Motion of particles
•Particles move
freely & randomly
in all directions at
high speeds.
•Fills up any
container or space
completely &
quickly.
Distance between particles
•Particles are far apart.
•Mainly empty space
between particles.
•Compressible.
GAS
Part (b)
21

23. 1.Which of the following has a fixed volume but
no fixed shape?
A) Solid B) Liquid
C) Gas D) Liquid &
Gas
2.Which of the following is made up of
molecules arranged in a regular pattern?
A) Solid & Liquid B) Liquid
C) Gas only D) Solid only
3.A piece of ice is being heated to water and
then to steam. Which of the following
statement is true?
A) The particles expand as ice changes to
steam.
B) The particles move faster as ice changes to
steam.
C) The particles move closer to each other as
ice changes to steam.
D) The forces of attraction between the
particles increases as ice changes to
steam.
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4. Substances in gaseous state have no fixed
shape and size because
A) they have bigger volume.
B) the space between paricles is wider than
when they are in solid state and liquid
state.
C) the intermolecular force between the
particles is very weak compared to its
kinetic energy.
D) they are less dense than when they are at
solid or liquid state.
5. Which of the following is true?
1Particles in a solid are stationary.
2Particles in a liquid are constantly in
motion.
3Particles in a gas move slowly.
A) 2 only B) 2 & 3 only
C) 1, 2 & 3 D) none of the above

24. 6.In general, the density of a substance
increases from
A) solid to liquid to gas.
B) gas to liquid to solid.
C) gas to solid to liquid.
D) solid to gas to liquid.
7.Which of the following shows in ascending
order, the kinetic energy of the particles when
a substance is at different states?
A) solid, liquid, gas.
B) gas, liquid, solid.
C) gas, solid, liquid.
D) solid, gas, liquid.
8.Which of the following is true when particles
are held in fixed positions?
1The substance has a fixed shape.
2The substance has a fixed size.
3The substance has a high density.
A) 1 only B) 1 and 2 only.
C) 3 only D) 1, 2 and 3
24
9. An airtight tin can is heated over a pot of
boiling water. Which of the following is going
to happen after some time?
A) The tin can melts.
B) The lid of the can flies out.
C) The tin can collapses.
D) The density of the tin can increases.
10.A balloon gets bigger when it is left under the
hot sun because
A) the air particles inside it are moving
outwards.
B) the air particles expand when the balloon is
heated.
C) the air particles inside it move faster and
push each other away at greater force.
D) the air particles inside it are exerting
greater force onto each other without increase
in their kinetic energy.

25. Part (c)
In terms of Particulate Model of Matter…

26. What do you think is the state of pure water at the following
temperatures?
Part (c)
{Answer only “solid”, “liquid” or “gas” }
Temperature/
o
CState of water
- 20
10
65
120
The standard room temperature is at 31
o
C.
26

27. ?Whether a substance exists as a solid, liquid or gas depends
on the temperature it is in.
nIf the temperature of the substance is lower than its
melting point, it will remain as a solid.
tIf the temperature of the substance is higher than its
melting point but lower than its boiling point, it will
remain as a liquid.
iIf the temperature of the substance is higher than its
boiling point, then it will remain as a gas.
hWhen a substance is at gaseous state, it will not undergo
any further change in state even if temperature continues to
increase. Nothing happens above boiling point .
aSimiarly, when a substance is at solid state, it will not
undergo any further change in state even if temperature
continues to decrease. Nothing happens below melting
point.
Part (c)
27

28. Change of state is also known as phase change.
Change of state occurs without a change in
temperature.
Matter exists in three states (phases): solid,
liquid and gas. In changes of state (phase),
energy is either absorbed (taken in) or
released (given out).
Part (c)
28

29. Part (c)
Change of state occurs without a change in temperature. This means
that when a substance is changing from the solid to liquid state, the
temperature stops increasing until everything turns into liquid.
29

30. Part (c)
30
Melting is a process in which
the substance changes its state
from solid to liquid.
For a pure substance, melting
occurs at a constant
temperature. This
temperature is called the
melting point of the
substance.
During melting, the substance
is in both solid & liquid state.

31. Part (c)
31
Interaction -> Forces
between particles are
being overcome.
Collapse of molecular
structure -> Particles lose
their fixed, regular
arrangement.
State of matter -> Solid &
Liquid states exist at the
same time.
Temperature stays constant
-> Energy is absorbed to
break bonds, not to
increase internal energy
of substance.

32. Part (c)
32
Freezing also occurs at a fixed
temperature and is the same as
the melting temperature.
During freezing, the substance
exists in both solid & liquid
state.
The reverse process of changing from liquid to
solid is called freezing.

33. Part (c)
33
Formation of molecular
structure -> Particles
arrange themselves in fixed,
regular arrangement.
State of matter -> Solid &
Liquid states exist at the
same time.
Temperature stays
constant -> Energy is given
out to form bonds.
Interaction ->
Attractive forces
increase between
particles

34. Part (c)
Change of state occurs without a change in temperature. This means
that when a substance is changing from the liquid to gaseous state,
the temperature stops increasing until everything turns into liquid.
34

35. Part (c)
35
Boiling is a process in which the
substance changes its state
from liquid to gas.
For a pure substance, boiling
occurs at a constant
temperature. This
temperature is called the
boiling point of the
substance.
During boiling, the substance
exists in both solid & liquid
state.

36. Part (c)
36
Interaction -> Forces
between particles are
being overcome. Weak
intermolecular forces
between particles.
Particle Behaviour->
Particles move randomly at
high speeds. No fixed
shape, no fixed volume. Fill
up empty space quickly.
State of matter -> Liquid &
Gaseous states exist at the
same time.
Temperature stays constant
-> Energy is absorbed to
break bonds, not to
increase internal energy
of substance.

37. Part (c)
37
Condensation also occurs at a
fixed temperature and is the same
as the boiling temperature.
During condensation, the
substance exists in both
liquid & gaseous state.
The reverse process of changing from gas to
liquid is called condensation.

39. 1.Whether a substance exists as a solid, liquid or gas depends
on the temperature it is in.
2.If the temperature of the substance is lower than its melting
point, it will remain as a solid.
3.If the temperature of the substance is higher than its
melting point but lower than its boiling point, it will remain
as a liquid.
4.If the temperature of the substance is higher than its boiling
point, then it will remain as a gas.
5.When a substance is at gaseous state, it will not undergo
any further change in state even if temperature continues to
increase. Nothing happens above boiling point.
6.Simiarly, when a substance is at solid state, it will not
undergo any further change in state even if temperature
continues to decrease. Nothing happens below melting
point.
39
Part (c)

40. Change of state is also known as phase change.
Change of state occurs without a change in
temperature.
40
Matter exists in three states (phases): solid,
liquid and gas. In changes of state (phase),
energy is either absorbed (taken in) or released
(given out).
Part (c)

41.                                       
Complete the following table to indicate the changes of
states that take place and whether energy has to be
absorbed or removed from the substance.
Process Change of state
Energy absorbed or
removed?
Melting
Freezing
Boiling
Solid to Liquid
Energy (heat)
absorbed
Liquid to Solid
Energy (heat)
removed
Liquid to Gas
Energy (heat)
absorbed
Part (c)
41

42. 42
The melting points of the following substances are
given in the table. What is the state of each of the
substances at room temperature?
SubstanceMelting point
State of substance at
room temperature
X 0
o
C
Y - 39
o
C
Z 1063
o
C
LIQUID
LIQUID or
GAS
SOLID
Part (c)