12.Ammonia & nitrogen.ppt refrigeration and aircondition

prepare the documents for refrigeration

1. Dr. P.NanjappaChetty, Ph.D.,
VelTechDr R.R & Dr S.R Technical
University
1Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty, Ph.D.,

2. 2Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty, Ph.D.,

3. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO AMMONIA
PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA
PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
EMISSIONS
DISTRIBUTION
VEHICLES
POWER AND EFFICIENCY
CONCLUSION
3Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty, Ph.D.,

4. INTRODUCTION TO AMMONIA
A COMPOUND WITH THE
FORMULA NH
3
SECOND MOST COMMON
CHEMICAL PRODUCED
SUITABLE HYDROGEN
CARRIER
NON FLAMMABLE, HANDLED
IN LIQUID FORM
CONTAINS 1.7 TIMES
HYDROGEN COMPARE TO
LIQUID HYDROGEN
4Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty, Ph.D.,

5. PRODUCTIONOF AMMONIA
Typical modern ammonia-producing plant first
converts natural gas (i.e., methane) or LPG (liquified
petroleum gases such as propane and butane) or
petroleum naphtha into gaseous hydrogen. The
method for producing hydrogen from hydrocarbons
is referred to as "Steam Reforming".The hydrogen is
then combined with nitrogen to produce ammonia.
3H2 + N2 → 2NH3
5Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty, Ph.D.,

6. PRODUCTION……
AMMONIA FROM UREA
6
Dr. P.NanjappaChetty, Ph.D.,

7. AMMONIA CRACKING
7
Dr. P.NanjappaChetty, Ph.D.,

8. PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA
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Dr. P.NanjappaChetty, Ph.D.,

9. 9
Dr. P.NanjappaChetty, Ph.D.,

10. COMPARISON
Fuel Hydroge
n Liquid
Methane
Liquid
Methanol Ethanol Ammonia
Chemical
Formula
H
2
CH
4
CH
3
OH C
2
H
2
OH NH
3
Molecular
Weight
2 16 32 46 17
Specific
Gravity
(60F)
Gas
(0.07 at
Boil)
Gas (0.424
at Boil)
0.79 0.79 Gas (0.71
at Boil)
Melting
Point, F
-435 -296 -144 -179 -108
Boiling
Point, F
-423 -260 149 173 -28
Heat of
Vaporizatio
n, Btu/lb
191 248 502 396 592
10

11. Appearance Colorless/
Odorless
Colorless/
Odorless
Colorless
odor
Colorless
characterist
ic odor
Colorless
pungent
odor
Vapor
Toxicity
Non-toxicNon-toxicCumulative
toxic
irritant
Toxic in
extreme
dose
irritant
Toxic acts
like alkali
State at
normal
atmospheric
condition
Gas Gas Liquid Liquid Gas
Conditions
for liquid
state
Cryogenic
-423F
Cryogenic
-260F
Normal
Atmosphere
Normal
Atmosphere
200PSI at
100F
Handling Cryogenic
small scale,
commercial
Cryogenic
standard
commercial
Liquid,
small scale,
commercial
Liquid,
small scale,
commercial
Pressurize
d liquid,
standard,
commercial
11

12. Fuel Hydrogen
Liquid
Methane
Liquid
Methanol Ethanol Ammonia
Volumetric
Density,
lb/gal
0.59 3.53 6.60 6.60 5.93
Volumetric
Density,
lb/ft
3
4.37 26.4 49.3 49.3 44.3
Mass Energy
Density,
Btu/lb
51,600 21,500 8600 11,600 8000
Volumetric
Energy
Density,
Btu/gal
3.0 x 10
4
7.6 x 10
4
5.7 x 10
4
7.6 x 10
4
4.7 x 10
4
12

13. Fuel Hydrogen
Liquid
Methane
Liquid
Methanol Ethanol Ammonia
Volumetric
Energy
Density,
Btu/ ft
3
0.23 x 10
6
0.57 x 10
6
0.425 x 10
6
0.57 x 10
6
0.35 x 10
6
Stochiometric
Air/Fuel Ratio
lb Air/lb Fuel
34.5:1 17.2:1 6.4:1 9.0:1 6.1:1
Vapor
Flammability
Limits,
Volume%
4-75 5-15 7-36 4.3-18 16-17
Combustion
Air Required,
lb Air/Btu
6.7 x 10
-4
8.0 x 10
-4
7.5 x 10
-4
7.8 x 10
-4
7.6 x 10
-4
13

14. EMISSIONS
Fuel Hydrogen
Liquid
Methane
Liquid
Methanol Ethanol Ammonia
Exhaust
Water, lb
H
2
O/Btu
1.74 x 10
-4
1.051.31 x 10
-4
1.02 x 10
-4
1.98 x 10
-4
Exhaust
Nitrogen, lb
N
2
/Btu
5.1 x 10
-4
6.1 x 10
-4
5.8 x 10
-4
6.0 x 10
-4
6.9 x 10
-4
Exhaust
Carbon
dioxide, lb
CO
2
/Btu
0 1.27 x 10
-4
1.60 x 10
-4
1.66 x 10
-4
0
Exhaust
Nitric
Oxide, lb
NO/Btu
6.7 x 10
-6
8.1 x 10
-6
7.1 x 10
-6
6.7 x 10
-6
7.6 x 10
-6
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Dr. P.NanjappaChetty, Ph.D.,

15. Fuel Hydrogen
Liquid
Methane
Liquid
Methanol Ethanol Ammonia
Exhaust Carbon
Monoxide, lb
CO/Btu
0 18.7 x 10
-6
17.3 x 10
-6
18.9 x 10
-6
0
Exhaust
Hydrocarbon, lb
HC/Btu
0 0.6 x 10
-6
- - 0
Manufacturing
Efficiency, Btu
Fuel/Btu raw
material energy
0.5 0.5 0.66 0.75 0.4
15

16. ADVANTAGES
CAN BE STORED IN SIMPLE AND INEXPENSIVE PRESSURE
VESSEL
HAS LARGE WEIGHT FRACTION OF HYDROGEN
EXCELLENT TRANSITION FUEL
CAN BURN DIRECTLY IN I.C.ENGINE
CONVERTED TO ELECTRICITY IN ALKALINE FUEL CELL
TRANSPORTATION AND DISTRIBUTION IS SIMPLER
16
Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty, Ph.D.,

17. DISADVANTAGES
AMMONIA IS A POISONOUS GAS
17
Dr. P.NanjappaChetty, Ph.D.,

18. 18
Dr. P.NanjappaChetty, Ph.D.,

19. 19
Dr. P.NanjappaChetty, Ph.D.,

20. ONBOARD STORAGE
STORAGE PRESSURE IS 800 -900 PSI
REFUELING TEMPERATURE 22 -25ºC
USABLE CAPACITY OF TANK IS 85%
20
Dr. P.NanjappaChetty, Ph.D.,

21. MATERIAL COMPATIBILITY
FOR STATIONARY TANK
STEEL
DUCTILE IRON
FOR ONBOARD STORAGE
COMPOSITE TANKS
LIGHT WEIGHT ALUMINUM TANKS WITH
POLYMER LINERS
21
Dr. P.NanjappaChetty, Ph.D.,

22. VEHICLE
DEVELOPED BY-POMPANO
BEACH, FLORIDA, USA-ZAP
POWRED BY 60KW APOLLO FUEL
CELL
EQUIPPED WITH 8.7 GALLONE
AMMONIA FUEL TANK
RANGE UP TO 200 miles
22
Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty, Ph.D.,

23. CONCLUSIONS
SAFETY IS THE FIRST AND FOREMOST
REQUIREMENT FOR USING AMMONIA AS A
TRASPORT FUEL.
WELL TO WHEEL ANALYSIS OF AMMONIA
PRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION AND USE IS
NEEDED.
THE ANALYSIS SHOULD INCLUDE THE
PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA FROM
FEEDSTOCK OTHER THAN NATURAL GAS
INCLUDING RENEWABLES.
23
Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty, Ph.D.,

24. Thank you……
Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty, Ph.D., 24