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I Sc a d E
Ed ca

S Ed

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A a S a U

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FOR INFORMATION:

SAGE P b ca , I c.

2455 T R ad

T a d Oa , Ca a 91320

E- a : d @ a b.c

SAGE P b ca L d.

1 O Ya d

55 C R ad

L d EC1Y 1SP

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SAGE P b ca I d a P . L d.

B 1/I 1 M a C a I d a A a

Ma a R ad, N D 110 044

I d a

SAGE P b ca A a-Pac c P . L d.

18 C S #10-10/11/12

C a S a C a

S a 048423

C 2020 b SAGE P b ca , I c.

A d. E c a d b U.S. c a ,
a a b d c d d b d a

b a a , d a da aba a ,
b .



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A d a ad a c d d c d a
c d d a a d a
c . R c ad a
a d ca a a , d b ,
ad a .

P d U d S a A ca

Librar of Congress Ca aloging-in-P blica ion Da a

Na : M , C a A., a .

T : Ac a c : c a d d ca / C a A.
M , A a S a U .

D c : S Ed . T a d Oa , Ca a: SAGE, [2019]
P d : 2016. I c d b b a ca c a d d .

Id : LCCN 2019007537 ISBN 9781544324395 (Pa bac : ac d-
a )

S b c : LCSH: Ac a c d ca .

C a ca : LCC LB1028.24 .M47 2019 DDC 370.72 dc23 LC c d
a a ab a :// cc . c. /2019007537

T b d ac d- a .

Ac Ed : S Sc b

C D Ed : C a N

P d c Ed : Ja Ma

C Ed : W D R

T : C&M D a (P) L d.

P ad : W d J D d

I d : J a Ca a

C D : Ga B c a

Ma Ma a : J a Ra a



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B ief Con en
P ac
Ac d
Ab A
Pa I Wha I Ac ion Re ea ch?

C a 1 I d c Ac R a c
C a 2 O Ac R a c P c

Pa II Ho Do I Begin M Ac ion Re ea ch S d ?
C a 3 P a Ac R a c a d R
R a d L a
C a 4 D a R a c P a

Pa III Wha Do I Do Wi h All The e Da a?
C a 5 C c Da a
C a 6 A a Da a

Pa IV I e Go Re l ! No Wha ?
C a 7 N S a d F C c : D
a Ac P a
C a 8 W a Ac R a c R
C a 9 S a a d R c

A d A. Sa Ac R a c R : W a I
I ac P F a R M d a d M
O S -E cac G Sc c ?
A d B. Sa Ac R a c R : T
R a B S a K d F d a d
S d S
A d C. Ac R a c D a T a
G a
R c
I d



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11

De ailed Con en
P ac
Ac d
Ab A
Pa I Wha I Ac ion Re ea ch?

C a 1 I d c Ac R a c
C a 1 O a

➡Ac R a c Ca S d 1: M a
a d E a S d R c
S c a S c

W a I Ac R a c ?
I d c Ed ca a R a c
O Ed ca a R a c
O Ac R a c
A B H Ac R a c
M d Ac R a c
C a ac c Ac R a c : W a I I
a d W a I I N
T Ac R a c

T I a c Ac R a c
C c T P ac c
I Ed ca a P ac c
C c Sc I
T ac E a d I c a
E a
P a G
S c a J c Ad cac

A ca Ac R a c
Id P b
D a d T S
P c T ac Ed ca
I -S c P a G

R Ac R a c
S a
Q a d Ac
K T
S d S d S
C d c Ac R a c



12

➡Ac R a c Ca S d 2: I
R ad C a T I P a
➡Ac R a c Ca S d 3: C c a
U d a d M a d M
➡Ac R a c C c

C a 2 O Ac R a c P c
C a 2 O a

➡Ac R a c Ca S d 1: M a
a d E a S d R c
S c a S c

S a a d S Ac R a c
T P a S a

S 1: Id a d L T c
S 2: Ga I a
S 3: R R a d L a
S 4: D a R a c P a

T Ac S a
S 5: I P a a d C c
Da a
S 6: A a Da a

...

1. 1



2

Ac ion Re ea ch
S Ed



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Ac ion Re ea ch

I Sc a d E
Ed ca

S Ed

C a A. M
A a S a U

2. L A
L d

N D
S a

Wa DC
M b



6

FOR INFORMATION:

SAGE P b ca , I c.

2455 T R ad

T a d Oa , Ca a 91320

E- a : d @ a b.c

SAGE P b ca L d.

1 O Ya d

55 C R ad

L d EC1Y 1SP

U d K d

SAGE P b ca I d a P . L d.

3. B 1/I 1 M a C a I d a A a

Ma a R ad, N D 110 044

I d a

SAGE P b ca A a-Pac c P . L d.

18 C S #10-10/11/12

C a S a C a

S a 048423

C 2020 b SAGE P b ca , I c.

A d. E c a d b U.S. c a ,
a a b d c d d b d a

b a a , d a da aba a ,
b .



7

A d a ad a c d d c d a
c d d a a d a
c . R c ad a
a d ca a a , d b ,
ad a .

P d U d S a A ca

Librar of Congress Ca aloging-in-P blica ion Da a

4. Na : M , C a A., a .

T : Ac a c : c a d d ca / C a A.
M , A a S a U .

D c : S Ed . T a d Oa , Ca a: SAGE, [2019]
P d : 2016. I c d b b a ca c a d d .

Id : LCCN 2019007537 ISBN 9781544324395 (Pa bac : ac d-
a )

S b c : LCSH: Ac a c d ca .

C a ca : LCC LB1028.24 .M47 2019 DDC 370.72 dc23 LC c d
a a ab a :// cc . c. /2019007537

T b d ac d- a .

Ac Ed : S Sc b

C D Ed : C a N

P d c Ed : Ja Ma

C Ed : W D R

T : C&M D a (P) L d.

P ad : W d J D d

I d : J a Ca a

C D : Ga B c a

Ma Ma a : J a Ra a

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9

B ief Con en
P ac
Ac d
Ab A
Pa I Wha I Ac ion Re ea ch?

C a 1 I d c Ac R a c
C a 2 O Ac R a c P c

Pa II Ho Do I Begin M Ac ion Re ea ch S d ?
C a 3 P a Ac R a c a d R
R a d L a
C a 4 D a R a c P a

Pa III Wha Do I Do Wi h All The e Da a?
C a 5 C c Da a
C a 6 A a Da a

Pa IV I e Go Re l ! No Wha ?
C a 7 N S a d F C c : D
a Ac P a
C a 8 W a Ac R a c R
C a 9 S a a d R c

A d A. Sa Ac R a c R : W a I
I ac P F a R M d a d M
O S -E cac G Sc c ?
A d B. Sa Ac R a c R : T

6. R a B S a K d F d a d
S d S
A d C. Ac R a c D a T a
G a
R c
I d



10



11

De ailed Con en
P ac
Ac d
Ab A
Pa I Wha I Ac ion Re ea ch?

C a 1 I d c Ac R a c
C a 1 O a

➡Ac R a c Ca S d 1: M a
a d E a S d R c
S c a S c

W a I Ac R a c ?
I d c Ed ca a R a c
O Ed ca a R a c
O Ac R a c
A B H Ac R a c
M d Ac R a c
C a ac c Ac R a c : W a I I
a d W a I I N

7. T Ac R a c

T I a c Ac R a c
C c T P ac c
I Ed ca a P ac c
C c Sc I
T ac E a d I c a
E a
P a G
S c a J c Ad cac

A ca Ac R a c
Id P b
D a d T S
P c T ac Ed ca
I -S c P a G

R Ac R a c
S a
Q a d Ac
K T
S d S d S
C d c Ac R a c



12

➡Ac R a c Ca S d 2: I
R ad C a T I P a
➡Ac R a c Ca S d 3: C c a
U d a d M a d M
➡Ac R a c C c

C a 2 O Ac R a c P c
C a 2 O a

8. ➡Ac R a c Ca S d 1: M a
a d E a S d R c
S c a S c

S a a d S Ac R a c
T P a S a

S 1: Id a d L T c
S 2: Ga I a
S 3: R R a d L a
S 4: D a R a c P a

T Ac S a
S 5: I P a a d C c
Da a
S 6: A a Da a

T D S a
S 7: D a Ac P a

T R c S a
S 8: S a a d C ca R
S 9: R c P c

A B E a
S 1: Id a d L T c
S 2: Ga I a
S 3: R R a d L a
S 4: D a R a c P a
S 5: I P a a d C c
Da a
S 6: A a Da a
S 7: D a Ac P a
S 8: S a a d C ca R
S 9: R c P c

9. S a
Q a d Ac
K T



13

S d S d S
C d c Ac R a c

➡Ac R a c Ca S d 2: I
R ad C a T I P a
➡Ac R a c Ca S d 3: C c a
U d a d M a d M
➡Ac R a c C c

Pa II Ho Do I Begin M Ac ion Re ea ch S d ?
C a 3 P a Ac R a c a d R
R a d L a

C a 3 O a
➡Ac R a c Ca S d 1: M a
a d E a S d R c
S c a S c

Id a T c R a c
P a C d a
L a T c

Ga P a I a
R R a d L a

S c R a d L a
S a c ERIC Da aba O

10. S a c G Sc a
W a L a R

S a
Q a d Ac
K T
S d S d S
C d c Ac R a c

➡Ac R a c Ca S d 2: I
R ad C a T I P a
➡Ac R a c Ca S d 3: C c a
U d a d M a d M
➡W U Ac R a c
➡Ac R a c C c

C a 4 D a R a c P a
C a 4 O a

➡Ac R a c Ca S d 1: M a
a d E a S d R c



14

S c a S c
R a c Q
Ba c R a c D

Q a a R a c D
Q a a R a c D
M d-M d R a c D

E ca C d a Y R a c
G O a d Y R a c

11. S a
Q a d Ac
K T
S d S d S
C d c Ac R a c

➡Ac R a c Ca S d 2: I
R ad C a T I P a
➡Ac R a c Ca S d 3: C c a
U d a d M a d M
➡W U Ac R a c
➡Ac R a c C c

Pa III Wha Do I Do Wi h All The e Da a?
C a 5 C c Da a

C a 5 O a
➡Ac R a c Ca S d 1: M a
a d E a S d R c
S c a S c

Q a a Da a C c T c
Ob a
I
J a
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C a ac c Q a a Da a: Acc ac ,
C d b , a d D dab

Q a a Da a C c T c
S , Q a , a d Ra Sca
C c
F a a d S a C a
A
S a da d d T Sc

12. 15

C a ac c Q a a Da a: Va d a d
R ab

N Ab E c a d Da a C c
A F a N Ab O a a a d A
S a
Q a d Ac
K T
S d S d S
C d c Ac R a c

➡Ac R a c Ca S d 2: I
R ad C a T I P a
➡Ac R a c Ca S d 3: C c a
U d a d M a d M
➡W U Ac R a c
➡Ac R a c C c

C a 6 A a Da a
C a 6 O a

➡Ac R a c Ca S d 1: M a
a d E a S d R c
S c a S c

Q a a Da a A a T c
I d c A a
U C S a A W
Q a a Da a A a

Q a a Da a A a T c

13. U D c S a c
U I a S a c
A N Ab A a S a da d d T
Da a
U C S a A W
S a ca A a

A N Ab M d-M d Da a A a
R R Da a A a

G d R R
Q a a Da a A a
G d R R
Q a a Da a A a

S a
Q a d Ac



16

K T
S d S d S
C d c Ac R a c

➡Ac R a c Ca S d 2: I
R ad C a T I P a
➡Ac R a c Ca S d 3: C c a
U d a d M a d M
➡W U Ac R a c
➡Ac R a c C c

Pa IV I e Go Re l ! No Wha ?
C a 7 N S a d F C c : D
a Ac P a

14. C a 7 O a
➡Ac R a c Ca S d 1: M a
a d E a S d R c
S c a S c

D Ac P a
L Ac P a

I d d a
T a
Sc -L D c d

Ac P a : A T R c
S a
Q a d Ac
K T
S d S d S
C d c Ac R a c

➡Ac R a c Ca S d 2: I
R ad C a T I P a
➡Ac R a c Ca S d 3: C c a
U d a d M a d M
➡W U Ac R a c
➡Ac R a c C c

C a 8 W a Ac R a c R
C a 8 O a

➡Ac R a c Ca S d 1: M a
a d E a S d R c
S c a S c

15. 17

C Acad c W
T a d Ab ac
P a d V c
V b T
T a V D S a
C a
C c
S c La a
C F a

A W d Ab E c W W R a c
R
P ac ca G d W
S a
Q a d Ac
K T
S d S d S
C d c Ac R a c

➡Ac R a c Ca S d 2: I
R ad C a T I P a
➡Ac R a c Ca S d 3: C c a
U d a d M a d M
➡Ac R a c C c

C a 9 S a a d R c
C a 9 O a

➡Ac R a c Ca S d 1: M a
a d E a S d R c
S c a S c

C ca R Ac R a c
L ca

16. Ac R a c C
P a C c
D c -L Ac R a c C c
Acad c J a
S a R E c ca
A W d Ab E c W S a R

Ac R a c
R c Ac R a c P c
S a
Q a d Ac



18

K T
S d S d S
C d c Ac R a c

➡Ac R a c Ca S d 2: I
R ad C a T I P a
➡Ac R a c Ca S d 3: C c a
U d a d M a d M
➡W U Ac R a c
➡Ac R a c C c

A d A. Sa Ac R a c R : W a I
I ac P F a R M d a d M
O S -E cac G Sc c ?
A d B. Sa Ac R a c R : T
R a B S a K d F d a d
S d S
A d C. Ac R a c D a T a
G a
R c

17. I d



19



20

P eface



21

P po e of he Te
M , a , ad a d d ca a d, a c a ,

- c ac ad a d a d
c a c d ca a a c d . T a

c d a b ad d ca a
a c d , d , a d c . H , I d

a a ad a - a c d c a -
c ac c d b ab a a
c a a a a a ab c a d d ,

c a c a c a -ba d a ac a c .
M a c d c a d, , a a

b d c a I ab , a
a c ( . ., a d a a
a a c d ). T a a

18. d c .

I c a , a b c c ca ac
a c a a d , a d d a

a d c ac c d ca d. T
b d c d ca c c d c

c a -ba d c -ba d ac a c . D a d
b ac ca a d c b ac c c ca ,

a c d a a a . Ed ca
a d d a ad a d ca a a c

a ac a c a a c a d
a d c d c a d a c c . T c

ca a c d ca a a c b a
ac ca ac c d c a d c a a d/

c a c . A d b , ac a c
a a c d c a d a c . I a a
c a a d ca c ac c a d

c a d d
ca a d d a d ca a

d ca .

T a b d d a b c
a a a d. I a a d ca a a c d



22

19. 20 a . T a a d a -
c ac a d a d ,

c d c c , ac , ad a , a d c .
T c d d a a d ,

a a a d , d c d c a c
b ad d d ca . T c a a ac ,

c a d c , c a a , ca a -c a a ,
a , a d a a a c d . S d

c c c a K 12 d ca ca
ca a a d ca a ac

d ca a . M b a d
a d d a d a ca a ac

c d c a c , c d c d c
c a d ca c d . I b a
ca a ad a a d ca ac

c .

O a d, ac c ac ion research,
d c ca d . T d ca

ac a his d ca a ac c d b d
c , c a , d , a d .

S c ac a c c d c d b ac
c a a d d d b

d a d ca ac a c d . B
c a a b ad a c d ,
a d ac c d ca a c . W a

20. d c a d a d c d c
a c d a d a a d d a

ca - b . I d , a ad a
a a b a d

ca a d a a a .

T prac ical a b ac a c
a c d a d c d a ac ,

ad a , c , c a , a d ,
ca c c da c a ac c
a d ac c a d c a . Ed ca a

d a d c d c c -ba d a c d
a c a ac c c . T a
a c c b d ac a c d



23

c , c d , a d c d c d
a a a a d d a d a a

b . T ca a c a c a a
c ca c c a d c d , c a b d

b ac c d ca , a d - a d d c a
b a d c c a ac
a c d ac c d ca a a

b c ca ; a , a ac ca b d ca .
T b d d a d c a

21. d a c d a ca -
b , c d c d , a d c ca

ca a d a d d a . A
ba d a c a , b a a ac ca
a ac , d d a d c

ac c d ca .



24

Te Ta ge G ad a e S den ,
Ed ca o
T b a ad a d . I a
a d c c d K 12 c a ac , ad a ,
c , c a d ca , a d c a . T
b a b d a a a ad a c
ac a c , a c d a a a a

ad a - c c a c
d ( . ., c c c , ). T b

a a d ca a a a d ca ( . .,
a a d c da a a c , c c , c a d ,

a a , c, a , ca d ca , c a d ca ,
ad a , c , a d c a d ca ); a a

a a a c b c a a
a d a .

22. 25

Te O gani ed Seq en iall , Like an
Ac ion Re ea ch S d
T a c c d b a c
d a d c d c c a -ba d a d a c .
T a c a a a d c a a add

c d :

A d ca a a c (C a 1)
A ac a c (C a 1)
T c a ac c ac a c (C a 1)
T ac a c c (C a 2)
Id a a a c ac a c (C a 3)
R a d a (C a 3)
D a ac a c d (C a 4)
C c a d a a da a (C a 5 a d 6)
D a ac a (C a 7)
W a ac a c (C a 8)
S a a ac a c d (C a 9)
R c c ac a c (C a 9)

T b a a d a b ca ,
a d , c d a d c d c a

ac a c d b d
c b a d, a d a c , d

d , ac a ca c d , d a ac
a , a d a a a d c

c . I , , a a ac a c
c d c a c c ca a .

23. 26

Pedagogical Fea e and Benefi
o S den (a Well a In c o )

W c a d ac a c b c
a , b d a c a c . I d ,

, a a d c a c :

O a ac c a a a a
a c a c a .

S c b a a a d a ac ,
c d a d c

d c c a da a c c
( . ., c c , a d , c , a d

a ) a d a a c ( . .,
ab a d a a a a a
da a; a ab a a a a
da a; ac a ac a c ).
I add a a a a a a a

b , d a d c a ac
a c , ca d Ac R a c Ca S d , a

d d C a 1 a d a d d ac b
c a . I ac c a , ca d d c c

c a , a ca
c a c a c a a a d

ac ca ba d ac a c d , c

24. c d c d b a a d ca b a a d c a

d ca (a a ) c d b a
d d a ac (a a ), a d d b a
a ac (a c ). I add , a
Ac R a c Ca S d a a b

acc a b ( d . a b.c / 6 ). T
Ca S d c b ac c a a c d

a Q T Ab ad
ac c a .

Eac c a c d a b d S a a
c d d c a .



27

Eac c a a c d a a c d Q
a d Ac a ca b d d d d ,

d a d , a d a ca .
T a c d a c a a d
ac a c , a c d c b ,
a d a c b c a d a d .
A c , ca d C d c Ac R a c , a
b add d d ac c a . T c c d

a :
Ac R a c Ca S d 2 a d 3

S c d W U Ac R a c a c d d
C a 3 7 a d C a 9, d

25. a a d c b d
d a d ac a c ,

c c c c d ac a c a c a
Ac R a c C c , a a
a d ac c a

T a d c C a 9. T c d
c ac -c d c d ac

a c c . Add a c
ac -c d c d ac a c c a a a ab

b ( d . a b.c / 6 ). T d
a d c a d a a d

c ac a c . T a a a
b .



28

Ne Fea e in he Si h Edi ion
T a a a d Ac
R a c : I Sc a d E Ed ca :

A d Ac R a c Ca S d a b add d ac
c a . T ca d a a a b

ac c a .
A b ac a c a b add d C a
1.
B d c a d d ac a c
( . ., a c a ac a c a d ac ca ac

26. a c ) a b add d C a 1.
A a a d d c a b

ac c a b c d d C a 1.
T a a d ac a c a b b

a d d d a c a
c C a 2.

D c add a a c ab da aba a b
add d C a 3.
A a a a a a ab a
b a c a d da a c a b

c d d C a 5.
Add a a d ac a c a b
add d d C a 9.



29

Ancilla Ma e ial on he Web



30

Open-Acce S den S d Si e:
edge. agep b.com/me le 6e
T b-ba d S d S d S d c

a c d d a d b a d a
a . T c d :

I ac PDF Ac ion Re ea ch De elopmen al

27. Templa e a a d d c ac a c

a a d d c c
d a d c d c a ac a c .
Video igne e a a a d a ac -

a c d c a a c c d c ac
a c . T a a d c c c a

c b .
Q i e a d d d a

a c a a .
eFla hca d c d d a d a d a

a d c c .
Sample Ac ion Re ea ch Repo d a ab , a

a c .
A a Ac ion Re ea ch Men o app
ac a c .

I add ab , c a :

Ed ab , c a - c c Po e Poin lide a
c b c a a d a a

c .
Chap e o line a ac c a

a ca b d a c -c a a d .
C a - c c di c ion q e ion a a c
c a ac a d c a a
c a c .

28. 31

A No e Abo Ac ion Re ea ch
P ojec
O c c a b c a d d ac

b c c a b a d
c a d -c d c d ac a c c . M
ad c c d a a
ab ac a c a a a c a ac

a c c a a c a b c a a
c d a d c d c ac a c a d

a d ab a d c d . I
ca b c a a a d c ab c a a

, a b ab d a d c d c a - ca
a c c a a .

F a ca 15- acad c , I
-b - ac , b c c a

b a d a c a d ac a c c :



32

F a ca 10- acad c , I
-b - ac :



33

29. A Final No e fo S den of Ac ion
Re ea ch
I a d a c a -ba d/ c -ba d ac a c
b ca a a d ca , a

d c c d ca a , a d
d a c a c a d . I

ad a a a ad a .
L a c d c ac a c d a a c

a ac c a a d ac c . H , b
a a a a d c d a d c d c

ac a c c , , I , a b a a
a d a , c c ac a c
d c d b . I c b

c ac a c d a !



34



35

Ackno ledgmen

I d ac d c b a d d a
c . I d c a d c a
d a a a SAGE P b ca a , S Sc b

(ac d ). I d a a E ab Y

30. ( d a a a ) a d a

. I d a Ja Ma ( d c
d ) a d W D R (c d ) a a c

d a a d a a a a c
b . T a a C a N (c d d )

a a c d d a c a . F a , I
d a J a Ra a ( a a a ) a d

a c d b . I c
a d d a d a

d d c a d dbac a
a c a d a d :

R a d B b , U H D
T B , U C b a d
S ac H , W U
K b L d, A S a U
G Sc a , F b U
M c S a a, Cab C
Ga Wa d, U W c R Fa

A , I d c a d a d d a
d d dbac d :

E Ba , U T a C a a a
Ma a B , U Ma ac B
K Ca , G F U
L McFad C , U A aba a a
B a
Ka E a C a , Ma a a C
E ab D , Rad d U
Da a F d ba , N a S a U

31. M c a P. G ad , Sa L U



36

J H , N K c U
T a c Ja b , Ca a S a U , N d
Gab K a , Ca d a S c U
Y -J L , CUNY S O c N Y
K. F L , A S a U
Ma L c a , V a T c
Ida Ma a , A a S a U
J a M. McG , U N Ca a a A
J C. M , Ba S a U
Da c M , Wa S a U
Ma a M c, Na a L U
Ca M a ba , S I U Ca b da
P M a, N Ca a C a U
C J. D a P a, S a L a a
U
C a W a R , Ea K c U
Ga R c , G Ma U
T d J. S a , B S a U
T c S a , Ma a U
Ba ba a Ta , W N M c U
S H. X , Ca a S a U , L B ac
Ta a a Wa , U N Ca a a W
Ma a Wa a , S a M S a U
R b W , B ad U

A a a , I d a , Ka , c d
c a d a ab

dbac b , a c a ac c ,
a d , Add , d a a - a d

32. c . M a b a a a a
Add a a ca d ca a d c ac .



37



38

Abo he A ho

C aig A. Me le
a b a d ca 34 a , 24
d ca . H c a A c a P a d

D c EdD P a L ad a d I a a
A a S a U . H ac d c a c

c d a ca ac a c
d ca , c , a d b-

b dd d a d . H a ac
a a a c d , d c a ca

a a , a a a ca a a , a d d ca a
a d . H a 25 b , 9 d
b c a , 22 d a a c , c

a a , a d a c a d a c . H
a a d a 40 a c a a d

c a a a a . H c d c
- c d ca a a (a a )

33. c a -ba d ac a c a d b ad c
c a a . H a a c a d c

c d c a -ba d ac a c , da a-
d d ca a d c a , a a
c , a d c a ac a ac .
B ac a d a c a ,
a c b a d a c c a d a
c ac d ac a d ba . I ,

a a a d a . D . M ca b
ac d a c a . @ a .c c ,

a d , a d a a .



39



40

Pa One Wha I Ac ion Re ea ch?

Chap e 1. In od c ion o Ac ion Re ea ch
Chap e 2. O e ie of he Ac ion Re ea ch P oce

Pa I b d c a d d a ac
a c . I C a 1, a a ac a c (a d

a ), c a ad a
d ca a a c , a ac b c

d ac a c , a d a

34. a ca . Y a a d c
c d c ac a c . I C a 2, a
ab a ac a c c c a d
ca b c d c d a c a d a .



41



42

Chap e One In od c ion o Ac ion
Re ea ch

C a 1 O a

A b c d a a a d ca a a c a d
c a ac c .

O a d d ab Ed ca a R a c , c
b a c : T ad a Ed ca a R a c a d
Ac R a c .



43

T ad a Ed ca R a c a d Ac R a c b a c
a d b . T d c d a b :

Ed ca a R a c
T ad a Ed ca a R a c

S a c c d

35. Q a a ( d c ) a a (d d c )

d
N a a a c
d
M d- d a c d

Ac R a c
A c ac
Va d ac a c
I a c :

C c ac c
I d ca a ac c
C c c
T ac
P a
S c a c ad cac

A ca :
Id b
D a d
P c ac d ca
I - c a

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1: M a a d
E a S d R c S c a S c
Wha I Ac ion Re ea ch?

I d c Ed ca a R a c
O Ed ca a R a c
O Ac R a c
A B H Ac R a c
M d Ac R a c
C a ac c Ac R a c : W a I I a d W a
I I N

36. T Ac R a c

The Impo ance of Ac ion Re ea ch
C c T P ac c
I Ed ca a P ac c
C c Sc I
T ac E a d I c a E a



44

P a G
S c a J c Ad cac

Applica ion of Ac ion Re ea ch
Id P b
D a d T S
P c T ac Ed ca
I -S c P a G

Rigo in Ac ion Re ea ch
S mma

➤ Q e ion and Ac i i ie
➤ Ke Te m
➤ S den S d Si e

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch
➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2: I
R ad C a T I P a
➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3: C c a
U d a d M a d M
➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Checkli

37. 45

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1
Mo i a ion and Engagemen fo S den

Recei ing Special Se ice



46

Foc ing on S den S cce
T - ad ac a S P E a , a a PK 6
c , ad b a c a a a . K a,

K , a d J ad d a d c ab a d
cca d a c . Eac ac

d a ad a d a c d d d ca . T a a
c d d J d , c a c ac , a d Sa a , a c a c

a d , b d d c a c d
d a d ad d d a d d ca

a (IEP ). Eac - ad c a a S P
ad d IEP a d c d

c a c a c J d a d Sa a . D 30-
, ac d ad a c d d

a c a a d d a J d a d Sa a .
D , J d a d Sa a d d d a d

d a d c a , ad , a d/ c a . F
a a , d ad d d

38. add a c a d d , a c d
cc a a .

H , a ac ad, a a , d
c a cc d c c a c

c a . T b a a ac ad
c d a a d d d a a c a
c d d d d a d J d a d Sa a . A
ad c d c , d d d a a

c a a a a
c a d . T c d

c a c a , c c a d a ca
Sa a c a , d d

. T a d d ac cc
ac - ad c a . E K a, K , a d J

d d d a a , d, a a
a a d a a d a . O c d d a
a c a c , d ca
a d a c d a
. T d ad b a a
d d a a c a a , a d ac

b c a , a c
c d a c a a b

ac c a a .

A d a c a , a d ca d c a b
a a a a ac - ad d

39. 47

c d c a c c ab a
c a . K a, K , a d J a ad d d ac a c

c a a ad a c a . D d c ,
d c d d a , c d d a a a c a d
d a a d a d c a

, c d ac a c c a
c a - d d d a a a ,

d d ac a d cc .



48

Q e ion o Think Abo :
W a a a b a d ca
ac ?
I a a ( ) a a b ?
C d ad a a c d b d add

b ?
F a a c d ac a c b a a

c d ca ?
I a a d a ac a c a b
a a a ca ac a c ?

R a c ab a . W a a c
d a d research? F a ,

40. d a c ab a c a
c a c a a , b , ac ,
a d ac . T c a c , c d
a a a a c ac ac a

a . T d a a c ( , a
a ab c a !) b a , a , a d B

b , c ca d a
d . O a d ca

a c a a d c a
b c a c d a . O a ,

a d, a c a a
a a c c .

F , a c a b c d c d a b
a c a d ca c d d a

c d c a c d . Ad d , c a c c
b c d c d b a , c a a

ab . H , a d a c b c d c d b
prac i ioners a d ca a d a no

a c d . T c c c d c d c
a c a a d a

a da a a c , b
d c a a . I ac -ba d

a c a ac ion research c c
b .

41. 49

Wha I Ac ion Re ea ch?
O a d cad , ac a c a b ca
a ac , ad a , a d c a a d
c (M , 2011). Ed ca a a a a

b ac d a a a c d c a c a
a a ab a a d a b ab a a

a a d a d a a d d c a ca . B
a is ac a c ? W a d ? W a d

acc ?

Ac ion e ea ch d d a a a c c d c d
b ac , ad a , c , a d

ac a d a c
a a ab a c a

c a , ac , a d d a
(M , 2011). M a , ac a c c a ac d a

a c a d b ac . I a
a c ac c (J , 2008). Ac

a c a ac d c a
a , c a d , d , a d

a d b d a d a d
b ab a c . I c

c ca c a ac c a
a ac c d ac b

42. a . T , , c a d a d c
ac (Pa & B , 2002). T ba c c

c d c ac a c c :

1. Id a a a c
2. C c da a
3. A a a d da a
4. D a a ac (M , 2011)

Y a c ab c ac a c
a c a a d C a 2.



50

In od c ion o Ed ca ional Re ea ch
F c a ac a a , a a

, c d ca a a c a
a a ba c d a d a d c c
a d a c . R a c a
a b c a b a .

Q a c a a da , b
a a a . A a a a a

d a a , a a c a
d c a . Y d

a a a , b ac
a a , d a ad a a

c ? Ca a d c da ? D

43. a c ?

A a a a c
a ; , a a d

a a c a b . C d
c a : Y a a d , A ,

a c a a a a d ad . Y a ac a
c a a d a ab d a a

a A . S d a a a a
a d d , b a

A . I add , a a d b d
a a , b d a a

c a a d , a d d a
a a ab b c a A ad .
B d d a a ?

M a d C a (2011) a a c
c a a a c a d

c a c ab ; , c a
a b a b . T c
a c d ad , a , a d c .

T adi ion a c a b a d a .
I a a d a a ac

da , b a a . I add , a b
a b a d a db .

44. 51

A ho i ,
a a b . H , d

a a ab a
c a a d c a a

a . I ac , ca a a a a a
d a a c , c
d a d c a b . F a ,

common en e a a a a ba
a . W a a a
ba c a , a

d dab a . I a a c c d
a c d c b a da d a

acc ac , c d c c a
d c c .

T a b a a c a
a a a d c d ab a . T
a b ca a ba d ad , a , a d

c a a b a d d .
T b a cc a b ca a a c c d

a a c a d b c a . I d
a b acc a a d a ,

b a a a b a d a d ab . T b
acc d b c c d. T cien ific
me hod a c c a d a a d

45. b . Y a ca c c d a
c c c c a a

b d c c c a c . W a
a c c d c a a a a

a c, -b - c d . I 1938,
A ca a d d ca J D d c b d
c c d a a c d b c

(M & C a , 2011). H d c d a a
:

1. C a a b .
2. S a a (a b a ).
3. C c , a a , a d a a d

, c a a .
4. F c c d d a a .



52

5. U c c c .

I d b ad a a a a c a d
a a c d ac . F

a , d a b c a a
a a . A a a c d c d c

c d ac a d c b d ab , d a
a c . C c , a a , a d
a (S 3) a a d a c . I

46. a d c a a a
a a .

H , , c c d a d a c b ad
d d ca ? T a a d a a b
. S , ed ca ional e ea ch a ca
c c d d ca a c , a,

a c a . Ed ca a a c ca
ca d a :

1. S c c ab c a c c .
2. C a c c b c a c c .
3. F a a c a d/ c c

a b .
4. Ca c d b c da a (a a a

a ) a c c d, a a d, a d d.
5. S a d d d a a da a a a .
6. D a c c a d a a c

a d/ . (M & C a , 2011)

N a b D c c
d a d d c d c d ca a a c . T

a c a c b . I ca ,
a b a ac c d a a

cc a a a d , d a a
c d.

J (2008) a d a , a c a c
a a a a c , b a a
d c b c c a d d c c . Sc c

47. c c d c d a
( ca c c d da a) d b . I



53

d , da a a c c d a d a a d d
d a b d:

c (da a) ⟶ d ⟶ b

A a c c T d I a a
Ma a c a d Sc c S d ( TIMSS). TIMSS d

A ca d ca a c d ab a d
da a a a c a d c c ac

d c a d a d c . S c
1995, TIMSS a d d d da a d a a c
a d c c ac a a a c .
TIMSS a da d d ac , ad d a d
c d d ca a , a a c c d

da a. T a a c , , a d d
a c a . W a a d c c

a da d a a d b c c a d a c
d .

I c a , d c c b d c d
a . O b a b a d da a

a b (J , 2008):

48. b ⟶ d ⟶ c

P d c c d a a a b c a
d c b d d a a a

d a a d a , d , d c a b
c . C a , a ac a c,

b c ; d c c d. T ,
c c , a d a c .



54

O e ie of Ed ca ional Re ea ch
T ad a a c d ca ca c d c d b

a c a a d
a d . T a a a c d

a c d a d d a b
a a a a d , , a

c a d a d (Sc c , 1997).
T a ac b d ac a a c ,

a a c . F , ad a a c
a a a a d d a

b c a . T a a ad a d ca a
a c a d a d d ca a ,

, a d c (Ga & A a a , 2000, . 24). I
ad a a c , d a c d c c

49. c d d c c a d a a da a d d
a a . T a a c d d

b b ad ca a a a ac a d
a a a ac ba d d a ab

b d a d a a c a
(McM a , 2004). G a a , a a a c

d c c a d a a ca
da a ( . ., c , a , a d ca ); a a

a c d c a c c a d a a
a a da a ( . ., b a , a c ,

a ).

Q a a a c d a d d c a ac
a a d a a c

. Ded c i e ea oning a
c c, a -d a (T c , 2002a). A

d c d F 1.1, a a a c b b
a ab a c .

T a c d b a d d c c
a c d b d. T c a d

da a a c c d d add
. F a , da a a a a d, a d c c ab



55

50. a d a a a c a ( )
a .

O a d, a a a c d ca a
d c a ac a . Ind c i e ea oning

ac d c c a d d d c
a . U a b - a ac ( F 1.2),
d c a b c c b a a d

c c d b ad a a a d (T c ,
2002a). O b c c b a (da a), a

a da a, a a
, a d a d a c c a d

. I a a , ca ,
a a a c a a da a d

. Ra , ca , a
b d a c d c a

a c a b d d. Y ad ab
d d c a d d c a , a a da a a a ,

C a 6.

Fig e 1.1 T P c D d c R a a A d
R a c

So rce: T c (2002a).



56

51. Fig e 1.2 T P c I d c R a a A d
R a c

So rce: T c (2002a).

B a a a d a a a ac c d c
d ca a a c a d d b a ca

a . T ca a a c d
a a ba c d b ab d

a d b d c c a . T d
b d b a a a c d b a a

d b a a a c . A d a d
b d a d b ab

cc c d c a ac a c d . T a
b ca ac a c , a ,

a a d a a
c a . I ac ca a d c a

ca a ca . M (2011) a
ac ca ac a c ( . 7), c c a

ca ba d c ca ac a c . T c
a c a b ; -d d c

ca ba d ac a c a b d
c b . I a d a ab

a d ca a a d

52. 57

c c ac a c , a c c c d
J (2008), McM a (2004), a d M (2011).

R ca a a a a a c d c b
d a d d ca a a. T acc

, a c c c da a b a a iable ( ac a
a a c c a d c a ac c a a

c a c ab c a c d a
c c ) a d a a da a d
h po he e ( d c d c d ) a
e ea ch q e ion . F a , a a a a c d

c c da a a c d c
a a d ab ( ca a ab ) d

a : A d c a
d c a b a d ab c a K 8 a

ad - a c a ( . ., K 5, K
6)?

T e ea ch de ign d b a c
a a b d ca d . R a c

d a b a a . I
none pe imen al e ea ch, a c a d c c

a a ab d , b ca a a ad
cc d b ca b b c d. I

d , a a c , a ab ca b
c d a a d b a c . T

53. a a d c d c a d ab
b a a a a d , a

ad c a , b d c a , a d
b ab c ca b c d c d b
a c . T ac a a ab ca b c d

a d a a d c b
a a c a d a a c , c a

c d a c c a d a d . T
a a a c c a d ca

d c b a ab a b a ab .
E a a a c d c d
descrip i e, compara i e, correla ional, a d ca sal-compara i e

a c (McM a , 2004). Descrip i e d
a ab c a ( . .,



58

W a c a d ac a c -ba d
a c a ?). Compara i e d
c a ac ca b d d c d b c a

a c a d ( . ., I a ca
d c b a a d c da ac

a c -ba d a ?). Correla ional d
a d c a a b

a ab ( . ., W a a b a

54. ac c a d a c -ba d

a ?). F a , ca sal-compara i e d (a
d a ac d ) c a

b d d b a
cc d a b da a a a ab
c a a a a a c d d c ca a a

b a ab ( . ., D ac c d a
a d-a c c c a a

a c -ba d a a ac d d
c c a c ?). N c a ba d a

a c d d b a
a a a c d d a

c ca , c a ac
a c -ba d a .

I e pe imen al e ea ch, a c a c
a ab c d d d a a

c ( ca ) a c a b a . T a ab
c a c a c a a independen

a iable ; a a ab a a a a d b
a c , a a a c d c

b c c c c d . F a ,
c a a a a b a d,

d d a d c
e pe imen al o ea men g o p; a c d b
c a d a a con ol g o p a c d a da d

55. a c . T a a ab ( . .,
b a a ab d ab , a a

ac a ) d a dependen
a iable ( c a d d a ,

b , d d a ab ).



59

T a a d a a a c d ,
d c c b d c b . H , a

a a a c d . S a
ac a d d

b a U.S. ad a a d
( . ., a ) a ac a bac a d ( . .,

a ) a ac . S , a d a a c a
b a a d a ac a d a b
a bac a d a ac . T d d a ab

d c . T a
a ab a d a
c a bac a d a ac c ;

c c ad a a d a ac .
F a , acad c a c (d d a ab ) a

d a d a ( . ., a a
a ) b . T a c a a d

56. a a a ac d
c c c a ( . .,

c ); d , a a c
d d a ab .

Da a c c d a a a a a c d a
ca a d a a a a d a ca . A a

a c d d c a c , a a c , b .
De c ip i e a i ic a a c a , a ,
a d da a. S c c c c d c a c a

a , d a , d , a , a da d d a , c a ,
a d a da d d c . Infe en ial a i ic a c
a d a c a ca ca c
d c b d
c a b a ab . S a i ical ignificance

a d c ad a ca c d a
ab a c c c d a d a d

( . ., d c b
a b a ab ) a a
a d d d a a

d c a pop la ion c a
a d a .



60

W a a a a c d c a a a
b a ab , a a a c d a c

57. b ad , c a ac da a c c . Q a a
a c d a c b a d a

d , ac d a d , a d a a c .
T a c a a a a ab a

a a d ; a c a d a
a d a d (J , 2008). Q a a a c d

a a c a a d b a
(T c , 2002b). T , d a c d
b b ad a d - d d. T a a c
c c a d a da a a

c c d a . T a
a c a a a . T iang la ion

a c a c da a d ab
ca c c ac
acc b a (B da & B ,

2007; G , 2006). I a a a a
d c a a a a c (a

ri-) c da a; a a a
c da a a , a a a d b

pol ang la ion ( c pol - d d a a
a ). U a , ab a c

a b a d a a a a d a a
c d c d (G , 2006). F a , a

a a d , c c da a a d
b a , d a d b a , a d .

58. T a a c da a d a a
d d , a , a c a c

c b a , a d da a
. I d , d d a ac a a

a d ac d, d d ba a b a d
ac a b a ?

S a a a a c , a a a a a
a c d . T c d phenomenolog , e hnograph ,

gro nded heor , a d case s dies (McM a , 2004).
Phenomenological die a a c a

c d d a a a d a d a
( . ., W a c a ac c ac a d d



61

d b d a c a a b d ?).
E hnog aphic die a d c b c a ac
b ( . ., W a a d

ac a a a Ma S E a
Sc ?). G o nded heo a c d a d c
a a a a a c a ( . ., W a

a a d c c a ac c a
ac ?). F a , ca e die a -d d d d a

a , ac , , ( . ., W a a
c c a Wa M dd Sc ?).

59. Da a c c d d a a a a c d a b
d . R ca a a a da a a ca a a a d
c a b a , , a d
d c a d (McM a , 2004). R a a
da a a a a d b a a c a logico-
ind c i e anal i , a c a c a

a a d d da a (M & C a , 2011).

A a a a d a a a ac c d c
a c a d a , d b

c d d a c . S d b
a c da a. T d a d a

mi ed-me hod e ea ch de ign . T c b a
a a a d a a da a d d a b
d a d a a c b a da a

c d . I d , d ca a
a b a a a d a a da a.

C (2005) c d ac a c d b
a d- d d , c b

a a a d a a da a. T a d c b
d a c . T a a

d- d d ad a ( . ., b
d a d a d a a a c b ); a a

ac a c add ca - b
a c a d d a .

60. 62

O e ie of Ac ion Re ea ch
F d cad , a b b b c a d

a c c . T b c,
d b a d a, a c c d c

ac a , c c , ad , , a d
(Sc c , 1997). B ad a c a

d c . A ac a c
d b c c , b a ac
U d S a a b d a d c d a

a d b c a . H , a b a d,
c b b a
a c a . T ac b ab a d

c ca a ac c a a d (b
c c a d d d a ) a b .

O , c ad a d
b d d ca a a c a a a a d

. H , a ac d d a
a a d acad c a c

(A d , 2002). T a d ac a ad a
d ca a a c a a d c ab ac

a c d c a d ac
a ca a a ( . ., a c a a ) a d

d ada a ( . ., c a c d
a ac a ; M & Pa , 2002). I

61. b a , b ca c d
ad a a c d , a a d c a d
ac c ac - a d, c a -ba d ac a c .

Sc c (1997) d ac a c a a a d a
a c a a a ac

a d ( . 28). I a
a d a d b ,
c a ac d ab d ca a c .

McM a (2004) d c b ac a c a b c d
a c c c a c b ,

ac c , a a d c a a ca . Ac
a c a c b c c ac c ca b



63

c a d a d b ac c . The main goal of ac ion research
is o address local-le el problems of prac ice i h he an icipa ion
of finding immedia e ans ers o q es ions or sol ions o hose
problems (M , 2018).

A , a c a a a b b
ac c . T a d c d ca a

a d ca a problems problems of prac ice. A a
, b a ab da d ca a .

H , b a d a d c
ab . F a , a a c a ac ,

62. b c a a b a c a
c : m s den s do no perform ell in ma h. B d ,

a b ac c . H , R c a d , a d
M a (2017) a d c b d a b ac c a :

T b ac c c d ca , b
a , c c a d (C , E ,

F a a , & T , 2009). W a a b
ac c : a comple and si eable, e s ill ac ionable,

problem hich e is s i hin a professional s sphere of ork.
S c b c c b ad c d ca a

, b a a a a d d a
d ca a c a d a ab ; , b
a a d b d ab ac (La , 1985).

( . 142)

A a a b ac c b
d a b

The s den s in m class do no perform ell in ma h. Wha
migh I be able o do differen l i h m ins r c ion ha co ld
facili a e impro emen in m s den s ma h skills and
performance?

I d , a b ac c b a d a
a d ca c a d b c c



64

63. a c a , d , a d c (M , 2018). T
a a d a problem, c c d a

cc a d c a d
a a b ac c , c c
b , a d a a c a c , a d c d c c

a b , add
, c c a ca d (M , 2018).

B ca ac a c a ab a
ac c (McL a , 1995), c a a a ac

a c c . Reflec ion ca b d d a ac
c ca a a d , d c d d d ,
a d a c a b . I d ac b

c , b c ac a c a c a
a a ac b a c ;
a a a d c a a a a b
c c d a a c a a d a a
a a ba a a d d c a (Pa &
B , 2002). Reflec i e eaching a c d

a d a
c d a d ca a , a c , a d

ac ca c , a a a c d
a (Pa & B , 2002). T c a ca

c c a d b ac c a
a ac c a c ac

a c .

Acc d , ac a c a a ab d

64. a d ac a d ac

(M , 2011). T ac a c , ac a c a d
b c c , a c a

c ac c . T c a a
d ca ac a c c a ac a

d a c c a , c ca ab ac a d
ac d , c a d/ c a d a

ac c , a d a (M , 2011). A a c a
ac d b a ac c a

a d c . Ac a c a c a
b c ca b acc d.



65

A B ief Hi o of Ac ion Re ea ch
T ac a c ca b ac d bac K L ,

c d d c ac ion research a d
1934. H a a c c d ac d a
c a d c a d a ac

(H d c , 2013). L b d a a c
c d c d c ca i hin c c a b

d a a a a a b ,
d c a , a d a ad a

a c c d acc :

65. T a c d d c a ac c ca b b
c a ac d a a c c a a a c a

. I a ac ion-research [ a add d],
a c a a a c c d a d c
a c a ac , a d a c ad c a

ac . R a c a d c b b
c . (L , 1946, . 35)

L d ac a c a a a c c ,
, a d ac a b a d a

a d add c a b
(H d c , 2013):

Ra a c a a a , , c d a a
ac c c d a c c a ,

ac , a d ac - d ab ac . (L ,
1946, . 38)

L c c c a d c a c ac
c a b a a d d c b ca a
a a a ac a c . A ca

c c b L d a a d d ca
d a c c d b c a



66

d c d c a c c a a c
(H d c , 2013).

66. 67

Model of Ac ion Re ea ch
N a a d d ac a c

c . S d a , a
a c . S a a c c ca a ; d c a
a c ; a a d a a . Y ac
d b a c a b c. Eac

b a c ac c , d b
c c a d a a d da a. F a , ac

d , ac a , c a
ba a ac a c (M , 2011). I

d , a d ac a c a a - a c
a a a c a c c . S
a :

S (2007), ac a c ac a ,
d c b ac a c a a ,

a c a , , a d ac ( . 8).
D ac a , a c a b , c , a d
a ac . T ac ad
a .

K L (S , 2001) a d c a ac a c
a , c c d ac d , a , a ac ,

a a , a d a d a b a
c d ac .

67. Bac a (2001) ac a c a c
c c ca a ac a c . H d a d a

a a c a a a , a ac ,
b a d a a ac , a d c a d a

a c c a , ba d a
a d c c .

R (2007) b ac
a c d a a c a

ac c c : a , a ac , c c d c , a d
c .

W c d d ? P a , I d a
a , a I a a a a a

(a d c d b a d ).



68

G a a , ac a c c
c d a - a c d (M & C a , 2011),

c b a d d d a c a . F
b , a a a :

1. T a a
2. T ac a
3. T d a
4. T c a

W a a d a ad a a

68. d d ac a c a c , c c ca
c a ca d c d a a a

(J , 2008). P ac - a c a d ac
a c d a
a a d a d d .

D d a a ac a c c ,
a b a c a d d ac a c
b c c a , ac a d b ,

d a a , a d c , c a
a (M & C a , 2011). Y a

ab c c c d c ac a c
C a 2.



69

Cha ac e i ic of Ac ion Re ea ch: Wha I I
and Wha I I No
A ac a c ca b a a a a d c ,

d d b d ca a ac (M
& C a , 2011). T a a a c d

a c a ac a a a ac c d c
d ca a a c . I a d ca a a

d, da a d a d a ac a c
a d . T , c d a c
(J , 2008; M & C a , 2011; M , 2011; Sc c ,
1997), a a d c b a ac a c :

69. Ac a c a c a d ca ,
a , b c a c a .

Ac a c a c d ca
ac c .

Ac a c a a d a a , c
d b ac ac .
Ac a c c ab a ; a , c d

d ca a a d d ca
a .

Ac a c a c a , c d ca a a
b d d d a c

c .
Ac a c ac ca a d a c a

ac , c a d c acc a c
d .

Ac a c d c ca c ab
ac .

Ac a c a a d, a c a ac
d a d a c .

Ac a c a c a
d a ab d ca .
Ac a c - d d.
Ac a c a c ca a a d ca a ac

.

70. 70

Ac a c a c c ca c a , ac ,
d , a d c .
Ac a c a ca ac ac c .

O a a c a d ca d a d a ac
a c (J , 2008; M & C a , 2011; M ,

2011; Sc c , 1997):

Ac a c a a ac d
ab ac ; a c a d

c ab a .
Ac a c b ;

c ca a b , d
( ca ), a d c ca c
c .

Ac a c d b ;
a c d b a c a d ca , ,
d a d c a .

Ac a c a
d d a d ca a ; ,

d c , a d d c a d ca a
b .

Ac a c c c ; ac
a c a b a a

a a ba d b a a d da a

71. c c a d a a d a a d

d a d a .
Ac a c a ad; d ac a a a

d a c a a c a
c a d c d a . T ac a

a a a c a ac c , a d
a ac d a d c

b a , , a d c a a c , a
ac a .

Video Clip 1.1 V a c D . M d c
a c ac a c .



71

T pe of Ac ion Re ea ch
T a a a ac c d c ac a c

par icipa or ac ion research a d prac ical ac ion research. T
pa icipa o ac ion e ea ch

a d d a a a a ,
c , a d a . I c d d a
a d a d b ab c a
c a , (F a , Wa , & H , 2012). W

a , ac a c a a b d
a comm ni -based inq ir , collabora i e ac ion research, o h
par icipa or ac ion research, emancipa or ac ion research,
cri ical ac ion research (C , 2005; F a a ., 2012;

72. Ga , M , & A a a , 2009).

I c a , p ac ical ac ion e ea ch c add a
c c b d a c a , c , a

c (F a a ., 2012). I c ab
- c d c ac a c , a d

ca a ac a c a ac a c (Ga a .,
2009). Ga a . (2009) d a

a ac ca ac a c :

I d d a d ca a d ca a ab
d a a ac a c a b

d a .
Ac a c a c d c a
d a d c a c
c ca c .
Ac a c a ca ab c a a

c , d a c d c a c , a d
d ac a ba d d .

F b , c a ac a c a a
d ca a ac c ac ca ac a c .



72

The Impo ance of Ac ion Re ea ch
A , a d a a ba c a b

a : W d I b c d a ac

73. a c c , c a a d a d a d

b ac d a a d ca a ad ? M a d
C a (2011) a d d a a a a a

:

[F ,] ac a c d a b ,
. S c d, ac a c ; ca

a a ad a d d
d a . T d, ac a c d d ca

b d a d, a d
, d ca a ac c . F , a a c ,

ac a c ca a b d
a a c a . F a ,

a d b a , ac a c d
d ca a a a a d a ac
d ca a a d b a d a
a d ca a ac c . ( . 339 340)

U a , a a a a
d a d: I b a

b a a , d d ac a c ? A a ,
M a d C a (2011) a :

F , a a a c a d a
d cad , ac a c a
c a d ad a c d c a c .
S c d, a a ca , ac a c

d c c d c a ad a a ac

74. a c . Ed ca a b

a c a b a c d c
a c . T d, ac a c d c

a c a a c



73

c ac a b a a c d
a d d c c d c . F a , b ca ac
b a da d a c a d c
c d c ac a c , ac a d d c

. ( . 340)

T ca ( a
a c) d c a b

c d c a d c d c ac a c c . T
a d c b ad b a a a

c ac a c ca b d cc d ca a
c c c ac c ,

d ca a ac c , c c a c
, a d ac , a a a

a a d a a c a c a c
ad cac .



74

75. Connec ing Theo o P ac ice
R a c d d a a
d b ac c d ca (J , 2008). T
b ac c a d ac d c

a c d . J (2008) d c b
d c a a c c
a c d , a c ac b a

d . F , a a b a a d b
a c , c d c a d a c

d ca a c , a d ac c c a ac . T
a a a a b d c b d a : R a c cc

, a ac c a ac c
(Pa & B , 2002). W a b c c
c a d c a c d a d

c a ac c a d d a (J , 2008).

J (2008) a a c ab
b a d . F , c ac a a c ( . ., a
c d c d b a d c a d

a c ) c a ac ca a d b d
a a a d c d a ac ca da - -da
c d . R a c a c a d c , c a

a ab da c a , a d a c d a d
da d a d c a a ab ac .

Ma ac a a d ca a a c d
c a a a d ac a
b , a , d ca a c ac ca a d

76. a d . S c d, J a -
a a a c ac c a a

c a c c ac c
ac b a a c a . O ,

a c d d a c a a acc
ac , c ac a

c , ac ca c a ac add
c a a da ba .

Video Clip 1.2 & 1.3 V c ac - a c
d c a c ac a c .



75

Ac a c ca b d a b c a a - a
a . O a d, d ca ca a c

d b ac c a d b d a d a
a c a . O a d, da a c c d

a d a a d b ac c ac c a ca
b d a d a c a d b ac c
(J , 2008). Pa a d B (2002) c a

- a a b a a ac d c
a a d b a d a c , b

a a d d c d ca a a d a c ( .
7).

77. 76

Imp o emen of Ed ca ional P ac ice
A a d c d , a a c ac a c

c a ac c . W ac a
c a d c ca ac c ,

a c c a d a b a a a
ac a d, ac ca d c a (Pa &

B , 2002). T c a ac a c a
c a d c ab a a d a ca a ad

d ca a ac c (Pa & B , 2002).

T a b a a ab
a d a ac c a ac c . Ma ac b

a a a d a d a b
cc d a a b d .

I ca , , cc ac ( . .,
ca a ac ) a c a

a d a ca c ac a d c c
ac . T c a c ac
d a a ac a d a

c . I a b a , a ac , a
da a b ; ac c a

c a a . Eac a b a d d ,
d , a , , a , , a d

78. a . Eac d d c a
d c a a d , a

c a ac (Pa & B , 2002).
S a c c ac a c ca d

c a a d ac c d a
a a d d a .



77

Connec ion o School Imp o emen
T d c c c d
ac a c a a c a d d a
c a ac c . Ac a c ca a b a d a d
ac a d c a a a c

. O a acc a ac ac
a c a a c ab a . O b a

b c a c a b
d c , d a , c , a d c (M ,
2009). C ab a d d a d d ac a c

a c c a collabo a i e ac ion e ea ch ( CAR),
a d d d a ac a c (C a , L c , &
M , 2008, . 2) a d a c a a

ac , ad a , a d c, -
a d c . T c c ca ad a

a c d e er d ca a c ; c c a
c d ac a c (C a a ., 2008, . 2). B

79. c a d d ca (a ad
c ), c ad b c , b

a , a d d c d c
c a .



78

Teache Empo e men and In ellec al
Engagemen
A a a c ac a c a ad a c

eache empo e men . O d ca a c a
b c da a-d a . W ac c c

da a d a a d c ab
d a d c a c a a ac
a c d ac b c d. T ac

a ac b c a
, a , a d c a a ca

c a a b d
d (J , 2008).

T ac a a d c a d a a d a
c a c a ac c a d

b b a a . T a ac c
ad a d c
a da d -d , ad a -d ad . T

a a a d ab b d - a d d c -

80. ad a a d d; ad

d d a a c a . T a d
( . ., ac a , , a d ). T c
c c d c a , b

a c c c a d c
(J , 2008).

A a b c d, ac b c c
c a a d c a

c a a d c . T a a a d
d a c c d c
ac a c a a a ac a a ab

ac a d a c a a c
a a ab da ac a c a

c a d c . T ac a d c a
a a a a c a d

ac ad c .



79

P ofe ional G o h
J (2008) c a ac ad a ac - c a

a ac , a a a da ac a
a - ac d da , a d a d c b
a d , a a ac , c a a a

a a a c a a

81. ac . T ac a d d ,

c , ac c c a d
a c ac c . T a ac ca d
a d c a d ca ( . ., a

a d ) , , da d. E -
d a d d, c ac ca c a
d d (a d ac ca a , a
a ), d d a d a d d a

b a a acc a .

Ac a c a b a a a
ac b - a d a d

a d a d a d c c a a a
c a c d c a d a - (Pa

& B , 2002). F , ac a c a
a ac b ac a a c

a d , a d b d b
a a c c a c a d d b

ac b d d c (Sc c , 1997).
F d a , c
ac a c ca b d c a ac a
d , a a c a a ac

a . T a ac ac
a heir ac c a d d c a a d

heir d heir c a .

R ad d d a ac a c a a a

82. a d c ab a a d d a

b d ad a a a c I , d C a -
Ba d Ac R a c : R P c a C ab
a d M a P a D Ed ca (M ,
2013).



80

Social J ice Ad ocac
I d ca , a d a a d a d ca a

a d , a d b , c a
c a , d d ca , a d . E a a d a

d ca a a c a c d
a d b c b b c ca b . T

ab a , a ,
c a c a d a d , ,
a d a d . Ac a c ca a a

d c a ad cac c a c
d ca a c . W a d a ac ac

a c c d a c i ical ac ion e ea ch a
, c a , c b , a c d b

a ab a a a c a c a
c a d d ca a .



81

83. Applica ion of Ac ion Re ea ch
T a a a a ba c c ac

a c . F a d ca
d ca a b , d a d b

, c ac d ca , a d - c ac
a a d .



82

Iden if ing P oblem
Ac a c ca b a c a d b

c . I ac , a c a ,
d ca a a c a b a

c c d c a ac a c d . I a a ac
a c a d c a , b

c c a a c a b
d d (J , 2008). T ba c c b
d ca cc a a b d a d

c a a a c d bab b
d b (J , 2008). Id , d , a d

b c ca , d b ac
d a d a a d c

b ca a ac . Y a , c , a
: W a a a (J , 2008)? E a

84. c d :

W a d a a a b
a ?
W d Ada , B , a d Ca ac a

ad?
W a a c c a b d D b a

b ?
H ca I c a c ?



83

De eloping and Te ing Sol ion
Y ca a ac a c d b

a d d a d a c . O c
a c d a b ( . ., d a d a

a , a d d a ), ca b - a
a a b (J , 2008). F a ,

c a b (J , 2008) a c a
d ca a b a a a a

a b ; c a b ;
a d ; a d a a a a d , c

d c a , .

Ac a c ca a c a a ac
b b , c d a , a d

85. a d a ac b (J ,
2008). A ac ab ac b c b ab

b .

O c b a b d d, b
d d d d c

(J , 2008). E d a b d d ,
, . O , d a a a

, c d b d a d ad d. T
c . Ac a c a

a b a a d a a a , a
da a-d d c a . Fo ma i e e al a ion cc

d a a ; mma i e e al a ion cc
c a a . B

a a d c a a d
c a a d.



84

P e e ice Teache Ed ca ion
A a , ac a c a

d a . I ca a a , a c d c a
ac , a a a a a
d b ac . T c ac

d ba a d d a d c
ca c a d. W

86. d ba a d d a d , da d c -
a c a b a a c
ac c a d - c ac (J ,

2008). Ac a c ca add d d ba b
c ac c a a

d a c (J , 2008). T ca d
c a a a c a ,

a a b a d c d c . A
a , a a d d a a d

c c a d a d d ca a a c c
a d c d a c a a b

c ac . N ca a ac a c add
d ba , b ca d c a d

a ab d ca a a c ,
a .

M - c ac a cca c a
a c ac d ca . H , I a

c ad c : I a a d d a a
c ac d a , c d d a

a a d
ac a c c , d c ab a
. P c ac ac a c c ca c

b a d , b a c a
ac ( c d ), b a ac c . I

87. a d, b d d a a b
bab a a c, ac a c a ac . Ac
a c ca a a c c c

ac , - c ac , a d ac ca
. Sc a d ac c d a -

d c d a d ac ;



85

d a d ac d c a d ac acc
c b ac c . T ac a c , c

ac , - c ac , a d ac ca
a d d a . O

ca a , : B c d a - ca c
b a a a c -

ba d a a c
ac , d a a ad b (J , 2008).



86

In-Se ice P ofe ional G o h
A a b d c d, ac a c a c

a ac d a d a
b c a d . I ac ,
J (2008) b ac a c b a

88. c a d c a add a
d ac ( . 44). Ac a c a d ac

c c ac c , b c
c ac c , a d b c d a .

A ab - c c a ac
a a d a a d

a , a a d c
a .



87

Rigo in Ac ion Re ea ch
R a c , a d, a c c d a . Q a a c

a da d d ac c . T ba ab
a ad a ( . ., a ) a c

c c a d a d ab . Ac a c , b ca
a c a a , a d c a (S ,

2007). H ca , a ac a c
a b c d a . P a b
a , c ac a c c d c d b ac a d

acad c a a c , b . S (2007)
c b a a , c a
a c d, a ac a c a a a

a a d ca a a c c c . Acc a
c ca a dbac ,

89. d c a a ( . 191).

T d a a ac a c a , c ,
. H , c ca ac a c a

a c d. T c ac a a da d
a d c a d a c
d d d a d c . T a ac

a c ca b d a rigor. I a , igo
a , a d , acc ac , a d c d b ac a c a d

d . R ca a c a d alidi a d reliabili
a a d acc ac ,

da a, a d a c d a d acc rac , credibili , a d
dependabili a a d (M , 2001). (T
c c a d c d C a 5.)

Ma ac a c rigor a c b ad
, a c a c c ,

a c da a c c , da a a a , a d d (M ,
2001). R ac a c ca ba d c d
c c a a b a d a d

c a c a c a c
(S , 2007).



88

A d, d a c
d d a d c a ac a c .

90. C a -ba d ac a c ca b d a d a d
a a d c ( . ., ac , ad a , c ,
a , c b a d , a a a ), a d

ac a c d d
a c a c ab , c ca a d

c a d d a c a a d c (M ,
2001). F a , a c d d a

b ac a c b d a ,
c a c d a d d

a a a a a a c c c b ca a
a . I c a b ad d a b

c c d a ab , a a
d d b d c a d

.

H , ac a c d d ca -
d a a d, a a a d , I b a a
c a -ba d ac a c a ca a a
a d c . I a b a

a c a ac a c d a a a d a
(M , 2001); ac a c

c . T a c a d d a ,
c a ab , a d d c ab . T , a b

a ab c c a a , a d a c -
c c a d a c a a c a a d

a d a . W a a ca

91. ac c , a d c d b , b c a ,
d (a d d b a ab ). T a b a d,

b a c a d c
a d, a a c (S , 2007).

T a a c d
c ac - d ac a c d . T
a b ada d M (2001), M (2011), a d S

(2007):

Repe i ion of he c cle Ac a c , b a ,
c c ca . M ac a c b a c



89

a ac a c c c . I
d d ad a , c ca c d

a b c c , a c c
c d c a c c (M , 2001). I ,

ac b c c , a d a d a
c d b add d d .
Prolonged engagemen and persis en obser a ion I d

a a a c a
d a d c a ac a c c ,

b d d d d a d
c (S , 2007, . 58) a a

b b a d. H , d

92. . F a ,

b a a d b d b a a d
ca c d c d (M , 2011; S , 2007). T

d b d c a a c ac .
E perience i h he process I a ca a d
c d b d d c ac

a c ( ). I a ac a ( c
a ) c d c d d c c

a d , d d a ca c d
a d a a c d b a d c (M ,
2001). H , ac - a c a c ,

c a b a c d
ac a .
Pol ang la ion of da a R ca b a c d d
ac a c c c da a a d

a a c d d (M , 2011; S , 2007).
T ac a c c -c c
acc ac da a (M , 2011) a d c a a

c c d b a c a (S , 2007).
Acc ac da a a d c d b d d a d

a d.
Member checking Pa c a d b d d

a da a, a a , a d a
ac a c c (M ,

2011; S , 2007). T a c a c
b a a c a a a a c

93. a c c ad a a d acc a
b , c , a d c . I a



90

a d a a
a a ad d d.

Par icipan debriefing S a b c c ,
d b a a c a d

. H , ca , c
a d , ad ac a a a

d (M , 2011; S , 2007). T a add
a a c d d a

b d .
Di erse case anal sis T a a a c

a c c d b a c b a
c , a a d ,

a c d d a d (S , 2007).
Referen ial adeq ac A a c a ac a c

d d c a b d a a d b c
c a d c d

d . T a a
con e ali a ion. C ca b d a d

a d d b d d a a

94. a c a d a d (S , 2007).

N d a , ac a c a , a b
a a a d ad a

d ca a a c .

S a

Ed ca a a c a c c d
d ca a b .

W a a ab
d ca a b , a c c

d , c a ad , a , a d c
, a b b a d.

T c c d a a c, b c
c d d a .

T ad a a c c d c d b d d a
a a d a

d .
T b ad a c d a (1) a a a d
(2) a a .

Q a a a c d c c
ca da a a d a d d c a ac



91

a ; c d b a ( . .,

95. d c , c a a , ca a -c a a a c )
a d a d .
Q a a a c d c c

a a da a a d a d c a ac
a ; c d , a ,

d d , a d ca d .
M d- d a c d c b a a
a d a a da a.

Ac a c a a c c d c d b
d ca a a ab

a c a c a , ac , a d
d a .

Ac a c d b ac for ac ,
d a d c a .

T ac c a a a ac a c .
T ba c c ac a c c

a : a , ac , d , a d c .
M ac a c d a c c ca a d a .
Ac a c ca b d b d a b

a d ac c , d ca a ac c ,
ac , d a

ac , ad ca c a c ,
d d ca a b , d a d

, a d a d d ba
c ac .

96. 92

Q e ion and Ac i i ie
1. L d c b a a ( . ., b , d

) c a c a a d
a a . D a a

b a a a ac a c d ?
2. D c b a a ad a d c a

a c d c a ac c . I ad b , d
a ad a d c ? I , a d d c
a b , a d d a a d c ?

3. T ab a c a d a a a d
c a . I a c a ( a . 30), d a
ad a a a d a b ad a a c a d ac

a c .
4. D a ad a a c ca b a d

d ? I , ? I , d b a ca ?
5. D a ac a c ca b a d

d ? I , ? I , d b a ca ?



93

Ke Te m
ac a c 5
a 7

97. ca d 13
c ab a ac a c 22
c 7
c 12
c ca ac a c 24
d d c a 9
d d a ab 12
d c a c 12

d ca a a c 8
a c d 13

a a 12
a a c 12

a a a 25
d d 13

11
d d a ab 12
d c a 9

a a c 12
c - d c a a 14
d- d a c d 14

a a c 11
a c a ac a c 19

ca d 13
a 13

ac ca ac a c 19
c 15
c ac 15
a c d 11

98. a c 11
26

c c d 7
a ca ca c 13

a a a 25
ac 22



94

ad 6
a a 13

a ab 11

Re ie P ac ice Imp o e

G d a d . Acc
d d a c a , ac c ,
F a ca d , a d a edge. agep b.com/me le 6e.



95

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch
No e: F a add a ac a c ca d .
A ca d a , d c b ,
c a b , ac a c

d b d, a d a c a
add d ac c a .

99. 96

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2
Imp o ing Reading Comp ehen ion in a

Ti le I P og am



97

Con ib ing o Wide p ead School
Imp o emen
S a a a , ad a c ad a a d

ac ad a S E a Sc b a c a
a ac a c a a a ac d a ac

c . A ad - ac , a a a
c a a a d ac a , a c a d a c

d a d c d c c a - a d c -ba d ac
a c . T ad a b d a d ad

a ac a c c d c d b d d a
b c ab a ac a c a c d, ,

acad c a c d .

A a T I ad ac a S E a Sc , Ka
c d c ac d a d a

c d . A a ac a
c , Ka b d a a a a d ac

100. a c c d a a ac c
c . S d c d d a a , d b ac

a c a c c a a c a d d
acad c a c .



98

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3
Concep al Unde anding of Mi o i and

Meio i



99

Collabo a ing fo he Imp o emen of
Ed ca ional P ac ice
Sa a a d T b a b a a -c c .
Sa a ad b ac 3 a , a d T , 12 a . A
a d a c c d ca c c , a a

a c a -ba d ac a c ,
d c d d c ab a ac a c c d

c a . T b d a d c ,
d a , a d , c d d a a c
a b ac . F a c a d a
a d c a a , ac d c d d

a c c a a c c d . T
a a d c d b a a c .

101. Ac R a c C c 1



100

Ac ion Re ea ch a a Pa of Yo
P ofe ional P ac ice

Ma a a c b a ac
a c ca c c ac c .

G a d a ac a c c a c d
c b c .

D c c d a ac a c c a
d c b a a d

d .
F a a c a

a d, d c c d b c ab a ac
a c c .

L a c c d a ac a c
.



101



102

102. Chap e T o O e ie of he Ac ion
Re ea ch P oce

C a 2 O a

A b c d a a a a Ac R a c .

Ac R a c b a c c a ac c a
c .

C c ca , a , c
Ob d b ad d a a
N d da c
S a b d a a d, a a

N d da c a a d b :

Ac a c

Id a d c
Ga a
R a d a
D a a c a
I a a d c c da a
A a da a



103

D a ac a
S a a d c ca
R c a c c

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1: M a a d
E a S d R c S c a S c

103. S age and S ep in Ac ion Re ea ch
The Planning S age

S 1: Id a d L T c
S 2: Ga I a
S 3: R R a d L a
S 4: D a R a c P a

The Ac ing S age
S 5: I P a a d C c Da a
S 6: A a Da a

The De eloping S age
S 7: D a Ac P a

The Reflec ing S age
S 8: S a a d C ca R
S 9: R c P c

A B ief E ample
S 1: Id a d L T c
S 2: Ga I a
S 3: R R a d L a
S 4: D a R a c P a
S 5: I P a a d C c Da a
S 6: A a Da a
S 7: D a Ac P a
S 8: S a a d C ca R
S 9: R c P c

S mma
➤ Q e ion and Ac i i ie
➤ Ke Te m
➤ S den S d Si e

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch

104. ➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2: I
R ad C a T I P a
➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3: C c a
U d a d M a d M



104

➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Checkli



105

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1
Mo i a ion and Engagemen fo S den

Recei ing Special Se ice



106

O lining he Ac ion Re ea ch P oce
O c a c a d d c , K a, K , a d
J a J d a d Sa a d c d d a d d add

da a c a a d
a - ad d c d c a c . T
d a , a c a

, b a c d d c d
, c d a b c a ,

c a b d b a a a c . T d d

105. a d c a c a a d c d a c

c a . Add a , a a
d , d b a

- ad d c d c a c .

T d ca a , c d a c
d c a a d ,

c d a ad b A . T a a a d a
a b A a d a da a

a c a . I a a , c d
a c d ( c a ) a d c

a a d c a .



107

Q e ion o Think Abo :
D a d ca a ac a c

a a ab ?
W a add a (c d a d c ,
c , c.) ac a a a ?
W a ba a c ?

I C a 1, a c c d c ac a c
a b d c d a a - a c d . T a ,

a a a :

1. T planning a

106. 2. T ac ing a
3. T de eloping a
4. T reflec ing a

H , c ca a a b a
specific c d c a ac a c d . T

c a d c a
c c ac a c . T b
d a d C a 3 9. T ( d

a ca b c a a add d
b ) a a :

1. Id a d c (C a 3)
2. Ga a (C a 3)
3. R a d a (C a 3)
4. D a a c a (C a 4)
5. I a a d c c da a (C a 5)
6. A a da a (C a 6)
7. D a ac a (C a 7)
8. S a a d c ca (C a 9)
9. R c c (C a 9)

U c a a - a c d
c c , bab d d c
( F 2.1). S a 1 ( planning age)

c d S 1, 2, 3, a d 4, c a a



108

ac d a c . S a 2
( ac ing age) c d S 5 a d 6,

107. ac a c a a d c c a d
a a da a. S 7 , c , a , a
S a 3 ( de eloping age). T

, c a , a , a d ac
( a a ac a ) a d d. F a , S a 4 (
eflec ing age) c d S 8 a d 9; ac

a c a d , c a a a
a , a d c c . I

a a a a F 2.1,
c c b add d,

C a 3 9.

I c ca a ac a ac a c , c a
a d c d F 2.1, a a c . T

F 2.1 a b
c ( . ., a a d a a

ac a ) a ac a c c . Ac
a c a ca b d a c c ca a (M

& C a , 2011). A ac a c a a c a b ,
d a a c a d d d . O d a , ac -

a c d a d a c , c c a d a a
da a d a d a a c c ,
a d a a d c

a . U a , c d
a a a a d
a d c d a d a a d,

108. d d a
a . A c a a a c a d

ac a c c c a ,
a a , a d , a a
(M & C a , 2011). Pa a d B (2002)

d c b c a b -d - b -
ad a d d a a ( . 8). T c ac

a c , c c ca a d a a , a d
F 2.2.

Fig e 2.1 I a T O a a a Sc
S -b -S P c Ac R a c



109

A c ac a c a d , a
a a a a d a d c c a , b a d

d a a .

T d a a ab d a Ac R a c . B ab , a
c a . Eac a ad
c c d b a b , :

P a S a
Ac S a
D S a
R c S a ad bac S a 1 a d d
a

B c a , c d a d

109. . Eac c b a d ad

a a b , - b - :

Id a d c, a a ,
a d a , D a a c a



110

C c da a, A a da a
D a ac a
S a a d c ca , c c

ad bac S 1 a d d a

Eac a c a d c
d a d c a a a d - a d d
a .



111

S age and S ep in Ac ion
Re ea ch
A b a a a d c c

a d a , J (2008) d a
a a a d c d c ac

a c c . T b ada d a a c a a c
b c. F , d

b a ca . W a a , ac -

110. a c a , a a d , a
a c (J , 2008). Ac a c ca a

a , a d a d . T
ac -c d c d ac a c

add d b c a d c
a a a d a ha ac (Pa &

B , 2002), c a a b c
a d.

Fig e 2.2 T P c Ac R a c



112

So rce: Ada d M a d C a (2011).

A c ac a c a d ,
c c c d a a , ac ad a a d b .

C c 1 a c c c c d a a a
d b :

S a 1 P a
S a 2 Ac
S a 3 D
S a 4 R c

S a 4 ad bac S a 1 C c 1 a ad
ab C c 2 b , a d d a .

111. 113

C c 2 ab a c c c c d a a a
a a a d C c 1.

S a 4 C c 2 ad bac S a 1 a ad
a b , C c ca c ac
a c c .



114

The Planning S age
T a a ac a c c

a ac a a c a
ac a c d c . T c d c c

d d , a a d a a d a c a
a d c, a d d a a a ac a ac

a c d .



115

S ep 1: Iden if ing and Limi ing he Topic
T a a c d d c d ac ha

d . S c a a d a c a c a
ac - a d ac a c , c a ca
c d a ab c a c , a a

, a a a a .

112. E a , a d c a d

a d (J , 2008). R b
a a a ac a c c a

b , c c ac c , c c a
a d (F a & Wa , 2003). T a

b d a d a d a a
c c.

Video Clip 2.1 V a c D . M d c c
c d c ac a c .

I add , d a a c ac a c ,
b a a ab (F a & Wa , 2003). W a d
c , a - ca , c a d a c c a

bab b a a c . Ac a c
d d d a d c d c d b c a ac d

a c d a ( c ),
da a c c a d a a d d a ( )
c d c a c , a d a b d a a . F

a , ac a c c a a a c
(F a & Wa , 2003).

S d a d a c ac
a c c a d c d C a 3.



116

S ep 2: Ga he ing Info ma ion

113. A d a d c, a

a a a , a c a M (2011)
a econnai ance. I a a ca b a
a a ac , c ,

ad a c d c d a
c d a c b a d a

a d a . Y a ac a a
c c a d , a a a d d a

a a c.

M a , d c a a c a c
b a d a a b d a d a

a d c a c b (M , 2011). D
c a a c a : - c , d c , a d

a a . T a d c d d a C a 3.



117

S ep 3: Re ie ing he Rela ed Li e a e
R a d a ca b d d a a c
a a ca d c c d

a . A c , c d a b ,
a c a , c b d d a b a ,

ac c a a , c d c d c , a d
d c c a (C , 2005; J , 2008).
T a a c a d a ,

114. b ca a

ac - a c a d d c ab
a c c a d a . T a d a ca

d b , d a a a a c
d , c a c
c c da a (Pa & B , 2002). A a , ac

d a ac a c c c
a d a c ac a c a ac c (J , 2008).

M c da c , c d c c c da a d
c , a d a d C a

3.



118

S ep 4: De eloping a Re ea ch Plan
I a ad a d ca a a c d , d a

a c d a d a c c da a a
e ea ch me hodolog . I d a ac a c

d a a d c a b ad d
ac a c c . O c a d d a d

c d a c b c, a a a
a c a d, b , d c c

(Pa & B , 2002). A C a
4, a research q es ion da a

115. a c b ; he ac a c
a c d c d . T a c

d a d . E a ac
a c d d b d d ac a d a a

a c . T a a a
a c a c a a

d c ab d .

I ca b d a a b b
a one a c . H , a c ,
a b a a a a add a a a b
b d a ( . ., a b a a a ) a

. T a d a
s bq es ions (M & C a , 2011). I ac -

a c a c c a
a d, a b b a a c , a a

a b , a a c . A research
h po hesis a c ca c d a a

d c , a c . A a
c a ad a a c c a

a a a c a d d ac
a c .

R a c a d d c a ab
a b c a a . R ca C a 1 a

a ariable a c a ac c a c a c ab
c a c d a c c . T , a

116. a ab c ac a c a ac c b a
c da a b c c d. F a , c ca a



119

a ab b b ab a d a ab . F a ,
b b a nders anding add a d

b ac ac b ca ac a d a d ac
a d cc a d b a . A d c ca

b a , ca d c a b
c d d a d . A a a a ab

b acc rac a add a d b ac ac .
S d c d b a add a d b ac

b c . T acc ac c d b a d b
c b b ac d a d
c c .

C a d d c ab c c a ac c b
a d b d a c d b d c c
da a; a a c a d c a d d
a c d . T ac a c d d c d

ca d da a a a d d, a a c a a
d d d , a d a acc d d a

(C , 2005). A d b d c b d
C a 1 b a a , a a , d

d a ca b d (a a a

117. d a d ca d ; F a & Wa , 2003).

S , c a a d , c a a d , ,
b a , , a a c d , a d

a a d ca d a
ca b c d. A , b a ac a c

a c; , da a c c b c d, a d
d c ab a a c d a d da a
c c b d d before d d
(J , 2008). R b , a , a da a b c c d

d a d c a c a a d
d .

A a d a a ac a c
d a c a e ea ch e hic .

R a c c d a a a c c d c
a c , c a a c a b .

C d a b a d a c a a ,
a d a a c a b a d d, a d

a c b d. A M (2011) a ,



120

ba ca d a a c
c ( . 29), c d d a a d

a c a . A a , a c c a c
, ca , a d a . P ac - a c d

118. a d c b a
c d c a c c , d c ,
a d a c a . I a a
c d a c d ac

a c c a ca a a c
a c a d b a a c e er . Y

a ab ca c d a C a 3, 4, 5,
a d 8.

Video Clip 2.2 & 2.3 V c ac - a c
d c c c d c ac a c .

D a a d a c a d , a c
d , c , a d d c a d d
a a c a a d c d C a 4.



121

The Ac ing S age
T ac a ac a c c

c ac a a c ac a ac . I c d d
a a c d a c a ,

c c da a c a
a b d, a d a a a da a.



122

119. S ep 5: Implemen ing he Plan and Collec ing
Da a
T c c d c ac a c
d c c da a b c c d a d ac all
c c . I d , d c b ad ab

da a c c c a b d
d . F a a d Wa (2003) a da a

c c c . F , ac ca obser e a c a
d d ca a c . T a c a

c d d , ac , a , a d ad a .
W b a a ad b ac , a d d a

c d a c a b a b d. Field no e
a a ca d d c b d a a a d

a d.

S c d, ac ca c c da a d
d d a b a in e ie . W ,

ca a a -a d-a c a b
d d a . H , ca a b

c d c d , q e ionnai e e .
O , da a c c d b a ca ad c
add a da a c c d (F a
& Wa , 2003).

F a a d Wa d ca da a c c c
a a a d a a e i ing doc men o

eco d . A a c d a -
c , c da a a a ad b

120. c c d; b ac a c a

a a ad . E a da a a
a da c c d , ac , c

a , a , c a a , a c a , a d
d a d .

I d add a ca a d d b
F a a d Wa (2003). T ca c d

a a a , c a checkli , a ing cale , e ,
a d a a a a d c .



123

C c a d a ca a d c a b
ac , a c b c . I a ,
a b c d d c d . H , a a b

c ca d d c c da a a a a ac a c
d . T , a da d d ac -d d, a

a a a c , a a
da a a ca b d c ac a c

.

Ac a c a a da a, c c d
a d a c . A b F a

a d Wa (2003) a d J (2008) , a
c c a a ab a

121. d . T a a d, ac , enco rages ac -
a c pol ang la e da a. R ca C a 1 a

pol ang la ion c a a
c da a d ab a a d

acc ac . F a , b c a da a
, d c ab d a c ad d

c d b d b a a b a b d
a d d a d d a a -

c .

M c a , c d a a da a
c c a d c , d d C a 5.
B a a ( . ., b a , , a ) a d

a a ( . ., , c c , a ca , )
c a d.



124

S ep 6: Anal ing he Da a
A a da a cc a a d a a c

d . I radi ional q an i a i e a c d , a a ca
cc a a da a a b c c d. I radi ional

q ali a i e a c d , da a a a ca b d
da a c c , c a d c

c c da a, a d c d da a c c .
Ac a c c b a ac . J (2008)

122. , [A] c c da a, a a b
, ca , a a . T a a

c da a c c [a d a a ] b
a ( . 63). H c b a a
d a b a a a da a a a c a

b c c d.

D c ab c da a a a a ba d
a da a a a a a a .

M , a b a a a da a
a c a c ( ) b add d a d,

, a d b d . M a a da a a
a a a a d b a a d c c ,

ac a c a a da a a a d
a . Q a a da a a b a a d
d c a c a a c . I ca ,

d c a c c ; , a a c a
b d c a c a a

a b a ab (C , 2005).

A , a c d ad c : T
b c d a a a da a,

c a a c d , a , a d
c a b d a c

d . T a a ac a c da a ca c
c a d d a d a , a a c

123. d (F a & Wa , 2003). I add , a
d a o a a a da a; a

ac , ad a , da a a a



125

(C , 2005). I a ab a a ca c b
a a a d a a d C a 6.



126

The De eloping S age
T d a ac a c c
c a a

a a , da a c c , a d da a a a a . T
a a ac b ac c a d

c c ac a c a c d.



127

S ep 7: De eloping an Ac ion Plan
O c da a a b a a d a d a a

d, ac a c c
d a ac a . T a a a a
ac a c d ac a ac a c .

124. T a c d a ac a a

c c a d a b a ac a b
(C , 2005). T ac a a a d

a ac a c
c . A ac a d, c

c a b d, a a d, a d d,
a c c ca a ac a c .

T ac a a b d a d d a ac
c a , c ab a a a ac , a
c d a d c d ba . I a , a

b c a a a a d c ac
a ; , c a d a d d

b a c . T b
d c d a ab a ; ac a c d

c c a
.

F a ab a a ac a a d
a a a a C a 7.



128

The Reflec ing S age
T c a ac a c c a

d a a c
a c d. I add , a c

125. ac a c c a c ca a .



129

S ep 8: Sha ing and Comm nica ing he
Re l
A a a a a c d a

d ca a c a a . Ac
a c d b d . S b ca a

d a c d a b a
ca a d a a a d a a

b d a a b a d. T
a a d ca a c a a

ac c a a d c d ,
a .

T a ca a a a . F
a , J (2008) a a a c a

a d c a ac a c
c a . R ca b a d a d c

a a a , a a a b
a a a a c d d ac ac

- c (J , 2008). E a d d a d a
a c a a b a a a a .

P a c ca c d a
ca a b ad c b a d , c a ,

126. ad a , d , a d a .

O a a , ac a c d
ca a b d a d a d ca a a d c ,

ca a . R ca b a
d a a c c ac

c , a a , a , a a
(J , 2008). Acad c a a a d

c a d a a a ca
b ad a d c . J a a c a c c

d ca a , a , dd , c
a c a b c a a a , a a c , c c ,
c a d , a a a a a a

a c a ac a c . T , ,
d a a c a a
d a d .



130

D a d a a d c ca
ac a c , b a a d , a d d

C a 8 a d 9.



131

127. S ep 9: Reflec ing on he P oce
Ac a c a ab c ca a a

ac c . I d c ca a
ac c , a a a c c a
ac c . R c , a a ac a c ,
a b d a d ac c c . I a c c a a

ac - a c a a b d , d
c , a d a d c ab b

a c ( c , a d,
c ac a c c c ).

H , a c a d a
c c ; c ac a c a d c ca a

ac c c d ring c ac . W a
ac a a a , c
a a d a a d b

d , a a a ac , a d
a c a a a a d c

. T a a d ring c .
S a , ac - a c d a c

ac c hro gho ac a c c . R c
ac c ac -

a c c c .
T a ac a d c a d,
a a , re isions c

a . B d , ac - a c a
c d d c ad a a c ; ca

128. ada c d a a a . I a ,

c a a a b a d
ac a c c c .

R c a c c d c ac a c
d c d C a 9.



132

A B ief E ample
N a a a a c c a ac

a ac a c d , c d a
a ac a c d . O a b

d a c a a c c a d d a ,
, a b d a d a c
d c U.S. c . T c a

a a b a a ad a a c
c a b A ca R a d d

c . T d a c a , ac
c c a a ac ,

b a a b a a bac a d
a ac ac ( . ., b c
a d c d bac d d a A ca
R ). T c a a ac
a a c a ac a c c , a d
a .

129. 133

S ep 1: Iden if ing and Limi ing he Topic
T ac a c cca

d d c add
a a a d a a a c a a ac .

T d a b d
a c c b a d ca

. T d a c a a a a bac a d
a ac ( . ., b c ca

c d b a a ) a a
ac a ab a

c c . T ac d c d c a a
d c a c a a ac a

d ab a c c .



134

S ep 2: Ga he ing Info ma ion
T ac d c d a c a d ac
a a ac b c a a b d . T

a a ac ab a
a d a c c b ca

a cc d d cad a a . T a
a c ab bac a d a ac ac

130. c . Add a , ac d , d d ,
c a da , c d h b a

ca d
c . I d , ca c d a d c

a a a d a . T a
c d b d a. A

, a a c d a d d c d
a bac a d a ac c b a .



135

S ep 3: Re ie ing he Rela ed Li e a e
T ac d c d c c a a a
ba d a c , add a ad a ad b a d
a cd a ac ab

c bac a d a ac ac ca ,
c ca ; ac a

d c ; a d, , d d a d
a b c d. T d c d a ,

d a c a d a d b d
a c d c a d ac c ac

ac a a a .



136

131. S ep 4: De eloping a Re ea ch Plan
I b d a a d d c

ac c a d d c a a d
c , ac d d c

c d d ( . ., bac a d
a ac c c ), a a d
c ad c d c ( . ., a ac a a

c a a d a ac ). T ac d c d
a c ab : Is here a difference in

ins r c ional effec i eness be een a back ard approach and a
for ard approach o eaching U.S. his or ? F , ba d

a d a a d a ,
ac a d c d : S den s ho

are e posed o he back ard approach ill e perience higher
academic achie emen , as e idenced b heir abili ies o make
connec ions be een his orical e en s, han hose e posed o he
more radi ional for ard approach.

S c a c a d , ac
d c d a d c U.S.
c c a . Eac ac ac c U.S.

ac ac , c b a
a d a ac a d c c a bac a d

a ac . Ac da a, a a ac -d d
a da a, b c c d a d d
U.S. c acad c a .

132. 137

S ep 5: Implemen ing he Plan and Collec ing
Da a
T c a , ac d

a c -ba d a , c a
c d ab c c ca . I add ,
d a a U.S. ac , a

c c c ca a a
ca .



138

S ep 6: Anal ing he Da a
I d a d c a ,

ac b da a a a . T a ca c a
c ad a a da d d

ac ( . ., bac a d
a d a d ). T d a c

d a bac a d c a
a ac a ca a d a

ad a a . I d , a
a c d.

I add , c a ad a
c a -ba d a c a

133. a da d d ac . A a , a c
d.



139

S ep 7: De eloping an Ac ion Plan
W d a d, ac d c d a ac

c a a d d c c c c d a ab a
U.S. c c d ca a

a a c bac a d c a a ac .
T a a b a c d

c a ac b acad c a .
S a d c a d d a ca

a c a a ac ac U.S. .



140

S ep 8: Sha ing and Comm nica ing he
Re l
T c a a d c c c d a a d

ac a c d . T
d a c a a ac a a a
c b a d a d c ac a a a
c d d a b c a . T

ac d a d a a c a a

134. b b a d . A ac a d b a d

a a d a a
c b a a c a d c c c a

a a d b ac c .



141

S ep 9: Reflec ing on he P oce
O , ac d d b a d
d c d a ad c a b b c a

a . T c d a , c d :

H d d c ?
A a da a c c d
a a d a a c ?
W add a da a a c d d a
b c d d da a c c ?

T a d a
a bac a d a ac ac U.S.

.

S a

T c c ca a d a ac a c c c
a : a , ac , d , a d c .

T planning s age c :
Id a d c
Ga a

135. R a d a
D a a c a

T ac ing s age c :
I a a d c c da a
A a da a

T de eloping s age c d a ac a .
T reflec ing s age c :

S a a d c ca
R c c



142

Q e ion and Ac i i ie
1. W c ac a c c d

b d b d c ca ? E a a .
2. C d c ac a c a d

c a , d d b a b c d c ac
a c d d a a ? D a

ad a a a d a d ad a a d a .
3. D c a a b b c ca

ac a c d a d ca a
a d c .

4. S a d c a ac a
d d a a a a c . U - a

c d ac a c a d c a , b

136. d c b s s ema icall a b .

5. A a a d c a ac a
d d a a a a c , a c c ac
a c d c d c c -

c a d c a .



143

Ke Te m
ac a 36
c c 42
d a 36

d c c d 42
d 41

41
a a 36

a a 42
a 42

a ca 42
c a a c 39

c a 36
a c c 41
a c d 40

42
42

137. Re ie P ac ice Imp o e

G d a d . Acc
d d a c a , ac c ,
F a ca d , a d a edge. agep b.com/me le 6e.



144

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch



145

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2
Imp o ing Reading Comp ehen ion in a

Ti le I P og am



146

O lining he Ac ion Re ea ch P oce
A Ka a d c ac a c

c d a , a a d c a c
ad c a c d a add

a . S a d a a c d c
d , ba d a c a ad a d ab

c a :

138. R c c d a c: a A
E a c a a c a d a d a c : d-A

d-S b
D d : a S b
I ( c d d) a d c c da a: d-S b

a Oc b
A a da a: a Oc b d-N b
D a c c /d ac a / : d-
N b d-D c b



147

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3
Concep al Unde anding of Mi o i and

Meio i



148

O lining he Ac ion Re ea ch P oce
Sa a a d T ad c c d c d d a a d

d c c a d a d a b ca
c a , a d a d c b a

a a d a . K a d d d
c a d c d ( . ., c

b , , a c c ), Sa a a d T a d a
d a c a d a c c c

139. a d a a a ac a d a a c.
T , d c d d a d a a

c , a c a a c , a d d d
c d c ac a c c a ac d c d

.

Ac R a c C c 2



149

The Ac ion Re ea ch P oce
Id c c c a c d
d c a a c .
Ob a a b d a c a c a d
c.
L a a ad a a a d a a

da a c c c .
Id a a d c ca a

ac a c .



150



151

Pa T o Ho Do I Begin M Ac ion

140. Re ea ch S d ?

Chap e 3. Planning fo Ac ion Re ea ch and Re ie ing
Rela ed Li e a e
Chap e 4. De eloping a Re ea ch Plan

Pa II b d c a ac
a c c . I C a 3, a a d

a d a a c c a a a
a a a d c a d c d c a

a d a . I C a 4, a ab
a c a d , ba c a a a d

a a a c d , a d ca c d a . F a ,
ac ca a d a d d.



152



153

Chap e Th ee Planning fo Ac ion
Re ea ch and Re ie ing Rela ed
Li e a e

C a 3 O a

A b c d a a a a ac a c a d
d.

P a Ac R a c b a c a a a

141. d b .

1. Id a c
2. Ga a a



154

3. R a d a

A a a b a c a a d b :

1. Id a c
P a c d a
P a
I a c
T
D c
M a c
R a c c

2. L a c
F c , a , , , a d

3. Ga a a
R c a a c

S - c
D c
E a a

4. R a d a
E a a a a c , b , a d c

a d a ac a c c

142. P a d d d c c a

a a c
P a c

J a a c
M a
Pa d a c c

S c da c
R a c
S a a a

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1: M a a d E a
S d R c S c a S c

Iden if ing a Topic fo Re ea ch
P a C d a
L a T c

Ga he ing P elimina Info ma ion
Re ie ing he Rela ed Li e a e

S c R a d L a
S a c ERIC Da aba O
S a c G Sc a
W a L a R

S mma



155

➤ Q e ion and Ac i i ie
➤ Ke Te m

143. ➤ S den S d Si e

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch
➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2: I R ad
C a T I P a
➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3: C c a
U d a d M a d M
➤ W i ing Up Ac ion Re ea ch
➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Checkli



156

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1
Mo i a ion and Engagemen fo S den

Recei ing Special Se ice



157

Planning fo Ac ion Re ea ch
R ca a K a, K , a d J - ad ac d
c J d a d Sa a a c a c a d

c a d c d c a c
IEP . H , a d ad c b a

ac a a a c a c a c
b ca d d a d d d a b
ac - ad c a . T a a c a

c ad a a , a b ca
d a d a . O , a a

144. ad b c c a c c a c d a
b ca a c d b c . W d
a d c a c c a , a d

a a c . D d c - ad
a , J d a d Sa a d c d a a b a

a c d- a d d- ad d , a . A c
d a c a a d ac a a -

ad , K a, K , a d J ca a a a a
d a c c ca ad

.

T d ca a d d c a a
a a a a a d a d . T

d a a c acad c a a d c a d ca
ac b ca a d , b a ca

c a c a c a
a d, a c a , c a c c . T ad a

c a d ac c a d a
a ca , b ac ,
c a c .

K a, K , a d J d c d a b , c d
c d c a add a , d a a a ,

b c , b a d , ba , ca , a d b a . I add ,
ca a c a 30- c a c
a d a d c a

145. a ac . T , d c d d c a b a b a
c a c , a 15 c a ac . T a

d c d d c a a c , a d
d d c c a c c d b a .

T d ca a a ac a c a , a
d ; d d a

c c da a a d c ad ad a



158

d c . T a d a c d d a a d
a , c a , a d c a a d

( a ) a d a c a c a c .



159

Q e ion o Think Abo :
T a d ac a c a d b

d ca ad a add a b ?
I d d a a b a c d

a ?
D a a b a d a

b d ac a c c ?
D d a da a b c c d a a

146. b , a a ?

T c c a a a c d a c a d
c d a a d a a c

a d a a d a a c a d c. I
c a , a a c d a c

a c , c d a d a a
a a d a a c a c. I add ,

a ac a c a d a d a . T
ac c d d a a c c

a d a , d a a c c , a d
a a . S c a c a d a d a
c a a ac

a c .



160

Iden if ing a Topic fo Re ea ch
Id c b a d a ac a c d

b . I a a .
N a c a a c d a c a

a c c b a d a c a
(H bba d & P , 2003). I a c c b ad
a , a c a b c d a

b a a da a c c , c da a, a d
. I c a , a b b c c

147. da a a a a d. T a
c a a c c d c d d a a

c a .

T a c c d add a a c c a b ,
c a a acad c b a c a
a a (R a & Ta , 1996). J (2008) d



161

a a c a a c a ac
a c d a . T b a a :

1. Tr ing a ne eaching me hod. T ac c d
a ac d c ; ac a c a

a c a c
ac d .

2. Iden if ing a problem. F ac c
a b a a a
d, b cc a d d a c a

c d ; a a d a d ca a a ca
d ca b d a d b a d b

ca a d ca a .
3. E amining an area of in eres . T ac a a ,

a d, a c , c ab a c a c
d ca a d; ac a c ca b d

148. c d c c a a a .

M a d C a (2011) a a d d b d
a ca c c d ac a c d .

T a a :

C a T c ca c d
a a c ca a d c c a

c a a d c b d a d
ac d a .

I c a a a T c c d a a
b a d d a a c d

a d c , c ac d a a
a d c c c , a d d

c a a .
C a a a T c c d b ac a d

d a ac d b a
a a , d c d d ac
d a , a d d a
c ac ab ac a d .

I c a d T c c d c a
ac d d a , ac a ac

a ca a d a a
a , a d d d c dbac
d acad c a c .

149. 162

T a a a d ca T c
c d a c a d d a d a d
a c , ac a a -

a d a , a d a d d a a
a .

G ad a d a a Y c a
ad a d a a d c a
d a , , ac , a d a d . O

a c a c d c a
a c a a d ad a a
a d .
C c T c (a) a c

a a d ac a d d a c c (b)
a c a ac

c c .

T ca a a c a a
ac a c a . T a d add a

a c c a d c a a ca
c c , c a d ca , c , c ca c ,
a c , a , c a c , d a a ,
a d d d ca . B a d a b ad d

d ca , a c ac a c
c .

Video Clip 3.1 V a c D . M d c d
a c d .

150. A 5 Wh P oce fo P oblem Iden ifica ion empla e appea in
Appendi C and can al o be fo nd a an in e ac i e PDF on he
S den S d Si e.

I a b a a a c c .
E a a d d a a ac

a c d , c ca c d , a , a d ac
a a a a d a ca
a a a d a a c a d . T a

c d a a d d c a d a a



163

a d a a a d
d d .

Ma c ac a c a d a
c. O a 5 W P c . T 5 W

P c , a d d b T a M C a , a
c ca -a d- c a . T a

c d ca a b . A
a a , c d ac a

d d . T a
a a F 3.1. (N a a b b d a

ca a a a a .)

151. 164

P elimina Con ide a ion
O c a d c d d a a c a a a a

d a , a d d a a a
a a a ac ca c d a (M & C a , 2011).
C d a c a ab a a

a c c (Sc a bac , 2003).

F personal in eres c. P a c
a a c a c . O
a d, a a c a a a c c . I

ca , c c ,
d d c d a . I add , a b
d a c a c a

a c, a d a c c
. I a d a a a d

a -d d a c a a d d .

S c d c impor ance c. T
ac a c d d a

d c d a a a po en ial a a
d c a c d ca . I b a

a c c a d c ,
a . Y a d c

a b d c a a d ad a .

152. Fig e 3.1 Sa 5 W P c , U T a P d d
A d C



165

A d a a a 5 P c a a d
d a d d b .

T d a a ab d a 5 W P c P b Id ca ,
a d a c a b . Eac

a ad a c d a ,
d :

W a c c b a b d? - S d d
.

W d /d a ? - T d d a a
.

W d /d a ? - T a a
b a a d a d d d .
W d /d a ? - T d a

; ac d.
W d /d a ? - T d d a d

.



166

W d /d a ? - I a a a a

153. a d a d a .

A b d a a a d d b ,
c : S 5 W P c b

a d d ca a b .

T d c ( c a a a ad b
a c c ) a d a c a amo n of

ime a d . C a
d a a a ab . T a a

ac a c c a a a
a ac d . A b a , a b

b c a c ca a a a
.

F diffic l a c a a d
c. F a a a a d ca

a , a c a c a
c a b a c . T a ,

a c c b ac ca . I a a d a
a c d a a c . I
d a a d a a c
b d d d a ca ab . I ad ab

c c d c , bab d a
c a c a d a b c d c d a d

a c a a d.

F a mone ar cos s a c a d a

154. c. I c a d d a c a

d , a a , a , a d ,
a d a d c , a a , a d a

a c. T a a d c c
a a c .

F a , ac a c d b c a research e hics.
G a a , ca a d a b a c d c

a c a a c a ( . ., d , ac )
a a d, c d ca , a , a d c ca
a . A a c d d a a b

a d a acc ab d d ca a a c .



167

Limi ing a Topic
O c a c a b c d a d a a d a a
c d a ab , a b d d b
ca b c a c d. T d ac a

c a b ad, a , c (M & C a ,
2011). T c a a c a a a
c d a a d a ab a c

a a a d ca c c.
F c c a a c b

a d c . U ac a c d a a
c c a d c a c , c ab a d a

155. a d a a a ab (Sc a bac , 2003). I add ,
c a d b d d a c a a d
a b . Sc a bac (2003) a a

c, ac b d a a
d a .

P d d Tab 3.1 a a a b ad a c
c a d d, c d c a .

A c a b a d a d c a d Tab
3.1, c c b a c c a c

d c a d c. R a c
a d a d c d d a

c a .



168

Table 3.1



169

Ga he ing P elimina Info ma ion
A d C a 2, a d a d a c

a a c c, a a
a . A a a , I a

ac , ad a , c c
d c , d a c d

156. a c c. U d b d , a c a d
a d a a d a

ac a c . T a a d add a a
a c ab c a d a a b a a

researchable c a ad c d d. Y
a a a d a dbac d a . I

add , a c d ac
a a c c a d , ac a a

a d ca a a , a d a
c d a c.

F a , d a a a d a d a
acc b c I .

A c d d a a d
a , c ca a a o n b ,
d , a d c a d a ac a c

c. T c , c M (2011) ca reconnaissance,
a c b a d a a b

d a d a a d c a c b .
R c a a c a : - c , d c , a d

a a . W a a a ac
a c , M (2011) a b b c
d a d :

T d ca a a ac c a ac c
Y d ca a a
Wa c a a d ca , a ,

157. c b a c c
T ca c c a d ac a
c a d ca b a a

T ca c d b ab ac
a d a



170

T ac , , d c c a
b . H , d d

c b d d a ab a b a
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a b c , a d a c d a a d d .
A a c

d a b .
S a c a d A c , Ca a , M b a ,

188. A , S c a, c c c b , a d C a
a a a a d d b Sc a .
F a c d c , ad ,

, a a , b a a d a , c a
, c. c a a a a , ab

b c a d c a d c d
d d , a a a a ac

d a d a , a d d .



196

F 3.9 a a c d b G
Sc a c a b b a c

ad . C c ([BOOK] Ac R a c :
I Sc a d E Ed ca , a )
a a b a d c /b

( a a ab ). I c c C d b 539,
G Sc a a 106 d c a a d
b c a . T R a d a c
d c , d G Sc a da aba , a a
add c ( ca , c c 101

a d c ). T A 5 a a a
c a a ( a ,

ca ) a a d c . T C a
d a d b b a c c a d c

MLA, APA, a d C ca ( F 3.10). Y a

189. c a d a c a a d- c

d c c a a c
c a a a ( . ., B bT X, E dN , R W ).

Fig e 3.9 A S G Sc a S a c R

So rce: G a d G a d
ad a G LLC, d .

A c a a G Sc a a c c a a .

T c ca d a a a d
d , b a d , acc d ac



197

b a :

B add ba a ,
d b a a c b c a C a

M , Ac R a c : I Sc a d E
Ed ca .
B a c a d Sc a a d

d , d b a a b c
, d b b a c a

ad , d b b a a , b ca
a , c , c.

B c a , d b b
b b a , b c a , b a d

190. a c , a d b a , d b a c
ad S b a c . S a , a
b a .

Video Clip 3.2 & 3.3 V c ac - a c
d c d a c a d a a .



198

W i ing a Li e a e Re ie
W a a d a , ,

d c a c a a c . W a
a d c a d d , a d b d
a d . T , a , c ,

-b - c c a . O b
a a a a a

a acc d a . W a d, I
a a a
a d d a .

T a d a d b
c a d a c a
ac a c c:

T ca c c
T d c d b c
H a d ac c a d c a

Fig e 3.10 T B b a c C a O G Sc a

191. 199

So rce: G a d G a d
ad a G LLC, d .

A c b b a c c a G Sc a .

T c ca d a a a d
d , b a d , acc d ac
b a :

B add ba a bac d c a a
, d b a a c b

c a C a M , Ac R a c : I
Sc a d E Ed ca .
B a c a d Sc a a d

d , d b a a b c
, a d a a a c c a b .

T d a a b a c ,
ab d C a d c a d c a

b ca : MLA, APA, C ca , Ha a d,
a d Va c .

F ac d a , ca a a b a
a c a a c d a a a c

c (M , 2011). T a c d a ab d d,
d d, a c a d d, a d

c c b a d. R b , , a

192. a c findings (P c a & B c , 2003) a a

c d .

O c a d , d a ,
b a d c a c ca a a

b ad (P c a & B c ,
2003). A a , a a a d b ad d c

a c b d a a a a c
a d d . A b a a a

ac a , a d a d
b a a a d ( . ., d a d a

a a a , d b a a d a a a )
b a c a a ad (P c a &
B c , 2003). T a b d a



200

c a . A a a d a b c,
a , d b c d d d c a b c.

An E amining Backg o nd Info ma ion and Rela ed Li e a e
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in e ac i e PDF on he S den S d Si e.

A a a a a c a a
c a d d. E a , a - a

b b c a a leas a d

193. d d . A c d d

a , b c d b c a d
c c a a d . I d , d

b c more c a d c. T d a
a a a c ( F 3.11). A a d a

ad a , c
a c b a d c a a d;

d , a ad a d c
c c c. T c b d ac c a a

b c d a b
c a d d ( c a

d d ). F a , a c d c d
ac c c a N C d L B d

(NCLB) a ad c a a ac c . T
b ad (b b ad a a d
c d) a a :

T I ac N C d L B d
T ac P c N C d L B d
N C d L B d a d C a A

Fig e 3.11 D c Na F c (F E c )
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201

T d a a d a d a a a b

194. a a b d a d,

d a a a ab a d b a .

T d a a d b d :

T a 1 B ad R a d L a
T a 2 M S a L a
T a 3 M S a L a
E d Y M d

T ab d a P L a R , a d
d b a a .

Y ca a a c a
b ad a d ( . ., NCLB, a ) a c a
c a a I c ca d d ( . ., c c
NCLB ac a c a ac c ).

A c c d a a a a , b ca
d a a o r d , ba d a
a c a d (M , 2011). I a d

d b ac a a c a d d a
d a c b a a c a b d

a . F a , d a b
a c b d d a a ad

a a a . M -d



202

a a d ac ac a c

195. d C a 8.

S a

Id a c ac a c
a c .

Ac a c c d add a c c a
b .

R a c c d a b d a a a
ac ca c d a , c d a
c, a a c , a

, a c a d d c , a c , a d a
ca .

Na a c ca b acc d b add
ac ca c d a a d a - c ,

d c , a d a a ac .
P a a a d c d b a d.

T a ca b a d b a
d ca , c c a a a , a

a b ca .
I a ca a b a d c a a c ,

- c , d c , a d a a .
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a c a d a a d a c c.
A a ab a c c b

c a d a a b d b .

196. A a ca d a d a a c,

a a c a d , c
a a da a c c d , a d d
a a c da a a a .
W a d a , a c d

a , b c , a d .
W ca a d a , b b

c da c a d a c .
F , b c a

c .
I b c c a a a a d

a , b a d : c a
d d a d c ca c

c, d c d b c,
a d ac c , a d c a.

A a d c a a a d
a a c ; a , d

ad a a c a .



203



204

Q e ion and Ac i i ie

197. 1. T a a c a d a .

C ab b b add c d a
d c d c a .

2. Ma a ca c d a a a a ac a c
d .

3. W a d b b d c a c d
c a a c a d a a a c c?

4. W a d b b d c a c c d c
a a a d a a a c c?

5. S a c da aba a d I a d a ca
b a da a . B a b d a

a c a d d b d a a c ,
a d a a a c c , a d b .

6. A a a a
ca d N b 5.D a a ba d

c c .



205

Ke Te m
ab ac 71
B a a 68
Ed ca R c I a C (ERIC) 65

ca a c 62
G Sc a 66

198. a 61
a c 64

P Q 67
a c 67
c da c 64

Re ie P ac ice Imp o e

G d a d . Acc d
d a c a , ac c , F a ca d ,

a d a edge. agep b.com/me le 6e.



206

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch



207

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2
Imp o ing Reading Comp ehen ion in a Ti le

I P og am



208

Planning fo Ac ion Re ea ch
R ca a Ka a a T I ad c a a a , b ba

199. a c . S ad a a ad
c b a a b a a c c a a

c a . S a d a ac ,
d d a d b d a a a d a

b ad c . Ka a d, a 5
a ad d a a ad c a , d a - ( . .,

-, -, a d - ad ) d d . S
ad a c d c ac . F , da
b a d . Ka a ad d ad

c c a b a d a d a d a
a d ac , c d d a

c c a b c . T d
d a d a a c c . I add ,

b c d a d d d d ad .
S c d, Ka ad d d a c ad a

cca c a .

H d c d ad
c c . F a , d a c

d b a a da d d ad d ac
. T ad c c , d

c a d .

Ka a d a a d
ad c . S c d b a a d

200. c a d d a d d a ba
a ad a , a a a - d c a d

b c a c d c . O da d
a , c d c d a b a c ERIC c ab.

S d a a c a d d d a a
d c . T c d ,

d a b a c a c c d a c .

T a c a Ka a d d a a c
c a , ac - ad a a a a a a

a da d d d c a d d a c a .
Ka d c d d c ac ad c a

ca ad a b d d add a , d
a . S a d a d ad b a a

ad - -a a b a d d
-c c a d d d- add

c . S d ac a d a ad



209

c , b d , d, d b c a a
a d a da d d ad

c .

201. 210

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3
Concep al Unde anding of Mi o i and

Meio i



211

Planning fo Ac ion Re ea ch
R ca a Sa a ad b a c b ac 3 a , a d
T ad b a b ac 12 a . B ad b a a

a d , ca ad 9 a d 10,
d a a c d c c b . S d

ad d c cab a a a c c a
d a d a c c c c d c d c .

Wa add a a d c , Sa a a d T
c ab a d a c d c c d b

d . I d , a d a :

S c (a d a ) a c a d a c c
C d ( . ., a d )
M c b ( . ., bac a a d )
B ca c a ca
P
L c c a a

S c c d ca c b ,
Sa a a d T d c d d c a b ca c c a

202. c a . T a b d a c c d b
a a , c d a d

a d c a a c d- b c
ad 11. W ca , ac d d a d

d c c a d . S d d
( . ., a , a , a a , a a a ,

a , c , c , c a d, c , c ,
d b ) d c c d a d a . F ,

d ad d c a a d ,
a d c d a d d c d

.

Sa a b a a c bac d a d a
ac a d . T ca d a d b a d a a c ,

b c b ac , a c c d ca a .
H , a a d Sa a a d d a

a a a a ac c . I
a , Sa a a d T b d c c a d

d c a d c (
b ). S d ca d d ac a , ab

a c c , a d b d c b a a
d a a .

U a , T a d Sa a b d, d a a a
c a . T ac a d d b ,

203. 212

a a ac a a a d a c a
c d a c c . O

a a c d a d
d a d c c . Sa a d c d d a d a

I , T c d a c add a a d
a c . A a c a c a c ,

Sa a d d b a d d c a a
c b a d ac

ac a d d d c . A
b , Sa a a d T d c d d a d a

a b c a d a a ac
a d a .



213



214



215

T c a a :

I W U Ac R a c c , c b

204. c a (b ) a d c a d b ,

c b d d a d ac a c
d a d. T a a d a
c c c a a c add d a c a

c a . T c c c a c d a a d
c b d a c , a d c

a c c a d a d a :



216

T c a a a a ab ad C a a
d ca d .

P a a c a Na a C c T ac
Ma a c (NCTM) a d Na a R a c C c (NRC) a
d d a c a a c c a c a b
c a d a a c c a d c a d
ac (NCTM, 1989, 1991, 2000; NRC, 1989). O d

a c c b a a c a d d
d a a c c a .

A a c a d a d , d
a c d c d a d ac , a a c a

d , d a ac a c a c c
d . Acc d McNa (2000), b

a d c a d c a
a a d c a d d c .

205. T c a a a a ad Ma
, d b a c .

P a a c a a d a ad a
a a c c , d a c
a c , a b cc c c a

d a d a d a ca a a c a - c .
Ba a (1999) a a , F d , c a a c
a d c a d ac a d

c d a a ( . 426). A a
c d ac d
d a a c a d c a b

c (R , 1996). Da a a c a c
a d a d d c d a . E

ac d d d c c a
d a d a , b , a d c ca

a d d b c (S & S , 1996).

F - ad ac c , a d
a a c a a ac , d d a d

c a d d. I c a , a a c a -ba d d
c , d a d a a d a c a
d a c c ; , ca , a a a d

a . H b cc a a d a c a
a d d c c ad b a a c a d
d c d c a , b c c

a d d a d, d a d b c a a d c a
d (La & N , 1997; La , 1988). A

206. da a ac ac d , c a



217

c a d a ab c a . H
c c d a a a a c c c a d ac

a ac , a c d ca d
ad ; b d a a a d ad a ca d
ad a a a d c a c c c

a d a b c c a a a
c c d c c d c .

T c a a a a ad A
c a d a , a c

d c .

T a c a d a a c ac ,
a , ad a , a d c b a d . W a a c c ?

O , acc d R (1996), a a dab c
d a d a d d c a a ca

. S c a a a d d c c a
d c c d a d , d c ca a b

a d. H , b , c a c
c , , a d a a c a b a b

b a a d a d a d c . T d
a d ad a a d

207. a a c c c a a c - ad a a c d
a a a c ac , b - ab , a d
c c .

T c a a a a ad P
d .

T S c b ad : A & S , 2003.

T a c a a c c
c d a a c a a dd c c a . T

a a c d a d a , D
c c d c a d a a a d b

a c -c c ? F a a I a d
a c c d a a c a c

ad c a . A c c d a a d d
a a a a adab a a , a c
b d a d a ac (J a, 1980). I d

b a b d c c a c c
d c a c a d . Y , b a a a

c a ca c b d a .
I ab ad b c c a b b a

c a d c (J a, 1980).

T c a a a a ad P d
a d a c . T ac a b ,

208. 218

d c a .

C c d , c a a d ad ,
c c c . C c , a

P a a , a a a ac c a c b
ac a d a d c .

H a b a c d b , b a b
a d ac c ac . A

a a b c c d c a a
a d a a a d a b

a d. B d a a
d , c a ac a

ab a a ad . I a , c d
ca a d c b b c c a a a

a (Sa a, 1988).

T c a a a a ad T ca
bac d a d ca d .

F d , a da d c c d b d d
a a d d d a b d . A d d

d d c c d a c d
c c a d d . T ca , I c c c a
c a a a ( b c a
d d d c c a ), c

a I b a a d c c a d

209. . T ac - ad c a c d b d

a ad a d b . T c
a c c d, ad d, a d d d . I a d

c a d c a ad a
d d a d d d d ba .

T c a a a a ad O a a
d .

I a d a ad a a c
c a . F , c c a d a

d c ad a , a d c d, c d
c ca b d b d a a d d . A a

d -ba d c b c a . S c
a cd a d c d d ca a c

a d a . H , a d I a
c d a d a
d ac a a a d d a .

O d c c d a b
a d d c b c a ac - ad

a a . T d a



219

d a d a / ad (Sa a, 1988).
S a d (Ha , 1988; Ga , 1990; A d , 1991) a

210. d c c d c d a c c
c c c a d c a a . F c (1988) d c

c d b c c a d ca d ,
McK a (1990) d c c d b a a c

a d .

T c a a a a ad S c c a ca
a c a , a .

A d (1991) c d a d a c c c c a
a c c d c a a ad

d d . T d a c a d a 28 c
d d c ad a

d c c . S d a c
d d a d ad d d , d ab
a a , b ad ad ad a ( . 11).

A d a a c a 16 a
c . H , (K c & Ya b , 1982; a D &

K c , 1983) a d c d a c
d a a a c .

T c a a a a ad B a d
c ad c d c a .

T c b ad : W d , 1995.

Ac R a c C c 3

211. 220

Planning fo Ac ion Re ea ch
Id a b c ac a c a d

a a ab a ac a c c a a
a a c d a .

U d d c , a
c a a c d a ac a c

c.
U ERIC, G Sc a , da aba , d

a c b d a a d c;
d ac a a a a c da c .

D a a a a d
c.

D d add c
a .



221



222

Chap e Fo De eloping a Re ea ch
Plan

C a 4 O a

212. A b c d a a a d a a c a .

I , D a R a c P a b a c
a a a d b .

R a c a d
Ba c a c d
E ca c d a
P ac ca a d

Ba c a c d b a c b . T
d a b .

D a a c P a



223

R a c a d
Ba c a c d

Q a a a c d
Ca d
Ob a a d
C a c a a d

Q a a a c d
D c d
C a a d
G c a d

M d- d a c d
E a a d
E a d
T a a d

213. E ca c d a
P ac ca a d

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1: M a a d E a
S d R c S c a S c

Re ea ch Q e ion
Ba ic Re ea ch De ign

Q a a R a c D
Q a a R a c D
M d-M d R a c D

E hical Con ide a ion in Yo Re ea ch
Ge ing O gani ed fo Yo Re ea ch
S mma

➤ Q e ion and Ac i i ie
➤ Ke Te m
➤ S den S d Si e

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch
➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2: I R ad
C a T I P a
➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3: C c a
U d a d M a d M
➤ W i ing Up Ac ion Re ea ch
➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Checkli



224

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1
Mo i a ion and Engagemen fo S den

214. Recei ing Special Se ice



225

De eloping a Re ea ch Plan fo he S d
R ca a K a, K , a d J - ad ac a a a

a c d c J d a d Sa a , a c a
c a , d c a d c d

c a c IEP . T ac a c
d a a a d a d

a c .

T a d ca ad d c d d a a d c
c a c a c a ac c a
c c a d a ,

c a , a d a d a d a c a
c a c . T d d c a a

a a a a d a a
c a ac , a a d a

d d d . J d a d Sa a d ac
d a b ac d d a d . T
ab a a a a d d b

c a .

T a a a d c a - ad d
c d c a c a c a a a d a d -

215. a , add d c c c a d ac c

b a b a . A d b ca c ab a a
a , d ca d c a

c , c a d b
a a d c ab a d c d

c a c , c a c a
c d ad .

T d ca c ab a d d a c
d ac a c d , ac c d d
c a d d a . T a a a
c a a c

a d a a c a ad . T a c
a :



226

Re ea ch Q e ion #1:
T a d d c a a d a

ac d a ?



227

Re ea ch Q e ion #2:
T a d d c a a d a

ac d c a ?

216. 228

Re ea ch Q e ion #3:
W a a a d d b d a c a

c c a c a d c a a d
a ?



229

Q e ion o Think Abo :
I a c

c a - ad d ? W ?
A d d d d a a a d a d

a a - ad a d d?
W a a d d a a a c d a

d?
W a a c d ac a c d

d ca c d ?
I d a c c , ,

d ?

T a a a a a
c d c ac a c d a a c a .
O c a d c d d a a a c , a d b ad ,
a d d a a d a a d

217. c, d a c c a ca
ac a c d . D a c a c a

c c a c
a d c a a a d c c a d
a a da a.



230

Re ea ch Q e ion
B ac a a a c , a

d c d d q ali a i e q an i a i e
e ea ch me hodologie ac a c d . T

a a d d- d d a ca a
ca a b a a a d a a

d . F a a a c ca
a d a a d a c a ac . O

a d, b c a ac d
a a . L d a d O d (2005)
d a d c d c - a ab , . Tab 4.1
a ada a ab . T ab d d

d c a ac a a ba d
a ac , c d b , a a c

c a d d , a d a . O c ,
b ac a c a d c

a ac a a a d- d a ac ,

218. c b a c b a a a d a a a c .
B a ac , a d a d a

a a a c a ac a d c d b a c
, a a a a c a ac a b

d d b a c .



231

Table 4.1



232

So rce: Ba d L d a d O d (2005). R d b
P a Ed ca , I c., N Y , N Y .

A a c d d a da a
a c c d a (M &

C a , 2011). I d a c d ,
a b ab a a c a d
d . T d a c d a
c a a , a d , c , a

d c , d (L d & O d, 2005). R a c
a a a d a a a a ac a
a a a a a a ac a c . G a

a , a a a c d b -
d d a d c a a a a a c .

219. T a a b a a c
a a d a c a d (H bba d & P , 2003).

Q a a a c a d c a a a
ca b a d b d a d d c a d b a .

K d a a a a a a c
c d ho a d ha , c d ac - a c

d c b c a d a
c a a cc (H bba d & P , 2003). O ,

a c a a d d a a c
a b d . Ra , a

b c c da a d a a b a
a a (Sc a bac , 2003). E ,

a c d
da a c c . Q a a a c a a d
a d d c a d c a d .

Video Clip 4.1 V a c D . M d c a c
ca a a a c .

W a c a c c a a c
, a a c a ac c a c
d (Sc a bac , 2003). T c a ac c a

d b ; ac d c d b :

Q a a a c d b a d a -
d d a ; a a a c d b

220. 233

c d.
R a c d b a d a a a
a a a b da a a b c c d.
R a c d b b ad c c
c , c a a a ac a c .

R a c d b ba d b d a
a c a c.

R a c b ab b a d b
c c a a ab da a.
R a c b ca .
R a c d b b a a d a b
a .

F , a a a c d b a d -
d d a ; a a a c d b

c d. I ca , a d a a
a . F a , c d a c

:

Is here a rela ionship be een s den s academic
performance and he n mber of ho rs spen s d ing?

T a bab ca
d b , c a a a
. H , a a a a c d a

a . C a d
:

Wha is he na re of he rela ionship be een s den s

221. academic performance and he n mber of ho rs spen
s d ing?

N c a d , c d c c
a ab a c a d d , a

a c d c c ab a ,
a .



234

S c d, a c d b a d a a a
a a a b da a a b c c d, a

a :

To ha e en ill he in egra ion of echnolog in o he
ri ing process impro e s den s ri ing skills?

I a , a c a a ad a d a
a c c ac

d a a posi i e (b ca
d impro e) c ac a a . T a c

b a d b c a :

To ha e en ill he in egra ion of echnolog in o he
ri ing process affec s den s ri ing skills?

R b a a d a a a a c d
d d . I a d a

a a c d d, a d c d

222. a ( . ., a c a ac a d no

), a d a c , a d add d
b c a b d a .

T d, a a a c b
b ad c c c , c a c d c
a a ac a c . T

b ad:

Wha ill impro e s den s cri ical- hinking skills?

A ac - a c bab d
b c c da a a . I add ,

d a d c
. I c a , a a a d

c a d c a a c a c :



235

To ha degree ill problem-based ins r c ion impac
s den s cri ical- hinking skills?

F , a c d b ba d b d
a a c a c. R ca a

c d c a a d a
d a c . A a c

d c a a d
ad. I d b d b a a d a d

223. a a a d.

F , a a c b ab b a d b
c c a a ab da a. C d a c

:

Does God e is ?

I a d a a d da a c c a d a a
d b ab a a b .

T a , c , a a a
c d b a d b ad acc b da a. L a

a : To ha e en do people belie e ha God
e is s?

Video Clip 4.2 & 4.3 V c ac - a c
d c a c a ca a d a c .

I ca c c da a a , b
d d a a d a a .

S , a a a c ca .
R ca c a a ca ca d
a a c a a a c d a

a d. T c d a a ca , a ,
a d c ca a . B c a ca a a c

d a d c a ac a d a ab
d .

224. 236

F a , a a c a b
a a d a b a . W d c d

c a ac c a a c c C a 3.
R b , ac a c d d a

d c a c d ca . A ,
b a b a a c d c

d a d a a ab c ( . ., a d
).

R ca a C a 3 ( Tab 3.1), d a a
a a c c a d a d c

a c ab c . T a a a c c a d
a c a d a c a d Tab 4.2.

Y d b d c a a c
c a ac ca c a c c a d

a .

Table 4.2

A a a , a a a a c
c c. I d , c a
b a d a

ab d d c a a a
ac . I a c d , d

a ac a c d .

225. 237

I c a a c , a a b
a d d ab d a d ,

ad c b d b . T a a
d c ab , d c b

, a b a ab (M &
C a , 2011). T a d a a a c d
b a a a a a a a c .
H a a a d ca

a a c ( ad ab a
a c C a 6), a b c c

c ac . F a , I b d c .

T a : ,
d c a a c , a d d c a a c

. A n ll h po he i a (a) a c cc
d (b) a d c b
a b a ab b d. T ca ,
a a c c d; , d d

b c d c d. A c d a
nondi ec ional e ea ch h po he i , c a a

a b c ( d c a )
d c d a c d , a ca
c ab d c a d c a c (
d c a ). T bab d , a a a ,

226. ac a a d d d a
c d c c c

a c . T d a d a
a a di ec ional e ea ch h po he i , c
a a a c ( d c a ) b d b

a c d c a a c . I a d,
d a a a c

d d c
a .



238

Ba ic Re ea ch De ign
I a c c a d a ac

a c d a (McL a , 1995). P ac -
a c ca c d a a c d b

c d c d. T d a c c d da a b
c c d a d a a d b a a d b

a d. I d , a a c d a a
c d c ac a c d b a

c ac d b ca d . W a
ba c d b a a a d a a a ac
c d c ac a c .

227. 239

Q ali a i e Re ea ch De ign
T c c a a a a c d a a

, b ca a , research
design a ca , , d a c

a a a c d . T a b a d, ac -
a c d a a a a ac c d c a

d c a a d . T a
c d c a a a ba d d d b

c d, c a d a a d . B a
a I a a ab a
acc . Ac a , d a a a ac d
b d c c , d d

a a a c c d b b ad, c, a d
-d d a a ca d a d d d.

L d a d O d (2005) a a d a ac
a c b a , T a a c
d d a c d a d

a d ( . 133).

B ca a a a c d b -
d d, ac - a c a d c

d a ad ac d (L d &
O d, 2005). O , a c a d

da a c c ( a b a a d ), a d a
a ab c, a ca b c

228. c d c c ( . ., ho, ha , a d here)
b a a d . A b c c d
a a a a ac a c d ,

a a b d a ac hom , ha
b , a d here b a d cc . I a

a a a a a ac c d c a c
d a a d a a c a d

d .

L d a d O d (2005) d a a
a ac a a a c , c d ca d ,

a , a d ca d . I case s dies, a
a c a d d a , a , d d -d a



240

d d d, a a a c da a,
c d b a , , a d

d c . E hnographies -d d a
, a c c a . S -ba d

b a a d a d da a c c
a a d . F a , phenomenological s dies

a d a d c a a c a
a , a a . F

add a a d c c a a d a d

229. a a a c d , I L d a d O d

(2005) a d Sc a bac (2003).

Ca e S die
A ca d a d d a a d a d a a a

, a b c , a a c a (B da &
B , 2007). Ca d ca a c ,
d , a d b ad . F c a b c b a
b ca d d (B da & B , 2007).
A c cc b c , ,

, ac a c a
b c ca d .

B da a d B (2007) d c b a d a ca
d a a . T b d ca d a

d , , d . T ac - a c
d ac a a c da a.
T , a c b c c da a c c

, a a , a d da a d a
d c ab d c d .
D c , ac - a c a d ca d d d a
a d a d a d d , a a ,
ba d a da a c c d a . T

a c d a d da a c c c d a c a
d d a d c d ( . ., a a ) a
a ab c c . A

, ac - a c a c c
d a ab c d . D c a ad
ab c a c a a c , b c , da a

230. c a c d . A ,



241

c c a c a a d, a d da a c c
ac b c c c c a ac c

a d d a .

Ob e a ional Ca e S die
Ob e a ional ca e die a a c

ca d . T d a a c a a a a c
a a (B da & B , 2007). T c a
b a a ca d b a a c a ca ca

a a ( . ., a c a , ac , a
c , ca a), a c c ( . ., ac

a a c a acad c d a , ca a a , c a
c a ), a a c a ac c ( . ., ac

, a b , d- -da d a ).

I a a a a b a a ca
d c a c c . H ,
c a c a b d d d a d d , b c

a a c a a d a c (B da & B ,
2007). T c c a c c ac - a c
d c d c a a a d ac

c . F a , a ac a

231. a a a a ac d ac . T

c a a a c a a c d .
E , ac b a , a d a d c a

cc a ac a , c , c d b
, b a a d a c . T

da a, c c d a b a a d
, ac - a c a acc

a c d c a a . F
a , b c a a c a ca b a

a a a .

B da a d B (2007) a a a ca b a
c d b a a ca

d . T ca a a b a c a
b c b d d, a a a

b b a a a b a , b
c . I a c a a a



242

a a a b b a
a a d b a da a c c ac
a d d a .

Ob e a ional S die
Ob e a ional die a a b a a ca d

232. a a c b c a a a
d . T a d c a c a b a

a c organi a ion a c . T c b a a
d a b c b ad . H , ac -

a c ac a a d
a c a (G , 2006). O , a c a

d b a c d a
, c , . T ac b c a

d ac a a a c a
a c a a , a . Pa icipan

ob e a ion b a a a c b a a c a
a a a , ac b a

ab a c a a d ac
a c a c d d , a

b a , c a c a c d, a d
d a d a a a a c a

a a c ab a
(G , 2006). Pa c a b a a ca

cc da a c c b a a d b
a d a a a da a c c

d ab d a .

I b a a d , a a a c
a c a . A F 4.1, a c
a c a a a c a b

233. (G , 2006). Pa c a b a ca a
a da a c c , a ca d

d d a a - . Y a c a a a a
a c ; , d a d

a c d d a da a
c c c .



243

A - a d d F 4.1, ac - a c ac
c a a b . I , a c a

ac a c a b d d (G , 2006).
F a , ac - a c a b a

d a - a a . T a c
d b c ac a d

a b b d. A d c , d d a
b b d ca d a b b d.

T d d c ob e e -a -
pa icipan . I , ac - a c a
primaril a b b a ac

a c a (G , 2006). A a , a c a
a a b b d, a b ba

c ca cc b a c a a d
b . T ca , a c a d bac
a c a , a , b a d a .

234. T a c d ac , ad c , d a a c ,
a , a , a c a a a .

Fig e 4.1 T Pa c a Ob C

A pa icipan a ob e e ac a a a c ac
c a c a . T a c

c b a d a a b d b a
a ac a c a d .

G (2006) a a ad a ca cc
. T c a a a c a d a
a ac a c ,

b c ( . 44). H , a a ,
a c a , a a a d a

a .

F a , - a d d c , a f ll pa icipan
a a c b c a

a a a c (G , 2006). I , a c
a d a a d b a

d a a b c c da a .



244

G (2006) c a ca a a c
c c a a c c d c . I
a d d a a c a

235. a , c d , a d a
a c a a d ( d , a b

d b a a a c a ?). I ca ,
a c d c c a -ba d ac a c , a

b a a c a a a c d c
ad a a a a c (G , 2006).

The Con an Compa a i e Me hod
A a a a a c d a d c
c a c a a d. I a a d ,

c a ca d (B da & B , 2007),
d da a c c , b a a a da a d

cc da a c c a c . T con an
compa a i e me hod a a c d d

da a c , da a a a b a
d a d a c d b d da a c c

(B da & B , 2007). I ac a , da a c c ca
b a c c c c d b d d.
Acc d B da a d B (2007), d

c a c a a d c d
:

1. B c c da a.
2. E a da a , c , ac

a a b c c d a d ba
ca da a.

3. C c c da a a d c d

236. ca c .

4. B ab ca b d, a
d c b a d a a c d c d d da a

a a a c c d .
5. C da a a d d

d d c ba c c a c a d a
a a d b d d a b

d d.



245

6. E a a , c d , a d a a a
c a ca .

N a a c a b d c b d a a
a , a ac a cc a a

c a d a . T da a c c a d a a
c d b bac a d da a c c a d
a a (B da & B , 2007). I , c a
c a a d c a -ba d ac a c

a a c c ca a .



246

Q an i a i e Re ea ch De ign
T a ca a a a c d

237. a a ac - d ac a c : d c d ,
c a a d , c a , a d - b c
d . T ca a d a c c d a d c b d

.

De c ip i e De ign
T d c a c d c b a d a

a ab c a d d a , b c ,
, c d , (M & C a , 2011).

D c a c a as i
e is s; a a c a a a a c d

a . T c d c a c d a
b a a a c a d a c . I ob e a ional
e ea ch, a a a a d , c a c c

a c b a , a a a c a a ab (L d &
O d, 2005). I a a c
d a a c a . Q a a b a , a

ca , a a c d d a d a a a
ca a c a a b a . T b a a

a a a d ba c a d
a d a a . I c a , q an i a i e

b a a a c c a a ab c
b a a ad . T d c a
b a a q an ified (L d & O d, 2005). I

d , ac a c a d b a a d
c d d a d c d d

238. d a c cc c . I a
c c a b b a b a

cc , b a b a d acc ac , a ,
c c , d . T b a a a c

d a a c c c d b a b
ab d a d a b d d.

A a a a d c b a a a c d ,
c d ac - a c a d



247

b d b a c a , b b a
c a . I cc ad ca da . T

ac - a c d a b a a a
d ca da d b a cc . I

add , c a a d b a a b
a c a d d c a . S b d

a a c a a d ca
d ac a d b a cc .

A d a d d d , c
a a a d b d a d d

d b a .

T c d d c a c d a c .
S e e ea ch ac a d d a

239. a ab ,
a d , c a ac c b c ca a
a d ab a (L d & O d, 2005). T

a a a c a ab c
a a a ab a a b a
b ( a a sample) a b

a , a . A ca b c ,
a c ca a a , a a d

d . T a c a , a
, a c a a c .

O c a b a d, a
a a d ac a a c a , a , b

a c a . T a a da a a ca c a
c c c a . A ca

c -ba d a c d c d a c c a
a a d a d d ab a

a c c . S a ac d
b d . U c , da a a a a d a d

c a a ca c a d. T c a a
a a a d a b

c a ( . ., b a d , d c ).

I a b a a c a a
a d a . T

ad a , a c ca a d
c d a . T d b

240. a a a c a d ac , c ,



248

, a d c a ac c ca c a
.

Co ela ional De ign
A c d ca a a a c d c a a

a c . I a co ela ional d , ac a c
a a d a d a a ca a

b a ab . S c d a ca
d a d c b a c d

a a a d a (J , 2008). T ba c d
c a a a c a single

a a d o c a ac c c d ( . ., a ab )
a a a ad a d . F a ,
a d a a a a d a
a a b b a d d

d d a d c a . R a a a
a c c da a, c d ( . .,

d a d ad a ) a a ad
cc d. F , a ab d d a c a a

d a cc a a . I a , d d
d a d a d d d a , a a , a a

241. c a c a . W a c a a
d d, a a c d
b a d.

R a b a ab a a d a ca b
ca c a a c a c c . Co ela ion coefficien

a c a b a ab :
direc ion a a d s reng h a .
T a c a c c a ca b d
d c b a a b a ab ,

c c Pea on co ela ion coefficien ,
b d b r. T c c d a ca a

a -1.00 +1.00. T d c d ca d a a
a a a ca . A po i i e co ela ion

d ca a a c a a ab c a ,
a a ab a c a . S a , a a

d c a , a a d c a (
d , a a ab d a



249

d c ). I c a , a nega i e co ela ion a a a
a a ab c a , a a ab

d c a . T a b d a a d
a ad d b a a a c a

(a a c a , ad a a c a );
a b d a a d a c

242. d b a a a a c a (a a
d c a , c a c a ). Y a ab
ca c a a d a c a c c C a
6.

T a d ca d b a d
ca a c c . T a c c

b d b a 1.00,
a d c . A c a c c a +1.00 d ca

a c c a . H , a a
d ca a , a c c a a ,

, cc . I c b a s rong c a ( . .,
c a a c d 0.80) b c . T a
c c b d b a 0.00, c a a

ab a b a ab . L
c c a , a , , a c a a

0.00. A a , c d eak c a ( . .,
c a b -0.20 a d 0.00 a d b +0.20 a d
0.00) b c ab c an a .

I a a a c a a d b
d. C a a a c a ac

a c c c d a a a a c a a d
a d d c b a ab . T a c

c c a c a a a c ca a ca a
b a ab . T c d b .
I c ca b :

243. C a Ca a

S b ca a ab a a d, a a c ca
c c d a ca . Add a a ab c d

acc ca a c b a b c d d
d a a d. F a , ca a



250

a b d a d a c a
. S d c a a

a ( a , c c a +0.85) b
a ab . I d b acc a c c d a d

a ( . ., c a ) ca d
a c ( . ., c a d c ) a d

a d a ! Ma
c d c a c , c a a

d a cc d c c a d a d
a a .

A ca a c a a d
a ca a , ca

d c . Ba d a a a a d
b c a c c , b d c c

a ab a a ab . I
a c a b d a d

244. c +0.85, a d b a c a
d d a d d , ca d c c a
d c . O a a a

c ( . ., c c a 1.00 +1.00) ca
d c a c d a ab 100% acc ac , a d
a a ad d c d c a d

cc d ca . T d d c acc ac
d d b a d c a c c . T

c a ( . ., c 1.00 +1.00),
acc a a a ab ca b d c d

; c a ( . ., c 0.00),
acc a d c d a b . K d a

a d c ca a b a a d c
a c a .

G o p Compa i on De ign
G o p compa i on de ign a d a c a a
d ca a ca -a d- c a . T

a d a b d c a d a o or more
, c d c a ac c a b
d d c d , a c a d a single,

c a d d c a ac c



251

c d a a d d a c . W
a c a ca a d c , a

245. c a ab ( ca se) c a a ab (
effec ). T a ab a c d d b ca

ca d d d a ab . I a c , a ab
a b d c a a d c d b a c . T

a ab a a d b c d b a ab
ca d d d a ab , c a c a a

a depends d d a ab . F a
, c d a a ac a

c U.S. b a a d
( . ., b R a Wa a d

) bac a d ( . ., b a d
R a Wa ). O ac

ac a bac a d a ac ,
ac a da d a d d. N a d
a , d b ac a a ad a c d ac
U.S. . T c b a ca c a d

d d a d
a d. I a ,

d d a ab a ac ac U.S.
( a d . bac a d), a d d d a ab ad a c d

ac c . I a d c c
d , a d c depend c

c c d.

W a a ca a d c , a

246. d a d

a ab ca a . T d d
a a c . T e perimen al designs a a

a d a a d c b a d a c
d . A a a , c a d

a d a . T a d
c a a ab a c c a

; , a d a ca
a a ac a c d . T a , ,

bca c a d a a a a
ac a c c a a d c . T
b a ca a -c a a , a , a d
a a d .



252

Ca al-Compa a i e De ign .
Ca al-compa a i e e ea ch d a b d

d c b . I ,
a c a a a c a a

c d a a a ad cc d a d c c da a a
a d d
(J , 2008). Ca a -c a a d a a a

ac d . T e pos fac o a a a
a ac . T a b b c a d c
a a , a , a d

247. bac a a d c d a
a d b d d c . I d ,

ac a c a ca a ac , c
c d a d d c a a ad cc d.
G a c a d d d a ca d c

a c (J , 2008).

T c a a ca a -
c a a d cc d ca

d d a ab a a ad cc d. S c a a ad
cc d, a b a c a a a
a c a a ab . T c d a d

b d d a ab , a ca , a
a a cc a cc d a a c

a a c d . F a , a a a
c a a b d a d a c b a d

a a a da d d a . I a d b
ca d c a d c d d

c d a ca a -c a a d . S d
b b c c c ( c , a a
d d a ab ) a d c . T d

d c d ac c d ( a d
a a cc a ca , a a d d
a ab ) c d d . Ma a d a d

b d a d a a a c c d
ac c . F a , a a d b

248. a ca c a d d d

d . I , c a a c c d a
c d d a c d a c .



253

A a a , a a da c c a d
c a - a , c b

d a d c a c , . A
ca a -c a a d c d da c c

a a d d c ab a . A -
c d b ad d d c

d c , c
a a d c . T d c

d b c a d a d a a d a ca .
A a , a , d d a ab c d

a d b c -
a a d c - a . R a

a a c d a a a ad b
d c a d . T a

d a a a a c ca a -c a a
a c d . T d d a ab d b c

d c d - . I
c d ad b d

249. a b a a a d ad
a c a d a , da c c d

c c d a a c . O a d,
c d d
a , a d c c

, c d c c d a a a
d a , a a , c .

P ee pe imen al De ign .
P ee pe imen al de ign a ca d c b ca a

a a d . T c a a
a c a d b c d b a a

a c . F a , a d ,
d d a ab d a , a b ca ac
a c a a c a d

b a , ca b c a .
B ca c , a d

b d d a ca -a d- c a .

A a b a a d a a
d , a ca a a



254

d c . T abb a a d
d a a :

N e:

250. T = T a c d
O = Ob a a
EXP = E a
CTL = C

T rea men condi ion, d a T
d a a , d d d a ab . T ca ,

a c a a d a , a d a .
T d d a ab a d
ac b a , a
c . T d d a ab c b a

a .)

W c d c a d . T
d a - ca d . T one- ho

ca e d a a d (L d
& O d, 2005). I d , a

a d c d, a d, a a , a
a b a bab a

ad d d d c a .

N e:

T = T a c d
O = Ob a a
EXP = E a

F a , a c c ac a a ab
d a c c c . S

251. a c c c a a d ad a ac ca
a a . E a c a , c c d a



255

ab a c d a . T
a a c a d a a a ab
acc d d c d a c d c
, a b a d a a ca d
d d a c . P a d d a

d a ab a a
a ab a a , b ca a a b b ca

ad c d a a c d- ab a a
c c c a . I ca , a c d a b

a d .

T c d a d a a one-g o p
p e e -po e de ign. I d , a d d a

d . A
c a , a a b add d

d c a .

N e:

T = T a c d
O = Ob a a
EXP = E a

R a , c c ac

252. ad a ac ca a a d a d

c d c . S ab,
ab . U c ab, ad a

d a d c a c c
d c d . T d a

- ca d b ca ac
, a a minim m, c a a a ac

(L d & O d, 2005). H , ca
b a a c a a d d c d a d

c a d .

Q a ie pe imen al De ign .



256

Q a ie pe imen al de ign c c
; , a d a

a c a (J , 2008). T a d
a a b c a d a a

a . T a a a a d a
a a c a a c . I c a d
c a , a d a d d a
( c c a a c a c a , ac ,

c b d ) a b . T a
d a b c a d a

253. a a : a d a c . W pre es s
ab a , a a ab a

a ad d a (J ,
2008). T a a ca c a d
c ; a a , ca c a c . A

ca d c b , , d ca
a a c a ab . I a ca , a

: (1) F d a c a , (2) a a
a a a , (3) a

d a acc d c b d
a d d a c c (J , 2008). Ma ching a

c d c a a a c a . A a , a
a a c a , b a d

. Ba d , ac a c a
a c d a a c a a a a a

c . G a c a d b ac
a a a ( . ., a

a d c ; J , 2008). T d
a a a a a ab .

J (2008) a a a
a c d ca a , a

ad d c a . T , a a
d d b d ca ac a c . I

a , a a b a a c
c a b a a a b a d

254. d b ab a a a c a a ab . I a ,
a a a c a a J a
a -ac a c . I a d a ac
a c d d a ,



257

a d a ca b a d a
a . Q a a a c d d b d

d a d c a a a a c a
a .

A a a a d ,
a a a ac ca c a a ca

p e e -po e con ol g o p de ign. T a
- - d a d a

c a d . T a d c a
a add a c , c

d a c d , c a .

N e:

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O = Ob a a
EXP = E a
CTL = C

T c a a c a a
c a . F , a c ca c a a

255. a d c d d
a ad a c . S c d, a d c

c ca a b c a d d
a d . I a d c b c

c , b d a , c
d d d c a a . I a

c d , a b d a a
a d a a a a . T d, ca b c a d ba d

b a c a d a c ( . ., if
c d b b ho m ch)

. T c c ac a a
c d d d c a a
( a c d c a d ) a d



258

ab a d (c d d
c a d ) d d .



259

Mi ed-Me hod Re ea ch De ign
W c b a a a d a a a c
d d , a ac a c d

d a b d- d a c d . T

256. a a d ca , a

c a ac c , b c c some da a a
a a a ( . ., d c c ) a d some
da a a a a a ( . ., d c a ).
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a a d a ca a d ca a , c a

d d c b a a . A a ,
a a da a d d d a

a d c c . T
b ac a c d a b

da a a d a b d a d a c b
a da a a (C , 2005).

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a c d cc a ac a c a
d a a c a a . F a ,
a c c a a da a d d

d a a a . S a ,
c a d b a a da a c c

a a da a c c d d
a a a d a a ca

a a (C , 2005).

W d c ba c d- d d a a ,
a , a d a a (C , 2005). T d a

c c d c d F 4.2. T d ac
a d a a ac

257. da a a d ac d d d (McM a ,
2004).

A De eloping a Re ea ch Plan empla e appea in Appendi C
and can al o be fo nd a an in e ac i e PDF on he S den
S d Si e.



260

Fig e 4.2 D c T T M d-M d
R a c D

So rce: Ada d C (2005). R d b
P a Ed ca , I c., N Y , N Y .

T a a a d b a a b :

B = da a c c a d
U ca = a a
L ca = a
A = c
P = c c a

T a a - a b
b a , b d , ab d a d a d a

b :



261

1. E a a M d-M d D

258. T , ad ca QUAN Da a & R
a a , ad ca

a Da a & R , d b a ad F -
b a .

2. E a M d-M d D

T , ad ca QUAL Da a & R
a a , ad ca

a Da a & R , d b a ad B d
b a .

3. T a a M d-M d D

T ad ca QUAN Da a & R a d
ca QUAL Da a & R a b

a a ad I a , b
.

E plana o Mi ed-Me hod De ign
I a e plana o mi ed-me hod de ign, ac -

a c c c a a da a a d a
add a a a da a d , a ,

ab a a a (C , 2005). T
c c da a ca b d a

c a b a b d c a . I
a ac , a a da a a d a a d a

c a d ; a a da a a d
ab a , , a a a d .

259. T a c a a a da a; a a da a
a ca d d a c a

ca . McM a (2004) a a d a a a
d- d d a c d.

E plo a o Mi ed-Me hod De ign
H , ac - a c a a b b
c c a a da a a d c c a a da a,

a a - a a ac (a d c d
). I d a a e plo a o mi ed-

me hod de ign a a da a a c c d d



262

a c . Q a a da a a
a d d a a a d c d

a a da a. A c a ca d
a a a d d ca

( . ., a a da a), c a d d b
d a b d c c
add a a ( . ., a a da a; C , 2005;
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, b ca a
a c a a d a d ab a d

a a c b d ( ad a c ; McM a , 2004).

260. T iang la ion Mi ed-Me hod De ign
T d a d a d iang la ion mi ed-
me hod de ign, c b a a a d a a da a
a c c d a ab a a d a a

a . T a a c a c b
ac da a. T a a a d

a ac - a c a b
da a a a d a a c a ca b

d a d a a a a a d
a d d a d a c b

(C , 2005). Q a a a d a a a
a c a d d a d d a
. T , , ad a c d b a d

a da a a c d a d
d ca d a a .



263

E hical Con ide a ion in Yo
Re ea ch
Ma a ac a c ad ca a da d a

a b ac - a c . A
a c b b a a d ca , ca

a d a d c a a a c
da a b a c ac a c d .
M a d c d c a

261. c a a d a c d c d c d
c a a a c a a b c

d. T a ca a H man S bjec Re ie
Boa d (HSRB ) In i ional Re ie Boa d (IRB ). T
b a d d a c d d a a d
a d c a b c d a a c d . A
HSRB IRB a ca a a c d
a a d d , c a

d a b d c c da a a c a .

O a a a a add a d
ca a a c a a ac a c d

c a , - ac d a d d d b
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a a d c a . A
c c d ca - a c , d a

a d a c ca a
a a c a c a . Ma a d c

a ac b c a a
a b b a a c d a

b a a c a .

T NIH c , d P c H a R a c
Pa c a , a 90 c a d d d d

c ( c a a a b
-c c a ). T c c d a

262. d c , , c d a d a ,* c ,*
b c c ,* c ,* a d a c c ( c



264

a a d b a a ). O c cc
c c , a d d a c c c ca

c .

Ma a d c a C ab a
I a T a I a (CITI) a U M a
( :// .c a . /). CITI a ad d

a c d ca c a a acad c ,
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d ca a ac - a c d b

d :

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O c c a a c d a d b d a
a c a , b a d

d a d a da a
c d a d , d , a d , c , a d

b a a ac a c c . I a

263. b ca a c a d b c

a . N ad c d d c c d
c d a c a a a c d .

I d d a ,
H bba d a d P (2003) a d d
a d c a d . I a d ac
c b a d c ac a c ,
a d a a da a

a c c . I ca , da a d diagnos ic
a ab a d , a d , c

c . T a a a d ac
c c a d a d c a d ac .

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a d c a d ca c ,

a d , a c
a d d c d , b a a a
a . T a a d c c d



265

a b ac a c
a c c a a a

b a c ac a a ac
d c , c b a d, a a d b

c a c a c c (H bba d & P ,
2003).

264. T ba c d a b d c d c ac
a c a d c c da a d c ac

b d a d a (H bba d & P , 2003). T
ca acc d b a a c a a d

c . A info med con en fo m d c b a
a c d , a a

a c a (L d & O d, 2005). I d , d c b
a d ab a d a b a a c a

d , ac a d d a ac . T
a p inciple of acc a e di clo e. N

d acc ra e a c . T a
a d c a c a d b a d d a a

c ; ac d c ac a c (M ,
2011). A a , a d c d c a

:

A d c a c c a d a c d
A d c a a c a
A d ca a a c a a a d a ca b

a d a a a
A a a c d a a d a
A d a a d a c a
A ac a c a a d da (L d &
O d, 2005)

W ad d c b ,
a c a a d a d (a) a

265. d , (b) a b a d , a d (c) a ca
d a a a . F , b

, a a a c a d . A
a d c d F 4.3.

Fig e 4.3 E a a I d C F



266

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266. P c T : D a d Va da A L ac
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c a a a d a d a da a

d d a ac a ac .
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d a d a da a a c
d a K 12 ac c c a a
ac .

T c b a a a ad P S d .

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c c a EDFI 402 a a

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a c d , a d ( . ., a a d

d ca b ) b d c . I add , I
d c d c a a a a d

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a c a a ad a b d a d

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c d a a d b d a ca a a

c c c c ad d d a . A d
b a d. A da a b d a c d cab , acc b

b PI.

267. T c b a a a ad D c a c a
a d G a a c d a .

Y d c a c a
c ad , c a c .
Y a c d a d a a

a , a d PI a c ca c a c a a a
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T c b a a a ad V a a c a .

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I c c d YES, a c ac PI, D . C a A. M , a
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268

. I a c c a d
a a a c a c a , a a c ac C a

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a b a d a ac .

Y a a a d c a c a
a a d 402 a a

(c 35- a ac ) a c
a d a . Y a b a d ca

a a a 18.

268. T c b ab a a a ad F a
a a c a .

I AGREE DO NOT AGREE (c c ) a c a
a c d .

A d a S a a a d b , a
d b :

B a Pa c a Na a d Da
B a Pa c a S a

I ca ( . ., d d a d a 18
a ), b b a d. F , c

c d a a a c a c a
a c d , b b a d a

a a d a . T a ca a d a pa en al
con en fo m. A a a a a c
F 4.4. S c d, d d a d a a
c a c a a c d a .
A en a c d a a c a

a c . A a b b a d a a a a
d a dab a d a a -

a a ( ba ), a d a c
d b a a ( )

a d a ( ). A a a c d a en fo m d
F 4.5.

T c d a a d a d
a d c . T a a c

269. a a a a a c a ac c ac



269

a c d ca b acc d. F , a c a
ca a a da a. I

a a c , a , a
d d a d c d c b

d a . S c d, a c a a a
c d a a d a ca da a a
a a d ac d c a d d a

d . I a c b d ca
a , c b d a c

b c b a d c a c a
a d d a d . H , a c b
a d a , , a a

a a a c c a a c a
a c b d , c d c ,

(H bba d & P , 2003). T a add a
c a c a .

I add c acc a d c a a
c a d c a c a c a ,
a a c ca c d

a ac a c (M & C a , 2011). T
p inciple of beneficence a a a c d b d

270. d ac d ab a b a d
d ca a c ; d , d b

. I d b c d c d a a a
d a d d a d a , d a ,

acad c . A c d c c
. T p inciple of hone ab a

a c . H b b d a a c a a c
d c ca a c d

c c a d a a da a a d a c c
d a . Ac a c b a c a ab

d . T a b ab a
da a c c a d c c da a. O c c c d,
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a . I a ca b ad d , a c d
d b a d a d, a a , a d. F a ,

p inciple of impo ance, a c b c c ,
d ca a d a c d b

c b a d b a a c a d.



270

T a a d a c d b
, , a d d d, a b
a c a d a c a .

271. Fig e 4.4 E a a Pa a C F

Fig e 4.5 E a a A F



271



272

Ge ing O gani ed fo Yo Re ea ch
T ac a b d c a a ac
c d c a ac a c d . Na c a

a a ab c, a a c , d c d a
a a a c d , a c a ,
c c da a, a a da a, a d a a a
b c ac . R ,
b ca c d c d c a
a , ac d d c a -ba d ac

a c , d d ca d, c ac ! A
a a d c c ac d

ac a a a d c d c a ac a c d . O
a a ac a c c d b

a d c a ca d
c a . I d b a d-a d a a

a a d c a c a ac c
d d . F a , c d ac

Ac R a c P a 1. R ca a c a

272. a c ac a

d d ac . N c a a ,
ac d c d d c a d a
, a a d c

d a d ad ac - ad c a
a . T ac a c d a d a

a ac a ad d d
a ( . ., , a c a ),

a a , a d
d d a a ac d ac . A
a d, c c ac , d
d a a c a ac c ; c

c a a.

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sched le. I c c I b d a

a c d d a a a - ca c ( c d
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a a c a d a a a a ab

a b ca a a d. A c d



273

c d, d a a d
b d , b a d b a a a ab , a d

273. d a a bac I
c a a . Y a ad c d

c ; d , d c -
d d c . A a a a c a c d

(ada d L d & O d, 2005) F
4.6. N c a c d d - a d c a
c c b a a d
c a a .

Fig e 4.6

So rce: Ada d L d a d O d (2005).

F a , a a b ca a
d d a c d , d b a

c a . S , ac - a c d
a , a c a d a c c

a d a , b c d d
a c c a c d d . T a

d a b a c, ,
a (M , 2011). Ac a c d a



274

a b d
b ca d d c a c. M (2011)

a ,

274. T a a ac a c ; a , -
d d, a d d . B c a ab a b

c ca b , b c ac - a c
b a ca c c da a, a a c
b c c a . ( . 93)

D a a a d c a c c
a da a c c a (M , 2011). R b

a a a ac a c a -ba d ac
a c , a d d b o a d o r d

o r c a . I d c b ad a
d d c , d b c a a

. I b a d a, a , a
d d c , ad a c a
a d c d a d c ac a c a .
U a , a d d b b c a
a a .

S a

A a c da a a
a c c d a .
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d a c ; a a a c
a c d, a a

a ab .
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a a a b da a a b c c d.
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275. a a d c.
R a c b ab b a d b
c c a a ab da a.
R a c b ca a d a b
a .

H a a , d d c
ab d a d .



275

T a ,
d c a a c , a d d c a
a c .

T a a c , d c ,
a b d b a ab .

T d c a a c a a a
c , a d c , a a b d b d
c d c c , d c ,

a .
T d c a a c a a a a

c , a d c , a a b d a d
c ca d ca d c c ,

d c , a .
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d .
Q a a a c d a c d a d

276. c a ac c d c a d a a
a a d .

A ca d c d a d a a a
, a b c , a a c a .

I b a a d , a c a a c a a
a b , a b -a - a c a , a a c a -a -

b , a a c a .
T c a c a a d a a a a c
d d da a c ,
da a a a b a d a d a
c d b d da a c c .

Q a a a c d a ca :
d c d , c a a d , c a ,
a d - b c d .

D c d c d b a a a c a d
a c a d a d c b c

a .
C a a d a c a

a b a ab .
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d d a ab a d a d d a ab a d
ac a .
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d ( c ca a c a
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b c a d ), a d

277. a a d ( c

b c a d ac a c d d
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276

M d- d a c d c c b
a a a d a a da a.

I a a a d- d d , ac -
a c c c a a da a a d a

add a a a da a d , a ,
ab a a a ; c
a a da a.

I a a d- d d , a a da a
a c c d , d b a a da a, d

a a a d c d
a a da a; a ac d a a da a.

I a a a d- d d , b a a
a d a a da a a c c d a ab a
a d a a a .



277

Q e ion and Ac i i ie
1. H d d c b a a a a c c, a

278. a c , a d a ?
2. T a c a d a a a ac

a c d . S a c, a a c , a d a
c.

3. T a a c c . D a a c
a c a a a a ac a d

a a a a a ac . A
d ? C d b d ca ? E a a .

4. C a a a c a c d a a a c
d . T a d a, c a a a d ,

a c a a d . F d a d d c
a a c a a a c a a a a d

a . A a c c
a d ?

5. F a c d N b 3, b
d c b a a a a c d ac . R b a

c a a a a a c d ,
a a a a c d .

6. Ba d a c a d d d
N b 5, d a a d c a d .
Ma c d a a c a d c d

c a .



278

279. Ke Te m
a 112
a 112
ca a -c a a a c 102
c a c a a d 97
c a c c 99
c a a d 99
d c a a c 93

a a d- d d 108
a d- d d 108

a c a 97
c a d 101

H a S b c R B a d (HSRB ) 109
d c 110

I a R B a d (IRB ) 109
a c a 100
d c a a c 93
93

b a a ca d 95
b a a a c 98
b a a d 95
b -a - a c a 96

- - d 104
- ca d 103

a a c 112
a c a -a - b 97
a c a b a 96

280. P a c a c c 99
c a 100

a d 103
- c d 105

c acc a d c 110
c b c c 112
c 112
c a c 112

a a a c d 88
a a a c d 88



279

a a d 105
a c 98

a a d- d d 108

Re ie P ac ice Imp o e

G d a d . Acc d
d a c a , ac c , F a ca d ,

a d a edge. agep b.com/me le 6e.



280

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch

281. 281

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2
Imp o ing Reading Comp ehen ion in a Ti le

I P og am



282

De eloping a Re ea ch Plan fo he S d
R ca a Ka a a T I ad c a a a , b ba

a c a d a ac a c d a
d ad c a T I c .

Ka a d ad c
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ac ad c a ca ad a b
d a d d . S d c d d d -c a

a c a a a a ad c
ac a ad d d c ;
c d a a a d d a , c a a d
c a c a . A

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a a d a da d d ac

a a . S d c d d a - d , a d
a d c a d ad a a

282. d a c , cc S b a d Ma . I
add , ba d ad ad c d, a b d

a a c d d d
ad c . T , d c d d d

a d ; d , d a a
c a . S d a - -
d .

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a c c d a c d
d d ab c d c
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a c a d , a d-
d a c d . S d c d d a b a a

a d a a a da ba a d c .
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a a a . I add , a d d ca d ,
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c ad a a .

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a a da a a d b add d b a a da a. H

a c a :



283

Re ea ch Q e ion #1:
I a d c d ad c

283. c ac -d d c , a
a da d d , ba d a d

d a c c ? I , a a d c ?



284

Re ea ch Q e ion #2:
W a a c d b d a d ac a d

d ad c , c a c
ac -d d c ?



285

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3
Concep al Unde anding of Mi o i and

Meio i



286

De eloping a Re ea ch Plan fo he S d
R ca a ac a c d

d d a d c a d .

A Sa a a d T ad b a a c a
c a Sa a ad d, b a d

284. d . T d a a d a c
a d . T d c ac

a a a a ad a b d a
a , ac , a d a . T

b d a d b b a c cab a a d
c c d . H , a , ac

b d c
a a ac d a . A , a d

c a a c a d
a c d a c a . Sa a a d T

d c d a a c c ac , Pa , ca d a
b a a d a. T d
d , ad b a c a a ,

a d. H d a , c Sa a a d T ac a c
b da , ac c d a d c ad
a , c a c a c

a d c a c ad a c .
I a , Sa a d d d a. I b d a

c a d d a b , d
a c c a ? T a d Sa a

d c d a . F a , d c d d a , a
ho gh c d d , d d a

. (O c , a Sa a a d T d c d d d ac
c a a !) A d a ac

285. c d a , d b a
d a a d ad a a . Ba d a d , Sa a a d

T a a a c (a ad b a d d
ac a c c ):



287

Re ea ch Q e ion #1:
I a d c d c c a d a d a d

b c a a a ad a a ac a d c a
a ad a a ac d b-ba d

a a d ac , a a d b ?

W b Sa a a d T d d
a c , d d c a c

a a b . T a d d ab
a c a d a c a . T ,
d c d d c c da a d c d

a a - a d d d a d d c a a
c c a b ( b a ). I d

add a c ac a c d , Sa a a d T a d
a c d a c :



288

Re ea ch Q e ion #2:

286. H d d ba a c c a d a d

a d ? A a c ab d c b
d a a ad a a ac a d

a ad a a ac d b-ba d
a a d ac ?



289



290

T c a a :

T a c d a a c d . I c
a d , d a d a d a

c . T a (c ) a
ad d a a d c ,
a d b ad d a .

T c a a a a ad A c a
d a d a a c d .

T a a d d a d . T a
d c d d ad d ( a

100 d ). A a c d 100 d ac
c a , b 001 100 d a

a a d c a . F a ab a d b , 50
d ac d a a d 50 d

287. a d c . O a , 42 d a
a d 58 a . F - 100 d a c a

ad c d a c c ,
58 a c a ad d c a b

b c c d ca . N d
a c A ca A ca .

T c a a a a ad G d d c
a c a a d ac d .

T a a c d a
c a ac - ad c add

a c a c a c a d ac a
c . W a c d c ,

c a c ad a b
a d c a d c . T a

ad c ad d a d d d d d ba , a d
c a a d d .

T c a a a a ad E a a
c d .

T a a b c
a d c b ca a c c . T

b a add d b a a a
d d c c d ad d, c ,

c , d b d d c d d
ad d. N a d a da a c c d

288. d c d ad d a d da a a a .



291

T c a a a a ad D c
a a b .

A d c b a ac -
ad c c a d d a ca ad a

a c a 0 100%.

T c a a a a ad D c
.

T c b ad : W d , 1995.

T a a a c d a I d c b
a d . A , a c d a
c a c d. I ad, I a d b ad a d

a . T , , d d d a b
c d . T d a c a c a d

d ca c c c c a d d d
a a a d . T d a d c a

a c a d d a c ab d
a a c I a d a a d a d
a a . M a a a c d

a b ca c d a d da a c c
d b ca d d.

289. T c a a a a ad E a a a
d Q a a d a d d d d .

T c b ad : D B , 1995.

Ac R a c C c 4



292

De eloping a Re ea ch Plan fo
Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch

U Tab 4.1 a a d , d a a a ,
a a , d- d d d b

a a ac a c d .
D a c d d .
D d c a a a , a a ,
d- d d , ad a a a d a

c c a c d .
D a a d c d c

ac a c d .
E a a a d add a a ca
d .
I a a , d c a d a .
D a a ab c d c d .



293

290. 294

Pa Th ee Wha Do I Do Wi h All
The e Da a?

Chap e 5. Collec ing Da a
Chap e 6. Anal ing Da a

Pa III b a d
ab da a. I C a 5, a

c c c b a a a d a a da a.
S a c c a ( . ., d , d ,

a c , c d , ,
c c , d -a ) a a c d d. I
C a 6, a c a a a a
a d a a da a. D c a a a ca
a a a d. F a , d a d

a a a
d c d.



295



296

Chap e Fi e Collec ing Da a

C a 5 O a

291. A b c d a a a da a c c c a d c .

C c Da a b a c a c a d
c b-b a c a d c a ac c a d b :

C c Da a
Q a a da a c c c

Ob a
I
J a
E d c a d c d

C a ac c
Acc ac
C d b
D dab

Q a a da a c c c
S , a , a d a ca
C c
T a d a

C a ac c
Va d



297

R ab

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1: M a a d E a
S d R c S c a S c

292. Q ali a i e Da a Collec ion Techniq e
Ob a
I
J a
E D c a d R c d
R c T ac
C a ac c Q a a Da a: Acc ac , C d b ,
a d D dab

Q an i a i e Da a Collec ion Techniq e
S , Q a , a d Ra Sca
C c
F a a d S a C a A
S a da d d T Sc
C a ac c Q a a Da a: Va d a d R ab

No e Abo E hic and Da a Collec ion
A Final No e Abo O gani a ion and Alignmen
S mma

➤ Q e ion and Ac i i ie
➤ Ke Te m
➤ S den S d Si e

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch
➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2: I R ad
C a T I P a
➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3: C c a
U d a d M a d M
➤ W i ing Up Ac ion Re ea ch
➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Checkli



298

293. Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1
Mo i a ion and Engagemen fo S den

Recei ing Special Se ice



299

Implemen ing he Plan and Collec ing Da a
R ca a ac a c d a

a a d a - ad d c c a
c c a c a a d a .

I d b ab a a c c d
a ac c a d a

d ca a a d d d c d .
K a ad d a - - a b a a c a
J d a d Sa a d c a d :

S d : William P. W : A g s 15

Ob : Sarah

Code: X = a ; O = a

* % T-O-T = N mber of Xs di ided b 10 in er als.

T b a ac ac d a ac da
b a a c a d b a a c a .

Da a c d a c d b a b a ,
J d a a a d d a d c
a a d , ca c a ac . F

294. a , a ad d c d ac a ca a
d c d c a c c a

add a d b ac -d b . T a a
a , a d a d a ac d

c c d c a .



300

F a , d a c c a d a ac a
d ab a . T d c d d

a d b a a
- ad d . T c ab a d d

:

1. Do o like coming o see Ms. Jod and Ms. Sarah?
2. Wha do o like mos abo coming o see hem?
3. Wha don o like abo coming o see hem?
4. Ho does i make o feel hen o ha e o lea e o r classroom?
5. Wo ld o ra her s a in o r classroom or go o o r special ser
ices

classroom? Wh ?

Eac ac a d c d
. N d d a a d a d

, b a a d ac a c a a d
c .

295. 301

Q e ion o Think Abo :
T a d ac da a c a a
add c a c ?
W a c da a a d a c
c d a a d?
T a a da a c a a a

ac a c d ?
W d a c a d b c a a

da a?

I c a , c d a ac ing age
c d c a c a -ba d ac a c c . R ca a

ac a c d da a c c , c d c d
c a , a d da a a a , c C a 6. A
a , a c a ca b d

c c b a a a d a a da a ac - d
ac a c d .



302

Q ali a i e Da a Collec ion
Techniq e
R ca a a a da a a narra i e; a , da a
a d . T d a b a c ,

b a a , a , a c a d

296. d c d a d c , c d , . T
a b c c d a a c , b a

b a a a da a a a c
d c a a acc .



303

Ob e a ion
A a b , a c a b a d a

d a d . F , a ac , a c a
b d . H , a da ba , ca
b d a a a a a d a

a a c a b . Ob e a ion , a
a a c c a a da a, caref ll a c a d
s s ema icall c d a a d a a

a c a (Sc c , 1997). Ob a ca b
c a a da a c c
, c a ac a c c

d ba ac a cc
c a d a a d
b d a d ac a d c ca
a .

C a b a ca a c d
c d c d (Pa & B , 2002; Sc c ,

1997). S c ed ob e a ion ca b d
b b , a c c b a ,

297. 304

ac , ac . B ca a a
a c a b a a b ad ,

d c c d c c d b a . C a -ba d
ac a c d b d a

ac (H bba d & P , 2003; J , 2008); d b d
d a c a d ac . Un c ed

emi c ed ob e a ion a ac - a c
b a d ac cc

a c a a b b
d b a a d a (H bba d & P , 2003). I

add , c d b a a ca a a
da a c c , c a , a ac -

a c c a a a d
a a (L d & O d, 2005).

Sc c (1997) d c a ad a a c d c
c a b a . F , ac ca a da a ab ac al

d b a , a d a d
c . S c d, ab ac

a d b ab .
F a , a , c d c a d a c d
a ac b a d a b
ab .

298. H , c d c b a a a a (Sc c ,
1997). F , c ac a a da a
c c b a d c a a d c d

a d ca c a d b a . T a a a
b a d a d a

a b a c d ca . S c d, ca c c
b a a , a d c c a b ca
ad a c b a a a b ,

ac - a c a a a d d d
d b d d b a . S , d b a

d d b a a cc , a a , da
cc c . F a , ac a a ac

a c c , d b a d ,
b a .

C a b a a a c d d d
. F d a b a a a

ac c a (J , 2008). I ca b



305

c d a , c a
d a a (a d, ,

c d ) a d a . J (2008) ad ac -
a c a d a ( .

83). A b a d c d a , d b d

299. b c a a a . A

a b a , a b
da a a c c d.

W c d d , a a c d d d ac
a b c . Y d

c c d ac a b a a d c
a a a a b b d

(L d & O d, 2005). B da a d B (2007)
a a ob e e commen OCs. Ob

c d a
b a a da a. I c d b c
b a a a a a c

c ac a c . I c ca a a a
c a a ac al b a a

c d a b d means. T ac
c d c ac a c d d a a b c a

b c d a d da a c c d. A a a d ,
d b c a d c a a c a c d

ac d a c d
c a ac (H bba d &

P , 2003); a a , a a ab a d
a ac c . I add , a b a

a c a a c c da a; a a c d
c a a ca b a ab c

300. d . A a a a a b d a I
c d d a a a d a d c
a c , d c -c a ac a
b a a d a c a d b c ,

F 5.1.

W d ca b c b a c, . T a
c d c c a d d a a

b (L d & O d, 2005). Video eco ding ca b ,
a a a . Bac d

a a a c
c c d . F , d ca a ca ca



306

a a a d c ( . ., d c ca a
ac ). L d a d O d (2005) a , b

a a b a , a c a d b c
a a a d c d b a d

d a b a c a a d a . I ,
, a b a a c a

c d b a , ca ca c d
a a a (M , 2011); b

d .

O a ac ca , a a ac a b a a d
d b a a . I d c d b

301. a d c d b a d , a a
c d ca a c b a d a ad a da

b b a a d c d a d . I
a a ac c d d b c a a

da , a d a a a ,
a , a . S a , d c d a d -

c d b a , a a ca a a
da ad a c c d . T a a , b a d

d a c a b c ab b
d a d, b ca a d a b c acc d

ca a c a . A a , b c a
da .



307

Fig e 5.1



308

In e ie
A a a b d c a .
T ca b acc d a a . In e ie a
c a b ac - a c a d a c a

d c ac a c a
(Sc c , 1997). I ca b c d c d d d a

302. . I b a a in e ie g ide, c a
c c a b a d, c d c

a .

S a b a , a ca c a d a
c d, c d, - d d. I a c ed

in e ie , a c b a d c
a c c d d . T a d

onl a a d ac b d.
T ca d a c c . I ,
c c a a c c c c a a da a;
ca d ab a c a

b a d b ab a c a ( a
c d d d ), a a
a d , a d d a d

(L d & O d, 2005).

W a a a da a, a bab b
c d c d c d - d d a . I

emi c ed in e ie , a c a a ba
b a a a

a a , a , d d a .
W d d , b
b , c a , a d a d a a (J , 2008;
Sc a bac , 2003). F a , d

a d c , a
, a c d a ,

303. - , b :

W a d ab c ?
Wh do o enjo ha aspec so m ch?
Do o hink o her schools ha e his par ic lar benefi ?

W a a acad c b c ?
Wh is ha o r fa ori e s bjec ?



309

Do o ha e an o hers?
Wha abo e rac rric lar ac i i ies? Are here an ha o
par icipa e in?
Which are o r fa ori es? Wh ?

W a d a ab c ?
Wh do o like ha so li le?
Is here an hing ha he principal or eachers co ld do o
impro e ha aspec ?

T c d d a I d
c d F 5.2, a d a

a c a I c d c d F 5.3.

Fig e 5.2 Sa S c d I G d

Fig e 5.3 P a T a c F a S c d I ,
U G d S F 5.2

304. 310

Open-ended in e ie d d a
, b ad a . T a

d d a d d d a , d d
a ac . F a , a -

d d ab c c a
c d :

W a d c a ?
W a d ab c ?
W a d d ?

A d a , a c d c d
d d a b a . A foc g o p a

a a a a a ,
a a 10 12 (L d & O d, 2005). T
ca a b 1 a d 2 . F c

a c a d a d b ca
a c ab a a a , a d

d d a . F , ac a c
a c a a b a b ca d c

d c . H ,
c d c a c , a a ac

a c a d d a a d a
c (M , 2011). T ca b a d c

305. 311

d d a d a d c ; b
ac - a c c d c d

a . T d I d
a d c a da a c c d a a c d d
F 5.4.

U c c d , a
a c a a ab d. A a a

a d ab a a b d c d. T , b
, a a a add a c . I c a ,

a c a d .

Fig e 5.4 Sa G d Q U d a F c G
I

Q a a da a a a b c c d a - a
(M , 2011). W c b c c a

d, ac - a c ca a c c da a



312

c a , a , a d d b d a
a - a a . O b d a

d - a , a c
a a ad b d . H , b

ca b ca c ca a d a a - a

306. a c a a c d a (M ,

2011). O d d a a a acc a a b
ab c - a a d d .

H bba d a d P (2003) a d ac - a c
ab a info mal in e ie a , a

a a , a a ac da a c c
c , a d a a ca a da ac
d a c a . T ac a c a a
d , a a a

.

Sc c (1997) d a d c a ad a a
a d a c d c a a ac a c

d . Ad a a c d ac a
ac - a c b a d a c a ca a

a c a a . I add , da a ca b
c c d a d, , d a d a d

d c d , a a b a d d a b
d a ad c ab b c

a a d d c d . F a , d ca
a a , , c

, d a d ca a c a
a a ab a a . O a d, ca b

-c . N d a c c da a
d d a d a ba c a ; b da a ca b

307. a a d, a b a c b d a
ca b ad a d c d. T b a I

a d ad a c da a
a d a d , ca c a a 8 9

a c , d d a c d . O
a c d ac a d a ab

a a . Ma a c ab a
c d d c ab b a d .

F a , d a a a a d a b
d a a a . A add a



313

b ac - a c d
a a ab c b .



314

Jo nal
Da a jo nal a b b b ac a d d a d

d a ab a a c a (M ,
2011). I a a , den jo nal d a a

ac , a ac ca a a
d da , c , a d c

c a . Teache jo nal ca a d ac -

308. a c a a a a acc
a c ac c . T b c a

a b ac a ca c
ac c b c c a a a a a d

c ac a a (M , 2011, . 86) b
c b a b a a d

a a c a d b a .

C a a a a a c a a
ac a c da a c c . A cla jo nal a a

a d a . J (2008) a a b a
b b a d a d c a a d c ba a

a c a d d . S d a c a d
, d a , c , dbac ,

, c a c d a a , a . T ac a
a d d a

c a a a d b c a a - ac -a d
a a a b d (J ,

2008).



315

E i ing Doc men and Reco d
O , ac a c c a a da a a a ad

. Sc a d c d c a ab a

309. da a. T da a a a a c c d a

a o her a ac a c d b a b d
a da a d . T e is ing doc men s and records
a a , c d (a d d a d )
c c a a , b , c a a a ,
a da c c d , c , ad , d c c d ,
c a d , a d (a c d c ) a da c
a , a , ad a a , a ab
c , ac c b a d , a d
a da d d c a d a a d b ad ,

d , c (J , 2008; M , 2011; Sc c , 1997).
T a c a d da a d b

nder d, c a c d c ac a c .
H , a d ca d : W da a,
cri ical a c d c a d c d

c acc a da a a d a
a d a a a a ca a (J ,
2008).

C c da a d ca b c
a b so m ch a a

c c . T d a ac d b ac - a c
a a a . A c a a a a ca a d

a a a c d da a a c da a .
I d , d c c a d a

a a a c a a , a
d a a c a a d a

d , a . S a a a , I a d a d a

310. a d d a da c c d , a c ab c ,

d c a , a d a c a a a d c a
c . T a a a d d a a c c ac

d . H , I d d a da a c c ( F 5.5)
a a d c c d a a a

, a a d ca a a a .

Video Clip 5.1 V a c D . M d c a
c d a da a c c .



316

O b da a a d b d
a c a a ac . Cla oom a ifac c d a
a c da a, c a d c a , a

c b d a d a cc c a
a d c (M , 2011). T c da a a

c a d b d a a c b
d a da a ac a c (H bba d & P ,

2003). S c a d d c
ad a a a c -ba d a c

a a ac a d a ac
a a c c d- a a c b

ca a a d - d c d c a
a ac .

311. Fig e 5.5



317

Reflec i e Teaching
A a c ( a ) a a da a a c

a a ac . R c ac c
a a d d ac a c c ,

a a ca a d da a ac
a c c c . I a a a d ca

c a ac a ac c ca b
d a a a d c

c a c . T c da a ca b c c d
- a a , b a , da a d a

( d d a c ab a ), d c d ac a .
W c ac , a ac

a c : (1) ac a , (2) c c
, a d (3) a d d a

ac a cc d d . W a a
a , d c c a b ca a -

ac ion a ac .



318

312. Cha ac e i ic of Q ali a i e Da a: Acc ac ,
C edibili , and Dependabili
W c c da a ac a c d , a

ac - a c a da a. I da a
c c d d a c a c a

a d a a a d d b
a d, a a da a b acc a a d ad .

T a c c a ac a c d
c d ca d, d :
T b acc a a d ad . I a cc , a

a a d a c a ,
d , a , a d a d d .

Validi of e ea ch da a d a c da a a
a b c c d acc a a a

a ( . ., a c d d a ; M , 2011). W
d a a d a a da a, a c a

a c c d o hine a ,
acc ac a d b ab da a. T

ab d b a c d b , a ab , d dab ,
a d c ab a a da a. Ga , M , a d A a a (2009)
a d T c (2002c) a d c b d ac c a ac c

a a da a a :

C edibili ab a a a
a c a c d b , b ab , c ( )

a a c a ( ) a c . A a c

313. c d a d c a da a c c a d a a a
c d a d add a a a

a d.
T an fe abili d c a d
c a d a a ad d
ca a d . R b , a a

d a a ac a c a
a d b ad a a c a

a d -d d a d a c a .
Dependabili a d a c
acc -c a c c a a

a c cc . T a c b d c b



319

c a a cc a d c a
a c d a a c a ac d d ;

da a a ab .
Confi mabili a c ab a a d

b c da a.

Ma (a c d Ga a ., 2009) a d d c a
ab a d a a a c , c c

ac a ca b a b a c . T c a,
c a d a a c d a a da a, ca

c b a da a a d a c

314. (M , 2019):

1. Descrip i e alidi T fac al acc rac acc
d d a c . R a c b

d , a a , ab ca ba d c .
2. In erpre i e alidi T acc rac of he

in erpre a ions a c a b a a d d a d c c
a c a acc a d.

3. Theore ical alidi T c c c
d , a d a , a b d d

a b ad .
4. E al a i e alidi T c

a c b a d b c da a a d
d a b a d a , a a a
d c c d da a.

5. Generali abili T a d c
d ca b d d a d a a cab i hin

c a a d d, a a a cab
a no s died b a c .

T a c ac c , ca a c a a a
a c d , a ca da a.

A a c a ac - a c
c a c c c a b

d a d a hink a a d a
ac all a a a d a (F a , Wa , & H ,
2012). T ac c c d a (a ada d

315. F a a ., 2012; Ga a ., 2009; a d M , 2019).

Use a arie of ins r men s, me hods, and so rces o collec
da a. R a c d a a d



320

d a d c da a c c
a c a d d . T c

d , da a c c a , a d da a c
a d a a c (G , 2006)

a a a . T a a a c
d- d a c d , c a a d

C a 4 d b c a d ac a c
d a a a a a da a a (I a a,

2015). A d d b a c a d
d a a d d a d a

ac a a d d c c ad c ac
(H bba d & P , 2003; I a a, 2015). F a ,

b S a ac all doing a old
a d , a d a a d ca d a -

d d a ( F 5.6), a
c d c c c d a a acc a d c
S a ac c . I d , da a a b

d b b a a da a a d b a

316. . Had a c da a c ad c d

ac , d a a d a a d
c c , a a S a a a a d

a , a a d d ac c .
Engage in persis en and prolonged par icipa ion a he s d
si e. T d b , , a d

a c a c ca a c a a
da a. T d, b ab

d a ca , a ca , a d/ b a c
. T d a a d a b a a a

d, a ;
d c b , ac , a d a

a c a , d a d
a c a , a c ( b

a c a c b d ), a d b a
b a b (G , 2006). Ob

c c a d .

Fig e 5.6 T a a T S c Da a



321

Cond c member checks. Membe checking a c
a a c a d c d d

acc ac a c . T c d

317. a a c , a a ca

( c a b a a b c ), a d
d a a c a d . T a

da a c a a d
a c a a d d a acc a (G , 2006).

Use peer debriefing and e ernal a di s as mechanisms for
erif ing o r processes. Pee deb iefing ac

a ( a a c a a c ca d)
ca c a c b a d c

c da a c c , a a , a d a .
A e e nal a di a d d d a
(a a , a c a , c ca d, c.) a d a a

a a c . B a d
d a a add a

d a d a a a c c , c
a c a c d b .

De elop de ailed descrip ions and no es, and engage in
refle i i . N b a a d d b a
d a d a b . I add , a b
c d da a c c d c a

a , a , b a b c ca a
a a c d . T c a

a a d a ac a
b a a a efle i i .

Anal e nega i e cases. S ca ( . .,

318. ac ) d a a a b d a



322

c a d . I ad a
ca , d a a ac a a
nega i e ca b a ca b

a a . L a ab c ,
ac a d d

.



323

Q an i a i e Da a Collec ion
Techniq e
I c a a a da a, a a da a a n merical.
A a ca b a d ( . ., c d, ca c a d, a d, a d
a d) ca b c d d a a da a. T c d

a ca b c d b a a , a d ,
, c ca ca .

Q a a da a c c c c d ,
a , c c , a d a ca a a a d

a a . G a
a , a a da a c c c a c ,

a ca c c da a d d a
a . H , d da a d b

319. c a a a a c .



324

S e , Q e ionnai e , and Ra ing Scale
T s r e a c c a a da a
c c c a ad a a

a a a . S a b
ad d ba c a a

da a a ca ad a a .
S a a ad d , a c
a a c a a a d a

a a d
a c , a c ca a a . S a d

a ac - a c a a
a a a a a a c (J ,
2008). T c a a d

a . T a b c ; ca b
c d open-ended q e ion ( d d a d

) closed-response ra ing scales (
d d a c a d d

). T a c a a c b a
a . A a - d d

c a , ad d , a a d a a c d-
a a c d a d

320. d , c a a c a d
ad d d c d- (Sc c , 1997).

A c d- a d d
a b c c c c . F a , c d

:

W a a b c c ?

E
Ma a c
Sc c
S c a d

S d d b c d c . T
a a ab ; c b

d c ac . F , a a
. Y a da a a d

c c d :



325

Sc c = 35%
Ma = 25%
E = 25%
S c a d = 15%

I a a a a b ad
c (J , 2008). I , a , a b c
a d a a a c a , a

321. d d ? A a c
ac a d acc a a . O a a

a c a c a cc c b ad a :

W a a b c c ?

E
Ma a c
Sc c
S c a d
O :

Open-ended a d d a
b . F a , c d a d d

a b c a a - d d b
a , W a a b c c ?

H a d a . I
b a c a a da a b
a a d a b

ac ca . T :

Sc c = 26%
E = 25%
G = 15%
S c a d = 15%
Ma = 10%
A = 5%
P ca d ca a = 2%
I d I d a a a b c = 2%

Ob , d a acc a

322. a d a . T b a c a d a

- d d a a



326

a a ca b ca
c (J , 2008).

T a d c b a a a d a a
ca a a a a c -ba d

( a a a ), a a ca a
a a a d d a d a

d ca ( . .,
a , c , d d a d ) a

(J , 2008). Ra ca ca b d
c a d a d , c , b a .

T a a ca a a a a a
ca : L a d L - ca . A Like ( c d c - )
cale b a a a d a d d a d

a a /d a c . T L ca ca a
s rongl agree s rongl disagree. I ca c d

a 5- ca , 5 d d a :

1 = d a
2 = d a
3 =
4 = a

323. 5 = a

T d b a b d a a
c d c a c

a d a a c d a a a ca .
B c d , a d d ca a
a a a , ac a ca .
H , d d a a , a d c

no c ab ; c
a , c a b ( a

ca , da a d a acc a ). O a d,
d d a r l a d a a d d

d b ca a a d
a a a ab a c

c a a d a d, d
acc a da a c a a . T c
d c d c a a a ca .

H , d c d ca b c d a d
c d c a a d d ca acc d .

F 5.7 a a a ca a I d a d



327

a c d d d ac dbac
c a ac . N c a L - ca d .

A c a a b c d a

324. a a a .

Fig e 5.7 P a Ra Sca I D c a L
Sca

A a ca a Like - pe cale. T ca a
a c , b a a

b a d. F a , a L -
a c a d a ca a a a (e cellen

poor), c cc c (al a s ne er), c
( er comfor able no a all comfor able; M & C a , 2011).



328

A a a L - ca , d a d
d a - - d a a , F 5.8.

Fig e 5.8 P a Ra Sca I D c a L -
T Sca

I a ab a d a
ca d . P ac - a c d b a

a a c ad a
a a a ad d . A I a d

a a a 5- ca ca a a , c d
a c a d c c d b d

b ab d c a b ad ac ca .
H , d a a c da a c c

325. c d . Y ca acc da b
d ca a d a a c

a . S a a a , I a a a a c a
a a d d a d a a

d a - - d a a d . W ad



329

ac ad a c d a d a
c d a X ac a d
( F 5.9).

U a , c d ad d a a d a a d d
a a a b . T c d

ca b 1 , a ac ad
a b , a d ac X a a

ac . A a , a d a
ac X a ac . S a

c d ad a d a b .

Ob , c a d b c acc ac
da a! O , d c d d a

a d ca a F 5.10.
U a , c d d c c d a b

a c a a a d a ac
a b .

326. T I a ac a d c c da a
a d - . T

a d a b , c a S M
( :// . .c ), C c b
( :// .c c b .c ), Z a
( :// . a .c ), a d P E
( :// . .c ). Ma a a dab

c d a d a a acc d a d
ad a . Ma a a d da a
a a c da a c c .

T ad a a a d a ca c d ac a
a c a a da a c c d

a d , c , . T a a
c d d , d d a d

a c c , a d d a .
Ra ca a d c d- ca b a d,



330

a d ca b a d c d c . T
c a ca a c a c .

T a , c , a ac
a c c . A a - d d ca

b -c , b ca a b
a b (Sc c , 1997). T a ca b c b

ac - d d a ca c d-

327. . A a a ac -

a c c a ab a d d a ,
c a a d c a

a a .

Fig e 5.9 Ra Sca I U d W Y C d



331

A a ca d a a da c d a
c d d a d.

T a d S d S -A S ,
d b b :

D c : A d bac da
K d a . R ad ac d a d c

d a a a ac S d S -A
S R F .

1. H d d ab da K d a ?
2. H d d ab a da

K d a ?
3. H d d ab a ac a ?
4. H d d ab a d c a a ?
5. H d d ab a a d?
6. H d d ab a c ca a?
7. H d d ab ac d d da

c ?

328. 8. H d d ab a c a d da ?

T d b c c
b , ac a d ab , c a S a
b , a a , a d a a ad .

Fig e 5.10 R d V I P d F
5.9



332

T a d S d S -A S ,
d b b :

D c : A d bac da
K d a . R ad ac d a d c

d a a a ac S d S -A
S R F .

H d d ab da K d a ?
H d d ab a da
K d a ?
H d d ab a ac a ?
H d d ab a d c a a ?
H d d ab a a d?
H d d ab a c ca a?
H d d ab ac d d da
c ?

H d d ab a c a d da ?

329. 333

A b d ac ab a d
c , d d a , da , , da

a d .

T d b d c c b
b , a d . Eac b

c a c c a b a d
b , a ac c , a d a a ac c .

A , I d a ada d
a c (J , 2008; M , 2011; Sc c , 1997;

Sc a bac , 2003) a d d a d
a d a ca a a c c ac a c da a.

Eac d c a d a c c .
D a , c a ,

.
K b a d ad

a a ; a d d
c d acc a

a .
I a d a a ca , ca
c . O , d ca
b c c d a d acc a da a.
C d b c d- a d - d d ,

d a b b .
D ad ; a d a ca

330. a c a b c .
A a ad a d a a

ad b ad .

Video Clip 5.2 & 5.3 V c ac - a c
d c da a c c .



334

Checkli
A c c a b a , c a ac c , ,

a a a c d a (J ,
2008; L d & O d, 2005). T a d c b a
c c a d a a ca a c c a
d c , a d
c . I ad d ca , d , a

, c c ab ac - a c d ca
if b a c a ac c b d/

no b d/ . C c a c ac -
a c a a a d a ca ; ,
d da a a a a a d a d a

a ca .

W c a a c c , a a
b a a a ab . O , a b c

d b a d
c d c c . A a d c c d

331. F 5.11.



335

Fo ma i e and S mma i e Cla oom
A e men
W c ac a c d d a ,

c da a ca b d a
a c . Ma da a a a a

d da - -da c d c d
a d a a c a b c

. Fo ma i e cla oom a e men a a
a a ad d d ring c ,

d a ad d b ad a
c (M , 2003). F a

a a c d a a a a d
ad d a , c a b a , a ,
a d d c .

Fig e 5.11 Sa C c L a I d d R ad a
E a L

S mma i e cla oom a e men a a a a
ad d af er a b a a d c ( . .,
c a c a , d a , d
a c ) a ad a d c , c
a a a ad d a b ad

332. 336

d ac (M , 2003). S a a a
a a a , a d ad a a

c d d ad a c . I c d d d b c a ,
, d- -c , a a c -ba d c ( . .,
a c , a c -ba d a ) ca a

a a d a d ac a d a
c a b c a d/ . O a

a a b c d d a c
a a d a d a c

ad . I a c d d a da a ac a c d ,
a a b onl c da a (J , 2008).

T ad a a a a d a a a
c da a ac a c d a a ca

a da a a c d c b
a a ac c a a a

ad d d ac - a c . I c a
c da a ca ac a c d c d a d a

a a b , a a d d da a
c c specificall a d onl d . H ,

d ad a a da a a a c
a d . T c c a d a

ac - a c a

333. d da a c ca d a a c

a d a d . O , da a
c ac a c d a a

a .

I add , a b a c d d a
a d d ac a c d

d a a d c ca a c a
a ( ) cc a a d

c a a . I ca , a
b c d d a da a, c d d a d ad d

a c c a c - a d d. T d ,
, a a a c a a da a.



337

S anda di ed Te Sco e
S a da d d c ca a b d a c a a
da a. I a a a a da a c c

d a b c d d c d , c
a ad d d a a a a c a

c a d d c - acc ab . A a ,
da a a b c d d ac a c d , ad ab

a b c da a; ca b d
ca c da a, c a b a , -

334. d d , da a.

P a , b c a d ca , d a
c a da d d . R a d

ab , are a c da a a ca b d
a a a c add a c a b
c b . I a a d a a

a c a d ad a
d a d c c c ( a b a
d d a c a d a a a d c ), d a a

a b - d d c ab
c , c c , a , a d ? T
a :

I d a a da d d !
B a da d d a a
a . A a a ac c

d ca a a 40 a c a .
T I a ac c a d I

a a a d ca ad a a a d .
A a b a d c
ab c d , d a c a a b

d d c b a acc a a b . W a
d ; a ad ;

; c ; b
; c a b c a ; a

a c ba d a ; c. T a da d d
a a c a ab d

335. a , ab ac , a d ab c c . P a
a c add a



338

a ab d a . T ca
acc ac d c a a ab d ,

a a c . (M , 2007, . )

A Planning fo Da a Collec ion empla e appea in Appendi C
and
can al o be fo nd a an in e ac i e PDF on he S den S d Si e.



339

Cha ac e i ic of Q an i a i e Da a: Validi and
Reliabili
Validi a a a a a a c da a a d a

d da a a , ac , a a b d
d b d , d d ac all a a

d d a , ba d c a c ? T
a da a a c c a b acc a , c ca
ac a a a d acc a for o r p rposes
( . ., d ab acc a a a c

?). F a , a a a ad ac
ad a a da d d

336. d ab -a a , a a , a d b -a a ad
. T a a a c a d ac a

ad c d d b d b
cc a ad a c d- ac c . T

a a d c a d; c d . I
c a d ac da a, a a d

c d. T d a
a d da a a a a b a a c a
da a, c a b a a d, a d b

c c d a (M & C a , 2011).

C , a d a a a c c (A ca Ed ca a
R a c A c a , A ca P c ca A c a , &
Na a C c M a Ed ca , 1999), c b

a c a b d c b d a d c
a d : c , c c , d c , a d c c . I d d a

d c a acc a d d c
d d a c d ( .

11). Va d a a da a ca b d d
a a a c d c a d . A

a da d a d , c
a d d c a (M , 2019). T

c d c a d a a :

E d c a d ba d ( ) c T
d c ba d a b c a

337. ( da a c c ) a d d
c a ac c a .



340

E d c a d ba d c T c
a d d c a a d d a
a a .

E d c a d ba d a c T d c
a a a a a

d d a a a a d d
c a ac c d d b a d.
E d c a d ba d a a ab
A a a b c a d

a a a c c ca d
d c a d .

E d c a d ba d c c A
da a c c d c a a

b b a d d d a d a a
c . T c a da d d ca

c c b a b a d.

Ma c a d d c a a a
a - ca a , c a a

b a ab c a a a
d d a c d d a a c d . S c a

338. a c a -ba d ac a c , I a
a ac - a c b c c d d c

a d based on ins r men con en . T c d c
ba d a b c add d a

a d da a c c a d d
con c ( c a ac c) a . F a ,
a a d d d a d

a d a a a c . W d a a
a d d a d c a a c

a a , a a b c a a
a c a c c a
a a c . A a a , c d a

ad d d a d c
. I a d b ab d a c c

specificall ab d a d c c c ,
d d b a a d c . I
a d a a d d a d
d d a c b d a c

c a a d ca d d a d
onl d b a a d, a
c . T d c ca ba d b c , ca



341

a a c c a a d ca b ab d b
c ca b ac a a b d

339. a c a c d. I d , a a b c
c , a ac - a c c ca

a d d a a d a c c a a
, a ca , c c , , d a

a a a a d d a .

Reliabili , a c d a c a ac c a a da a,
c c c c d da a. I a acc

a ca acc d d d d a b ac
acc d a a a d, a d, a d a

, a c d c a
a a d. I d , acc ( da a) a

c a d, , ab . I , , ac acc
a a , a a c d c

a d a b c d d ab . S a , ad a c a
a d d d ca c c a c b d a

d ac , c c d a
ab . I , , a ac

ad , c d ab a d,
, a (M & C a ,

2011).

A d a a d a a da a, a
a d d ab da a (M &

C a , 2011), a c a a a ac
c d c ac a c . R ab a a da a a

340. ab d b c a
a a a . T d d a d -

, a , a d a c c . T -
d, a a a d,

ad a a . T a a b
c a ac ac a d ac

a c . In e nal con i enc a a ca a
ab a a ad d c . F a ,

ab a ca ac
c d c a c . O a a c c

a K de -Richa d on fo m la 21 (a
a KR-21). T a c a 0.00 1.00;
c a 1.00, ab da a a . T a



342

a a a d ca c a , c ca a b c d c d
a c ca c a , a:

K = b ,

SD = a da d d a a c , a d

= a a c .

W a d a d ab a d c c c , b
ac a a a a (M & C a , 2011).

341. I b c b a d a b ab
(c ) b a d ( a a a a

d d). I c a , c ca b b a d a d ab
c a a a d d b a d, d a

d c . T , ab a c a , b
c , c d a d . W ab a d a d
ab a c da a, a a b

ada : A alid es is al a s reliable, b a reliable es is no
necessaril alid (M , 2019).



343

No e Abo E hic and Da a
Collec ion
I C a 4, a d ab ca c d a a

d b c a d a ac a c c . B ca
a b d c da a c c c a , c ca

a a . R ca a c c a da a
c a a d o side a ,

ac a c a ac d b a
b a a d d . A ca a

d a a d c d c a d
b a ac a d a c a

a d c ac a c d , a
d b a a . H , d

342. a da a a c c a b ad a d c ( . ., a ,
a c c , a d c d a ), a

b a d c d da a a a .

A , c a c c d da a b
d , ac , d d a da a
c a d c d a . A d d ac

a a a a da a. O a
c d a a d b a d a

d d a . A a b c ca b
d c a d , acc b a c a
a c . T a , a d d d b

ab d d d a a c a and c da a. A
ac a c ab a a d c d a

a c a a d da a a a c ac a c
c a d a ac a c c .



344

A Final No e Abo O gani a ion and
Alignmen
O a c ac a c c a d
b c ac a c a a c

ac a c c a d a d a d. T
c ca c ad c a I a

a d, , a c d
c ac a c . W a I a a

343. a a a c d a c a c
d c , a c c da a a d

c da a a a b ab a
a c . O a a a d a

acc d a ab a c ac
c a d a a a d a a

d da a (a d a a ) a a a a
add ac a c . A a c a

c d a ca ac a c a d, a
a , Tab 5.1.



345

Table 5.1

S a

Q a a da a a a a , a a a a d .
Q a a da a a a c c d b a ,

, a b b a d c
c d .

Ob a ca a d a ca a c
a d c d a a d a a .
C a b a a b c d, c d,

c d.
U c d c d b a a ac

344. b a d cc
c a .
C a b a a a c d d

d , c a c d b c .
I a ca a c a b

d d a .



346

I ca a d , c a b
c d, c d, - d d.

I ca a b c d c d d d a
a a a c .
I a a b c d c d a a - a .
J a a a b b b ac a d d

d d a ab a
c a .
E d c a d c d , a a d

a a ac a c , a ab da a a ab
c a d a b d a add a c

a . T c d c a a ac , c a
d .

I a ac - a c ab
da a. T c d c d b ,

a ab , d dab , a d c ab

345. a a da a.

Q a a da a a ca a d c d ab a
a ca b c d, a d, a d.

S a a c
a c a d.

Q a a c c
ad a a .
I ca c - d d
c d- a ca .
A c d- a d

d a b c c c c .
A a da a c b

ac .
O - d d a a b

b . A a da a
a a d c .

S a d a ca a c a a da a
a a d d a , b ca b -

c a a .
C c a a a ca a
d c ( . ., )

.
T a d a ca b d a

a a da a, d d a d
da a.

346. Va d a a da a a d c
da a a a b d .

R ab c c a a da a a d
d d a ca .
R b : A a d a a ab , b a

ab c a a d.



347

Q e ion and Ac i i ie
1. D c b a b c c b a a a d

a a da a a a a ac a c d . D
a a a a c a a c a d
c c b a a a d ?

2. W a a c a , a d c ca
ac - a c , a a a

c c d da a?
3. Ma d, d b a ca a a

a ac c . F d a ca ( . ., a
a , d ) a d d 30 b a d a
d a a d a . I c d a b c

a d a a d d b a . A a d,
c c . W a d d , a d d d ?

H c d b a a a d - a
b a ?

347. 4. T a c a d a a a a ac
a c d . D a c d d a 15-

a d d a . B c d d a
a b . N , d .

A a d, c c a a . W a d d
, a d d d ? H c d
?

5. U a c d d N b 4, d a 15-
a ca a a a c c a d c , a c

a d d c a . R b a a
a ca a L a L - ca . Ad

a a d d a . A a d, a
d dbac . R c c

d a d ad a .
6. Ca a d c c d a d

a a c? W a a ? H d c d b
a acc ?



348

Ke Te m
ac a 129
c a a 138
c a a ac 139
c ab 141
c c 156
c d b 141

348. da a a 138
d dab 141

a a d 143
c 136

a c a a 152
a 138
a c c 157

d 134
132

K d -R c a d a 21 157
L ca 146
L - ca 148

b c c 143
b a 130
b c 132

- d d 134
- d d 144
d b 143

143
ab 156

c d 134
c d b a 131

c d 134
c d b a 131

d a 138
a c a a 153

349. ac a 138
a ab 141

141
c d b a 131

a d a c da a 141
d c d 132



349

Re ie P ac ice Imp o e

G d a d . Acc d
d a c a , ac c , F a ca d , a d
a edge. agep b.com/me le 6e.



350

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch



351

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2
Imp o ing Reading Comp ehen ion in a Ti le I

P og am

350. 352

Implemen ing he Plan and Collec ing Da a
R ca a ac a c d a d

ad c a T I c .

I d add a a c c d a
d c d ad c

d ac -d d c , ba d a d
d a c c Ka d d c a a a

a d a d a ad c . A a
d a c c a a a a d ad c
ad , Ka c d W dc c R ad Ma T
R d (F H) ad ad d S b a d
Ma . F d c , d ac R ad
C C c , c a a a a c a . A
a a c b 50 c ; Ka -

a d ca c d a 35 c . S b
d a a c c c a .

Ka c d a c d a c d b b
a d d a d d ad c .

S d c c da a ab add a
c . F , d c d c da b a
d a d c d b a a a d a a a ca a

a ad c d c b a . T c b a
d b d c d c d a a a d

a a ad a a a a b . S c ca , d

351. d d a ad c a
ad b a . S c d, Ka a a d d ca a

d d c a d ad c
a . S d d a c d d c d c

d . H d c d d
:

W a d ad c a ?
D a b d a d a ad?
W d a b ?
W a d a d a a ad?
D d a ?
W a a d d a d a ad?
D ad ?

Ka a d ac d a a c a 2-
a d c ac a c c . S a c a d

a ab c ad , a , a d ad
d a d . S a a c a c d

c a .



353



354

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3
Concep al Unde anding of Mi o i and

352. Meio i



355

Implemen ing he Plan and Collec ing Da a
R ca a ac a c d a d

d a d c a d .

Sa a a d T a a d Ja a a d
F b a a d ad d d-F b a . I d add

a c , ac c c d d c
a d c d d a ad , c c a a b
b .

N c a Sa a a d T c d d c ac
d d a d b a c a d ( . ., 1 3, c

ab ) a d c a c a c d ( . ., 1 = ad a
c a d 2 = ad a c a c ).

T a a d b c a c d c a
c a a a ca a a . B ca d a -
c a a d , Sa a c a d d

a a c a d d - a .

T a c d a c , Sa a a d T c a d a
c ab a c a ac I a b (a

:// .b .c ). I d a c a d c ,
ac d a c a , a a ad d

353. d c b a d , ab c a d c c .

T ad d D c #1 W a a d a ?
T ad d D c #2 S c d

. P d c a a a a c
a d.

T ad d D c #3 W a d a ab
a d ? W a a c a ab ?

A d d a c
. Sa a a d T b d a b c d d

c a a da a, c d c d d ac
a d c . I add , a b ad a



356

d c ad a a a da a c c c a d
b d b c d d ac a a a a a .

Sa a a d T a c d c d a ca d a a a d
d d a a a , c , a ca a , d d c
d c . H , b ac a d d a

a a d d c a a d c a
d d ab c a d , b a

a d d d a . T d d a a a
d c ad b a d a
a ba ad . D da ac c a , Sa a a d

T a d d a d c ab a ad

354. a d. F a , Sa a d a b d c

, a d a d , d a
d a d a a c . Sa a a d T

d ac c c a , a d ac c a
d c a d a d a d a c d .

B d da , b ac ad a ad c d a
.

T da , ac d a ca d ac d
d d a a a . T c d (b ca

c a ) a d c d b . Sa a a d T a d ac
d , ca c d :

W a ?
H d c a a d a d
b ?
W a ?
H a c a d b a d c a d b

a ?

T a ac d ca a ab
a . T ac d b-ba d a a

c , a a d b d ac ac
d . S d a d d c a c ad

b d.

A c d a a a d a a b , Sa a
a d T ad b a a da a.

355. 357



358



359



360

T c a a :

W U Ac R a c : Da a C c M d

I ac ad , c c c (a a d , a
a d ac , a d ca c c a ) a a dd c a a
N F da c . I a a b a - ac a , a

a , , a d a a a ac . W c 130
d a acad c a (T a E). A I ac
c c c a a da , I a d - d c a
a c .



361

T c a a a a ad S a d
a c a .

356. T c a ad - a a a d ab -a a c c
d . I c a c a da ca a .

W c c a , I d d b
c da b ac . S d a

a ab d ac . A a ad a a
a d da a a d c d

c a a d a b a d a a ab c a
a .

M da a a a d b c a d a d a d
a c c a b c a , d d ,

a d a c c d d. T d a d a d
ac d c d b d , b

a , a d b b a . C c da a
c a d a a d d . Da a

a a d d c d d
a d c . I d

a c a b a d a a b a d d
d .

T c a a a a ad D c da a
c c d a d E a a

T a a .

D c , I d c c d,
c , c c a , a d ab a a . A
, d a c a a c c . S

357. a d - ac d a . T d d b
d d a a d . T d ac d

a a c c , d I ad d a ,
c c a d : H d a

c c ? H a d a c c a a ? H
a c a ab c c a ? S d

a d a a ac a ca 1 5. T
ca a d b (1) a a c , (2) a

a c , (3) d c , (4) a a c ,
a d (5) a a c .

T c a a a a ad Da a c c
c d a d a a

I a .

Add a , I a ac d d
c a d c d a c c c d



362

a a c c . T c d d :
H a c c d ab a c c ? H

a ca d c d d c c ac a ? I d
a a ca a a I d d .

A b c d , I d c d a
c a a . Oc a a a d a d a

358. b ca b c a a a a ab -d
d a c . I a d a I b a a

c c c . A a d c d, I a d
d c a a c a b

a d a a d b c ca a d
b ca c a a d d . S d d
acc d a c a b a d a d

d a d a a a
d b d a a c a d .

D d, I b a d c d a c
a , H S d (Wa , 1994). H S d a a a

a c b d, a c , a d a a
a c a a d a a . T d c

H S d a d d d a
c .

T d I b d a d ad a d
a d ac c a . T b a

d d b a : W a b a d
c a d a a ? A
d a b c ? A b

? A a b d a a ?
T b a a d a a

c a I d d- - d d . I a ab
d c c b a c d c c

a c d a a c .

359. T c a a a a ad Ob a a a
a a da a .

A d c a a I ad ac d a
a c a . A a ,

ac a a d c c a d
d . I d d c a

d c a . Eac d a a a d a ,
d d a c , d : W a

b d d c d
a ? W a d d a ab c

d a ? D d a d
a ? W d d a a

c c c ? A a , I d a d a



363

a ab c d a c c . I a d
: I c d a ab c c a ? I

c d a a a a d a d a c c c a ?
D a c d a c c ? W ? H

a c c d ab a c c ? H a ca
c d d c c ac a ? I a a d

d a a a I ad a d b
.

360. T c a a a a ad Add a a a
da a .

T c b ad : H , 1995.

T a da , a d ca a a ac d
- d c a a d a d d b c

c ab c ca a . S d
b c c a a d a d d

a . O da - d c a a d a d
. A c d, d a d c a -

. T a d a , b ad,
a d a b a a a . I d

d c a a ac a .

T c a a a a ad M c
da a; a da a c c .

T c d c d a da a . S d
d . E ad

ac a I c d b . T d b ab
d a .

T c a a a a ad Q a a da a
a ac a .

D c d , c a a a d M da a d T da .
A d c d , d ca d

ad 1 a d 3 d d b d .

361. T d d d :

D d a c a da ? Y , N

2. I , d d a :

a. d ; b. ac ; c. d ; d.
d a d ac .

D d a a da ? Y , N

4. I , d d a a :



364

a. d ; b. ac ; c. d ; d.
d a d ac .

T c a a a a ad Q a a da a
a d S .

I c d a - d c c c a c a a a
5 . S d a d a a d

ba 5- d. J a ad da .

T c b ad : G a a , 1995.

Ac R a c C c 5



365

362. De eloping a Da a Collec ion Plan fo
Ac ion Re ea ch
R a c ( ) a d d c ab

a a a , a a , d- d d
ac a c .

I d c c q ali a i e da a, d c d c
:

Ob a ( c d, c d, c d)
I ( c d, c d, c d)
J a
E d c
O c a a da a

I d c c q an i a i e da a, d c d c
:

S , a , a ca (W a ca
L , L - , - d d ?)

C c
F a a d/ a c a a
S a da d d c
E ca da a
O c a a da a

I d a a ( . ., -d d), c a
d , , a a , d d a

da a c c a .

E a a a c (d d da a
c c a ) a c c d-

363. a da a.



366



367

Chap e Si Anal ing Da a

C a 6 O a

A b c d a a a da a a a c a d c .

A a Da a b a c a c . T
c b-b a c a d d d a a

d b :

A a Da a
Q a a da a a a c

I d c a a
U c a
G d a a da a
a a

Q a a da a a a c
D c a c
I a a c
U c a

G d a a
da a a a

364. Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1: M a a d
E a S d R c S c a S c
Q ali a i e Da a Anal i Techniq e



368

I d c A a
U C S a A W Q a a Da a
A a

Q an i a i e Da a Anal i Techniq e
U D c S a c
U I a S a c
A N Ab A a S a da d d T Da a
U C S a A W S a ca
A a

A No e Abo Mi ed-Me hod Da a Anal i
Repo ing he Re l of Da a Anal i

G d R R Q a a Da a
A a
G d R R Q a a Da a
A a

S mma
➤ Q e ion and Ac i i ie
➤ Ke Te m
➤ S den S d Si e

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch
➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2: I
R ad C a T I P a

365. ➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3: C c a
U d a d M a d M
➤ W i ing Up Ac ion Re ea ch
➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Checkli



369

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1
Mo i a ion and Engagemen fo S den

Recei ing Special Se ice



370

Anal ing Da a
R ca a ac a c d a

a a d a - ad d c d c a
c c a c a a d

a .

W ac - ad c a d c , ac
d a ad c d a a d a a da a

c d ac a c . S c K a
d d - - a b a , d a ,
a a , a d c a da a a J d a d Sa a ad c c d

- ad d d c a c a c
ac a d . K d

366. d ca a a d d c b
c a a ac a c a
c . F a , J c ab a a

a a ca da a d d a d
a .

T add a c , a d ac , K a
a d c c d b a ac

d . S d d a a ab , c d d
c a a ac d d a d ac d

da a c c . I ad c a ac da ( c
d a d c da a b a d d), K a

a d a ac b a b X
ac a da a d d d a b b 50 (5 da 10

b a a da ):

S d : William P.

Ac a - ad d , a
- - a c a . G a a , a

d c d c a b 20% 25% ( . .,
50% - a b a ac 75%



371

- a b a ). A c d a a , a
a .

367. F c d a c , K a d K a, J ,
J d , a d Sa a a d c b d a a a

. Eac d ca a a c d d
b d a c c

c a , b d c b a a . D d
c , d ac d c c a d
ad a da a a ,

a a a . T ad d b a a a
c a b a d a ad .

F a , add d a c , J d c a
ac d . H d d a d a

d , d d a a a a c . H d c d d
d - d a d ,

a a d c a d
a . S a d ca

d a d Q 2 (Wha do o like mos
abo coming o see hem?) a d Q 4 (Ho does i make o feel

hen o ha e o lea e o r classroom?). R Q 2
c d d

I s f n! I doesn feel like I m e en in school.
We pla i h s ff and ha e f n.
M fa ori e is brain break, ca se I ge o s op learning for a li le
bi
and gi e m brain a res .

Responses o Q es ion 4 incl ded:

368. I don mind lea ing m classroom beca se I kno I m gonna ha e
f n i h Miss Jod and Miss Sarah.
I s oka , and I can ai o go back o m classroom and ell m
friends ha I go o do.

T a da a c c d b ac d
a c a . H ,

a d d c a d a a da a a
ad a d d a a a a
c .



372

Q e ion o Think Abo :
T a a a ca c a d a ac
a a da a d ca ad c c d, a d
a d a c ?
D d ca a a ?
M b a a a a a

d? I , a c d a a
c d ?

H d d ca c a a a a
a a a a c
a ?

T c d ac a ac a c
a a a da a a c c d. R a d

d a d a a da a,
a a da a, b , bab d c

369. c d a c c a . T a
b d a a a a a da a a b

ad, a a d, c d d, d, a d a d ac
a a ca a a a b c a . I a ca ,

ab c ca a a a ca c a
d a a a a
a c d , d

d c a a d da a a a . Y da a a a
c b a d a c . I

a a b a a a da a a a
d c a a da a a , a a ab

a .



373

Q ali a i e Da a Anal i
Techniq e
R ca d c d c a a a c

d C a 1 a a a a a da a
a c d c a a . W c d c a a da a
a a , a c b c c b a ( . .,
da a), a a da a, a

a , a d a d a c c
a d . A a ac a c
a a a a da a a

a c c (Pa & B , 2002),

370. ac da a b a ,
a c a , a d a a c b
c c c d a .



374

Ind c i e Anal i
A a a d a a

a a da a, ac - a c a a b
d b a a a ad, a ca a

a d a (Pa & B , 2002). T a
c a c d c a ind c i e anal i a a da a

b a a d c
a a a c c d, b d a d

a da a a a a d d
c c a d

ac a c d (J , 2008). H , a
b a , d c da a d c , d

, d , , a da a
(Sc a bac , 2003). Pa a d B (2002) d c b

c a a a a a a a a ca
a a d d ac a c

a a ac a d a d da a ( . 55). T
d c b a - c c d c a a :

a a , d c , a d a .

371. T a a a d c a a
d c a a a a a da a

a c , b a a d , a d a
d c c d a a c c d. T

acc d d a
ca a , d a a coding cheme, c

d da a a d a a
(Pa & B , 2002). A ad a c ,

d , a d d c a a d ,
b d c ca a a a . Y

d a ac ca a cc a d
c d a a da a acc d . S a c d a

a c c c b a a d a b
a da a (M , 2011; Pa &

B , 2002). S a c d d c d
a b a d a 3- b 5- c d

ca d ; c c a a a a c
a d d d ca . I



375

a d c a c d a
(M , 2011; Sc a bac , 2003).

I C a 5, I a d a c a d a I c d c d

372. c a c . I c d c d

d b a a d a b a
c a I d. O c I ad c d da a

c c , I b a ad d (c
b c ) a d a c . A I ad

da a, I d d c d c a a a
Tab 6.1. Ob , ca c a d c da a

a . H , a , I b d a a ca
ad a a c c a c .



376

Table 6.1

A d ca , I b a ad da a
d c d a a c a d d a d

a c . I a d b a a b a
( F 6.1) a d a c ( F

6.2) d a I c d d a da a. A
ca a d d, a a a b
c d d ca , d d a

a d a a a a d.



377

373. O , c c d da a c a ad ,
ad , a d ad a a a a a da a. Y

a a da a d c
d c a a . B a a a c c d da a
a a ; c d c a a a c, a

c a ad a a (Pa & B , 2002). I
c a d a d d a da a,

b d a d d c d
c .

T c d c d c a a describe
a a c a ac c ca

c d da a (Pa & B , 2002). T
a a a c ac - a c

b a c c b da a a d a
a c . T ca d b c d

( c a a ) a d d c b d c c
ab a a c . A , ac -

a c d a : H
d a ca d a d

a c c a d a a c ?

A add da a c c
a c , a a a
da a a con radic s conflic s i h a d

a a d (Sc a bac , 2003). T d c a c
a a a a d c , b

374. c d c a d

acc a a d a ac .

Fig e 6.1 Sa Pa F F d N , W Pa a
C d d U Sc S Tab 6.1



378

C d c d a a d c a ac a a :

O b a d Ca a d Ca a d,
W a d a ? W a a c d? T b

d d a a b a P a , a d Ca
c d d . CAc , TB , a d CB

O/C: W d d Ca a a c c
a ? E c a a a b a d

c ? W a a c a , V d!
. S a d

a a b . I a b d
c a c a cca . - MO
N , I b d Ca da ( a a d c

b a ). S a d a b ac a d b
a a d c . T a d a d a d

c . S Ma a a d d
b . Ma d b a , W

d ? T c a d a d d d

375. . CAc a d PR

O/C: I a d b c a . Ma
d d a d . I ad, d

. M dI
I d a a , I c d Ca a ca c

d b . T a d ab 15 a a . Ca
ba a d b ad a a ca c . Ca d



379

a c d a b . CAc , TB ,
CB , a d MO
O/C: ARGHHH! S d d a , N c ca c . T

a a c . A c a a
a a a b . Y a a a d

. CAc , TB , CB , a d MO

T a in erpre a c a b d a d
a d. D , ac - a c a

, b a , b a a d
c d d ca a , a , c ad c ,
a d (Pa & B , 2002). T a c

da a a a a c , a d
c a c ac c , a a d

ac c . B ca ac - a c bac d,
c , a d a c a c da a

376. a d, d c , ca , c c
a d acc a a d

(Pa & B , 2002). I a d d, F 6.3, a
c a c
d . N c d c a c b

ac a d c d a d c d
dbac ( c a a

c d d da a a a F 6.1 a d 6.2). A , d b
a a a c ac a da a ( a d

b a a ) a d a
c a d d c .

Fig e 6.2 Sa E c F I T a c , W
Pa a C d d U Sc S Tab 6.1



380

C d c d a a a ac c :

CM: Ca a a a
acc ab b a , a a a a a
c c d a d d b acc ab

c d ? - TB
Ma : T a a a d . [La ] P bab a .

- TB
CM: S , c a b a

377. ba ? TB , PI
Ma : Y a . TB , PI

CM: Ca a a a , a
c c a d a ba

c a d a c ca a ?
TB , P
Ma : W , I d a a I d a
a d a . Y a a a
a b d , ac d d
b , I ca a . I d a 2-
a - d ! [La ] L I a d, a a da ,

, a d a d a d . L



381

c , c b a d
. CAc , TB , a d CB

CM: W , a a a a , a a a d
c d d a , c a a d bac . L a
b ca . L a d d d . W a d a

a c d d d d a a d
d ? TB , CB , a d PI

Ma : I d a c , a d d d , I
a d a , I c . W d d

? TB , CB , a d P
CM: S , d d a a

378. d ? TB , M dI
Ma : Y a . TB , M dI

A c d c a a ,
a d ca bac da a,

ca a c , a d a a a b
a (Sc a bac , 2003). T c in rospec ion

a a a reflec i e prac ice a d ac
a c c a d a a

b c a d a a ac d da a (Sc a bac ,
2003). T c a d da a
a - d d c . Ta c d c
a a a a da a a d

acc a a d a d .

Fig e 6.3 E c F F a R a c R D c
N a C a d M d O P

R c



382

T a a a d c a a c c . Y ad
ab a a C a 4, a a c ca
d c d a a a a a c d . H , a
a a d c cons an compara i e me hod a a

a a a a a da a. T d a a
c a a c d c a a a ,

379. d c a d a a a a
a b c c d d c c a a

d b , a a , c a a
c , a c da a c c a d c d . I a

a a , c a c a a d a a
a a a d c a a da a c

a d a a a d . A a
d c b d C a 4, c c a d
ab a a ca . H , a a d
c c da a c c a d a a a d

a d a a d a b (B da & B ,
2007).

Video Clip 6.1 V a c D . M d c a a
da a.



383



384

U ing Comp e Sof a e o A i Wi h
Q ali a i e Da a Anal i
M a d c a b d d a

a a a a da a. A M (2011) c
, d assis . T a ca

c c a a a da a a a a ac a

380. d a a . U a , . R b a

a a da a a a d c c, c
ca cc a b a . E ad a c d c
ca a ac a c.

W a a a a a a d a d
a da a, c a b a d a
d- c a . I add , a a

d a d a c d c a d
c ca (a d c d a 3- b

5- c d ca d ) c d a d ca a a
d- c d da a b a a d ,

a c , a d - d d .
O c a c ca c d d a da a, a a

a a a c c c a a d
c a a c d d a a a a a d a

. T a a d b
d b d d a ac - a c .

T a a a a a a
ad a a a a a d a a a da a.
M (2011) c d a a da a b

c 500 a d d a d a c . T
ca ca a a ac - a c . I

add , a a a d a ,
a a acc a a d

ca (M , 2011).

381. Y ca , c , c a a , b

a ca b a , a a a
$300 $500. S a a a a a a a ab

a d c a , a d , d adab a
.



385

Q an i a i e Da a Anal i
Techniq e
W I d c d a a a c

d , I d c d a a ca da a a b a
ded c i e process. T a a a c b b
d a c a a d d

c c a c d b a d
a c d b d. T c a d

da a a c c d a d a a d a d c c
ab a c a d d.
D d a a , ac -

a c descrip i e inferen ial a c
a a c b a .



386

U ing De c ip i e S a i ic
D c a c a a a ca c d a

382. , a , a d a a a
a ca da a. T a ba c ca
d c a c , a c a d b

ac - a c :

1. M a c a d c
2. M a d
3. M a a

F a d c ac ca a d
c c a ca c d c .

Mea e of cen al endenc a a ca c d a
d ca , a c , a ca a da d ab a

d d a . T d c a c d
d c b collec i e a c , a d ,

a d a c a . I d , a
ac - a c b d

d d a d d a
a a c a a b a a d,

a , a a c a as a
hole d. T a a c a d c :

a , d a , a d d . T mean d d a
a c a a a c . T ca c a a ,

add a c a da a a d d d b
b c . W a ca c a d,

ac a a ac d d a c a acc . T

383. a c d a c a d c ,

a a a . O a
a ad a d a a

cc a c (c a
) a da a . O a c a a d ,

a a c a d
c da a. F a ,

ad 10 c :



387

Sa Da a S 1:

15, 16, 16, 22, 25, 28, 28, 28, 30, 32

T a c ca c a d a 240 10 = 24. Y
d bab a a a 24 a a

10 c . H , a a 10 c
a da a a 32 b a 132. T da a

d :

Sa Da a S 2:

15, 16, 16, 22, 25, 28, 28, 28, 30, 132

A c a a b , I b a a a
a . I ca , a d b ca c a d a 340

384. 10 = 34. N , c d bab c a
d a a a a 34 d a a ca

a . H c d a c 34 b ca
c d a ? I a , a

a d a a a appropria e a c a
d c .

A a a a b
a a a c a d c L L -

ca a b d c c da a. I a a
c c d da a ca d c d F 5.7,

ca a d I #1 a :

F a a b a a da a b ca c a
a I #1. W c d ac

ca ( . ., a 1 5). W a a a d
d d b b d c d .
W d a a a c I #1 a 3.25. W a
d c ab c ac



388

d a d d ? H d
a c ? W ca c c d a a a a a

a , ca c c d a d ad . T
a a a a

a .

385. I c a a d c b d a , d a a b
a a a a c a d c . T median
d d a c c c da a a a a

d b a a ; a , c a c
50% a c a b a d 50% a ca d ab . T

d a b a d b , , a d a c
( ) ( ). I a a dd b
c ( Sa Da a S 3, c a 11 c ),

d a dd c .

Sa Da a S 3:

15, 15, 16, 16, 22, 25, 28, 28, 28, 30, 32

I da a , d a a a 25. T a
c b a a d c ab .

H , a da a c a a b c ,
d a d d b , , a d c , d
c dd , a d ca c a

d ( a ) b c . I a a
a Sa Da a S 1, ca a dd

c a 25 a d 28. T d ( a ) c
a (25 + 28) 2 = 53 2 = 26.5. I , b a

d ca a d a ca c a Sa
Da a S 2. T ad a a d a a
ca a ac a a ( . ., c 132)
d a a c a

386. d a ; c a d .

T a a c a d c mode,
cc c a c . I Sa

Da a S 1, 2, a d 3, d 28, b ca cc
ac , a a c . T d



389

d d b ca d b a
d c a ca .

T c d ca d c a c c d
a d . W a a c a d c

d ca a a ca ab a , a
d d ca a d a c . P
a a , mea e of di pe ion d ca c ad

d a c . T a a
a d : a a d a da d d a .

T ange ca c a d b b ac c
a da a c . T ca c a d a
Sa Da a S 1 32 - 15 = 17. T a Sa Da a
S 2 132 - 15 = 117. Y ca a , a

a , ca b c d b c .

O a add a ca c a
anda d de ia ion, c a d d a a a

d a c c a a a . T ca c a a

387. a da d d a ca b acc d a a , b a

c ca b d d a ca
a a a c a a a a

ca c a a c a . I a
b a , c a ac d d a c ac d

ca c a , a a da d d a ca b ad
ac d b c . H , c a d a c
a a c a a d, a c
ca b a a a a d b ca c a

a a . I a a a c a d c
a d a d a d a a a a
da a a d c a c d ( C a 4).

T d ca d c a c a rela ionships
b a ab . T a correla ion
coefficien s, a a a
d c a d d a b a ab .
Ob , c a c c a ca c a d a a
da a d c a a d ( C a 4).
R ca d c c a c c
C a 4 a c a c c direc ion a d



390

s reng h a b a ab . T c c
a a 1.00 +1.00. T d c d ca d a

a a a a ca . T
a d ca d b a d ca

388. a c c , c a a ca
c d d a a c d 0.80, a d a
c a a a d a b -0.20
a d 0.00 a d b +0.20 a d 0.00. A a

c a c c d F 6.4.
C a c c ca a b c d a a , b

a ca a a ca c a a a ,
a ca c a a a . I d b
I d d d a a c a ac c a

a a : C a d no ca a (
C a 4). T , b ca

a d d a c c ba d c a a
a a .

Video Clip 6.2 & 6.3 V c ac - a c
d c a a da a.

A a d d c b da a a a a ca
c d , c a c d d a a

ca d c a ca c d . Da a ca a b
d a d a c d b ab

a , c a a , ba c a ,
c a . I a f eq enc di ib ion able, c a

a a d . I a c d c , ab d
F c , b d d a c d ac c

d; a c c ac c a
a d. F a , a d c c a

389. c a a b d d a a ac
c a . A a a c d b ab
Tab 6.2. Hi og am ca a c

d b a a a a . P d
F 6.5 a a da a ab a a
Tab 6.2 b a a a . N c a ac ba

d ca c ac c ca .



391

Fig e 6.4 G a R I C a C c

A ca d c d b a d d a a a
1.00 1.00, c .40.

T a a d b a c
a a c a a ca .

W a a : F a .30 .30
M d a a : F a .70 a .30 a d

.30 .70
S a : F a 1.00 a .70 a d

.70 1.00.



392

Table 6.2

390. Fig e 6.5 Sa H a Sa Da a A a
Tab 6.2



393

T ca a c a d a 0 70,
c 10. T a a a c a d

a 7.0 35.0, c 2.0.

T da a c d c a a d a c a
a a a d a d a :

7.0: 0; 9.0: 4; 11.0: 1; 13.0: 5; 15.0: 15; 17.0: 31; 19.0: 38;
21.0: 45;
23.0: 65; 25.0: 51; 27.0: 53; 29.0: 33; 31.0: 18; 33.0: 9; 35.0: 2.

W da a a a ca (a L ca a d)
a d a a c ca ( . ., c ), ba

a a d c a a b d. Ba g aph a a
a , c ac a ad ac ba d c

( c ca c ). Pie cha ca a b d
a ca ca da a. F 6.6 a d 6.7 a ba

a a d a c a , c , a da a.



394

U ing Infe en ial S a i ic
T a inferen ial s a is ics d a

391. a ca a a ba d a b
ample a a . I a a ca c d a

ca d a a a a a c d a
c c a ( C a 4). T c

a a c d a
d d - a , a d- a ,

a a a a c , a d c - a .

Fig e 6.6 Sa Ba C a

T ca a c a d a 0 200,
c 50, a a a ITEM 1 a d

a 1 4, c 1.

Da a c d c a d ITEM 1 a a a a
a d a d b :

1: 160; 2: 190; 3: 20; 4: 2.



395

Fig e 6.7 Sa P C a Sa Da a A a
F 6.6

Lab d a ITEM 1, c a d d d a , 1, 2, 3,
a d 4, a a a a a a d b , a

d a d :

392. 1. 45%
2. 50%
3. 5%
4. 1%

A independen -mea e e a a a c
d a a rea men , c a
b d c d , a d a con rol ,

c a a c a d a a c
d d a ab , c a a c ( d ,
d c o , ac a d once). T a
c ac a ca c a d a d a ca

c a d d d c b a
a ca ca . I a d c b a
a ca ca , a d c c d

b a b d c a c . I d , d c a
b ca , a r e d c

b c d a c d a d
d d . I c a , a a a a a a d

d c b a , ca b



396

a d . M (2011) a a d c
b a ca ca c a d p ac ical ignificance.
S a ca ca c d d a ca , ac ca

ca c a b c d c . S b ca a
d c b a a ca ca d

393. a a d c a ac ca a c . F
a , a b a d c b a c
, b a c d d a B+ ad a

- ad ca a d c d d a B, a
d c d b a ac ca ca c (M , 2011).

A , b a ab
d a d c a ca ca . A a

c d c a a , b a a ca d
a a p- a . T p- a d ca bab

c a c cc c ac a d . T - al e b
c a d alpha le el ( b d a G
a d a - ), c ca a
0.05 d ca a a c d . A - a 0.05

d ca a ca b a ab c a a 5%
d d c b a ac a b b ca

c a c , a d c b
. T b c a b a d p- a

- a d d a ca ca c a
:

I p > , d c a ca ca .

I p > , d c a ca ca .

W d d - a c a d c
b d , epea ed-mea e
e c a a a a d d a . T

394. a a d , a , d a
d, d , a d d (

d , d c one , a d ice).
I a , a c a d

a a d . Anal i of a iance (
ANOVA) a a a d d - a . T

d c a a a a d a c



397

d a a ( . ., hree
, ac a d once). W a , , ,

d a a a a a c
a a a ca c d a a . T

c d a a c a ( . .,
d d - a , a d- a , a d

a a a a c ) a c a d F 6.8.

Fig e 6.8 C a B D G C a
A a

T d d a d b , a d d
d a a . E a a d d a c d

a a d a a , a d d :

I d d a M a F a E a Sc
d G M . S a d M . Ja c a

395. 398

R a d a M a a U P a d U
P d G M . L c a
A a a a c (ANOVA) M a S a d
Ac T Sc d G W d ,
C a , a d Ea d c

M a ( ) a d G ( ) a ab ac
ab ca , a d c c d ac
a c ca .

F a , a da a a c c d a
c c ca ( . ., b .

b b a a c a d
a c a ), a d c a

a . I a , chi- q a e e
d b d a a a ca c a b

d d d b d d ,
b a d b .

W a a ad a c
a a c . P a a I c da

a ca a a a a ca
c d . A b , a a a a c ,

a d c - a a a ca a b c d c d b a d (
a ca c a ), ad a - d a ca

396. a a a a ca c d c a b ,
a a a c c a .



399

A No e Abo Anal ing S anda di ed Te
Da a
I C a 5, I d c d a da d d c a a b

c da a ac a c d . W
a a a da d d c a acc a ,

a c c in erpre ing . S c a ca
d c a ad a b a a d,

a d, a , c a d ca
c a b d c , a

c c , a d .

M a da d d d b no m- efe enced
, c a a c c a

d a , a d c i e ion- efe enced a ,
c d da a c a a d

a d a d a c c a a ac
ca . La a , a ,

b , ca a a , c a , a d a ;
a a c b a d c c , b , da a

a , a d c a . S a b ab
b d d ac a a a

397. b ( . ., a a a a c c c , a

d a b , a b a,
, a , a d a ). T ca c

d a c d :

S andard (or scale ) score (SS): A c a a b
a d a a ca a d a ca a

c a d a d a . T
a a ca a a a c

c a a a
a ca a a a a
a a d a da d d a a a d

a . T a c a ac a
.

Grade eq i alen (GE) score: A - c d c a
d ca ad a d c a c a

c a a . T a a c a - ad b



400

d c a d b 5.7.
I a c d a a GE c ab ad
c a - ad a GE 9.1 a ad b ,

a d a a c d ca d -
ad b , a , a c d a a a

398. a a - ad d if he nin h-grader ook
he fif h-grade es .
Na ional percen ile rank (NPR): T c a d

a d a b a a c a
a c . I a c

d a b c a d. S b d
a a , a , a ba c d c ac
c Ca c c , a d

ba d a a a - a ac
c a d/ a a .
Normal c r e eq i alen (NCE): A a d a da d d
c a a 50 a d a a da d d a 21.06,

a a a a ca 0 99. T NCE
a d d b RMC R a c C a 1976

a c T I P a ac
U d S a a d d a a .
Na ional s anine (NS): S a c a 1 9,
a c 5 a a a a . T c a

c a ac a a a d a da d
c ca 4, 7, 12, 17, 20, 17, 12, 7, a d 4, c .

P c a c d a , c ,
a . F a , a c a a dd

d b ( . ., 45 55) b a a
a c 5. A c a a a
a c a confidence bands, c
a d d a b . S d

a ac a c c a a c

399. b ca - a ba d d ca a c a

ca d ac . F a ,
d a c a ca

V cab a a R ad C .

Ed ca ca a ca da a a
c a d c a c a d d a

d . T a d b d b da a, c a c



401

c a d d a a ,
b c a b b c c c a

a a c a a d a c a d c d c ba d .
I a da d d da a a c a
d c does a ac c . L da a b

d a d d a d a c a a
a c c a d a d ca a

a ab d a da d d da a b
ab c a d ac (M , 2002). F

a da d d da a, In erpre ing S andardi ed
Tes Scores: S ra egies for Da a-Dri en Ins r c ional Decision
Making (M , 2007).



402

400. U ing Comp e Sof a e o A i Wi h
S a i ical Anal i
A I a d a c a a ,

a ca a a a c c d c a a a
a a da a a b c ad a a ab . P a c

a S a ca Pac a S c a Sc c (SPSS) a d
SYSTAT a b (

:// . b .c /a a c / - a c - a a d
:// a a .c , c ). T ca b ,

a b b d c a a a d
a d ca a a d. A ca a ab

a a ca b a c , a a
d d b c d a c a d a
b a a a c ac -

a c . H , a
a a d d c d a

.

A a ca a ac a a b c c
- d a 10 a , c a d ac

a a ab c acc d ca a K 12
. T ac , a a d ca a , a a

a a d a d a d
a a ca c b ac - a c . T ,

, a d a ca a a a a a ab

401. (a d a a c a ) a a . T
a a S a C c ( a W bS a ).
S a C c (a a ab a :// . a c c .c ) a b-
ba d da a a a a d d b
D a S a c a U S Ca a. I

a a a a ca a a
c a a d a c c , a

d ad a . Y b c b a d
c a a - a a d a d ( b c a

a ab ), acc a
da a a S a C c . O c



403

a d , c c O S a C c b
a .

T d a ac Ja a d
F 6.9. A a a S a C c b

da a d c d . A a a ca
a a a , c a ab , a d

ca , b c , a c a . B c c c
ad , ca a a ab da a .

Fig e 6.9 Da a E W d S a C c

L a a a a a . A a a
a d a d c a a

402. c a c c d d a . W
d da a a ab c Sc 1

(school 1), c Sc 2 (school 2), a d c Sc 3
(school 3) S a C c da a d ( F 6.10).

O c da a a b d da a d , ca
b d c a d a a a . Y ca a b a

a a a . F , a , I a d
d c a a da a d a a d

a da d d a ac c d d a ab . B
c c



404

S a ⟶ S a S a ⟶ C

( F 6.11) a d d c
d a b , I b a F 6.12. N c a
I a a d a da d d a (abb a d
S d. d . ab ) ac c b a

add a d c a c .

Fig e 6.10 Sa Da a F C a d S a C c

I ca a b a a a d d b
c ac c b c c ( F 6.13):

G a ⟶ H a

Fig e 6.11 S a C c P c d R D c

403. A a



405

A c a d da a d S a C c
b d c a a . M

b a S a C c , A , Ed , Da a, S a , G a , a d
H a a d d a .

T a d c ad a
a d a da a.

A d d S a b :

Ca c a , S a S a , Tab , Z S a , T S a , P
S a , Va a c S a , R , ANOVA, N a a c ,
G d - - , C C a , a d R a .

A d d S a S a
c c : C , R , C a ,

C a a c , a d G d B d Da a.

Fig e 6.12 D c A a R Ob a d S a C c

A d , a a school 1 (
F 6.14). B c c N b (>), I ca



406

a school 2 a d school 3.

404. Fig e 6.13 S a C c P c d Ob a a H a

A c a d da a d S a C c
. M b a S a C c , A , Ed , Da a, S a ,

G a , a d H a - ad .

T a d c ad a
a d a da a.

A d d G a b
: Ba P , P C a , C a , H a , S a d L a ,

B , D , M a P , Sca P , B bb P , M P ,
QQ P , I d T P , Pa P , Pa a C d a , S a
P , 3D R a P , W d Wa , a d Ma .

Fig e 6.14 R H a Ob a d S a C c



407

T ca a c a 0 3,
c 0.5, a a a c 1

c a 10 27.5, c 2.5.

Da a c d c a d c 1 c a
a a a d a d b :

12.5: 1; 15: 0; 17.5: 1; 20: 1; 22.5: 3; 25: 2; 27.5: 2.

F a , a I d, I ca a a a a .
S I a d c a c d

405. a ca d a . T d , I
c c c ( F 6.15):

S a ⟶ ANOVA ⟶ O Wa



408

Fig e 6.15 S a C c P c d R A a
Va a c

A c a d da a d S a C c
. M b a S a C c , A , Ed , Da a, S a ,

G a , a d H a - ad .

T a d c ad a
a d a da a.

A d d S a b b-
: Ca c a , S a S a , Tab , Z S a , T S a ,

P S a , Va a c S a , R , ANOVA,
N a a c , G d - - , C C a , a d R a .

A d d ANOVA b-
c c : O Wa , T Wa , a d R a d

M a .

H d d SHIFT c b a d, I
c c ac a ab d a a b , ca d

- a d d ( F 6.16). I c c

406. C ! b .

A d , c a F 6.17.
D b d b c a d ab .
R b , a d , a c a b a d



409

p- a ab d 0.05 d ab
a a ca ca c . O p- a a 0.0456, c

a 0.05, d ca a c a ca
d a .

Fig e 6.16 Va ab S c P c d C d c A a
Va a c S a C c

T O Wa ANOVA ba
a a d a d :

C a : c c -b b a S c d c
a d Va a c . S c d c c c -b
c d c a b , b c 1,
c 2, a d c 3 . B a d d a

b c d. U d Va a c c c -b
a d -d ba , b- ad R
a d Fac . T d -d ad S c c .
W : c b a -- a -- d a d
a c c b ad B d d .
O : c c -b b a C T HSD
a d T a a c . N c c -b

c d. F d a d L : d a d d C

407. 410

T HSD c c -b a c c a 0.95 d .
U d T a a c c c -b a d -
d ba ad L .

T c c b ab d Q a , Ca c , a d C a
d d b d a d .

Fig e 6.17 A a Va a c R Ob a d S a C c

A c c a a a a c , b a d
S a C c .

T O ba d
d a da a d b ad :

A a Va a c R : Da a d a a c .
C a c : I a ab c c -

a , a , a da d d a , a d a da d
da a a .
ANOVA ab : I a c , S c , DF, SS,
MS, F-S a , a d P- a da a b . T
da a d DF, SS, a d MS a a . T a
a da a a d da a a a

d DF a d SS.



411

408. A S a C c a c a c c a
a a ab a ca a ac a , c a d c

b c a d ac a a ab ( c a
d I acc , c a b c b d

a ). F , ca acc ,
a , a a a a d ac - d,
c a -ba d ac a c c . Y ca d a
S a C c a a

:// . a c c .c /5.0/ a . ? a _ d=68.
G a !



412

A No e Abo Mi ed-Me hod Da a
Anal i
I a ac a c d c d a

d- d a c d , da a a a a
d c a a a d c d

c a . Ra , a a d- d da a
d d a c b b a a a d

a a a ac da a a a a d
c da a c c a c d b a c a d-

d d . F a , a a a
d- d d a a da a a c c d

, d b a a da a a a da a
a c . O c a a da a a

409. b c c d, da a a a a d ( a a
c , a d c d a c a ). T a a

da a a c c d a d a a d (a a , a a
c ). T a d c a a
a a d c ab a
a a a a . T
c da da a a a ( . ., a a a a ) d

a d a
a a ( . ., a a a a ).

I c d b d- d d , a a a
da a c c a d a a cc , d a a
a d a a c c a d a a b d. I a

a d- d d , a a da a a c c d
a d a a d d d a a a c

. O c da a a a a d a d b
a d a , a b d

d , d d c c ca
da a ( ca a c a a a c a ), c
a a a d a a . T a

a ( . ., a a ) da a a a d c d b
c da ( . ., a a ) a a , c a a



413

a d d da a c c d d c
a c a ac a c d .

410. I d a d a d- d d , a a d
d , ca a da a a d a .

B da a a c c d a ab a , a d b
a a a d a a a a a c d c d c a

a d a (a d b
d a ). T a a

a a d a c a a b a
c a d d d ca a .

T a c c b
a d.

A Planning fo Da a Anal i empla e appea in Appendi C
and can al o be fo nd a an in e ac i e PDF on he S den
S d Si e.



414

Repo ing he Re l of Da a
Anal i
A c a a d c d

a ac a c C a 8, a a a
c a c c ca a a

da a a a a a d . T a
a a a a

a a c
a ac a c d .

411. 415

G ideline fo Repo ing he Re l of
Q ali a i e Da a Anal i
O a c a c a d a

a c a a d a d
d c c c

a a . D d da a a
c c d, c a c a

a c . W a a
a a da a, a a a a a

c a a c ad a a d c d
(J , 2008). Y a a a a c c d

d , a c , a , a d
a d c a a d c ca

a d (J , 2008). I a a c a
b da a c c d;

ad . I ad, a d c b
a d a a a
a a .

La , C a 8, I d a a
a c a a a c ca
a a a a . T c d c

c da a d c a en a i e and

412. defini i e s a emen s, a clear and consis en
manner, simple lang age and erminolog , a d
a c a , c d d c a d

a a headings c . I
add c da , J (2008) a

a d c ca
a a a a da a. T

d ca a ac a c c a a d
c ad :

1. Make e er effor o be impar ial in o r ri e- p. I
a ac - a c a a

b b a a a a d b c ; a a
d a . H , a a

ac - a c a a c ac



416

a c d a a , acc a , a d b c a
b . J (2008) d c a

- - - d d ( . 198). Y a
d c b d a d a d c d d
d a . I c ca a a d c a -
ad a a c . E c c

b a a a b d b
a d c a a . A a c a

413. I a c a a ac d d d d
a a a a d

d , a c c
c a c a ,

b b a

Ob a ac d ca d a d d a c a
a d , a b ca

d d a .

2. Incl de references o o rself here he are arran ed.
W a c , c
acc ab - c a I, m , a d
me d c b a d d c

ac a c d . F a , d b
a a :

D d , I c c d da a b b a d
14 d .

S c a d a ac d , a a d
a c , c a

a c a . I add , b c
c b ad . H ,

d, c . Y a
a c c a c ; d a ad a
a a d a .

414. 417

3. Take o r readers along on all aspec s of o r s d . A
ad d . D

a a d a a d d a d d d . I
a a d b :

I d c
R R a d L a
D c I I a
Da a C c a d C d a
Da a A a a d I a
C c
R c a d Ac P a

E d c d ab c c c
ad , d c d a a a c

d . T b a ad
a c d b ab ca ac a d d

( . ., ac c d ) b ad acc
d .

4. Incl de represen a i e samples hen he enhance o r
presen a ion. A c a ac a a

d , ba , d- - d c
c a , da a c a

ad (J , 2008). Y da a, a a a a
da a, a d a , b c c

. I c a ad a b
, a ca ac a b d

415. a c d a . T
a a a d c c

c d :

I a , Ca a d a c a
a c d . I a a a

a . S a d a c d c c
c a b . I ad ( . ., b

ac - ), d a
a b a c c . A a

a , Ca d E a ,
a b d . I ad c



418

a d c a , I a a
a . I ad E a , c , c

, c a . S a
d a d d, , a c a

, b a a a , ad
a a d c .

N c c Ca ac a , ba a
ad a c a a I ad

a d a ad a d d .

416. 5. Incl de in eres ing b nonessen ial informa ion in
appendices, if appropria e. O , a a

a b ad b a ,
c d d , d .

R ad b d d d a
a . F a , b a d c

a c a a d ad ac a a c
c d b a

. T a d
c a b c d b d

ac a a c . H , b a
ad b d , ca c d

appendices a d . T c
a c a a a

d ca a a c c .
C , b a a

b d acad c a ; d c
b . F a , c , a
c d a 88 a

36 a ad b d , a d 52
c d a d c .



419

G ideline fo Repo ing he Re l of

417. Q an i a i e Da a Anal i
A a

a a da a a a , a . Y ca
a a ca da a a a

a ca , a . S a a a a
da a a a , a a

a c a a a a a a .
J (2008) a d d a add a d

a a da a a a . T
d a a a a a

c a a d d a dab :

1. S gges ions for e pressing q an ifiable da a sing n merals:
T a c c d ca da a,
acc d P blica ion Man al of he American
Ps chological Associa ion (APA Ma a ). N a ( . ., 1,
14, 251) d b d a ab a

ca :
A a a a a 10 ( . ., A a 24

c d c d.)
S c da , a , ( . ., T d b a
S b 10, 2004, a d a d 12 .)
R b a c a a d ( . .,
T 57 d a c a d

a .)
I d ca ad ( . ., M c d a

ad G ad 1 a d 2.)

418. R c a ( . ., T a c d a
c 25 a b 35

.)
2. S gges ions for e pressing q an ifiable da a sing ords:

T APA Ma a a d d
ca a d ( . ., , ,

d d - ). W d d b d
ca da a a :



420

Va a 10 ( . ., F c c da a,
b a a d c d c d.)

N b a b c ( . ., F - d
a c a d a .); b ca a a d
a c c d a ,

b a a d a a
c b .

3. N merical da a sho ld be repor ed in descending order (from
grea es o leas ): P ca da a a ab

d a a d a
ad a d d a d. C d a :

W a d d ca a b c , 65 d
d c c , 35 d a a a , 28

d ca d c a d , a d 19 d a .

419. T b a d a dab a a
a a a d a ab ca :

W a d d ca a b c , 35 d
d a a a , 19 d a , 65 d

c c , a d 28 d ca d c a d .
4. Repor he o al n mber in ol ed before repor ing n mbers in

ca egories: I a c a
a , d a b d

d d b
d d a ca :

S d a d d ca a b c . O
147 , 65 d d c c , 35

d a a a , 28 d ca d c a d , a d
19 d a .

5. Use ables o organi e larger amo n s of n merical da a:
Tab a c a a ca
da a a , c d d a . Tab a a

a ac a a .
T a d d a ab c a c

, b ab ca a a d
. O , a a a a c a

a c c , a , a c ab
a d c a d a ba d c

. C d a a a a d
acc a ab a a I c d:

420. 421

A c d a d ALI a c d c d
d 2004 250 c ac . I a

a a b a ab d b
a a , a da d d a , a d ab

c c , a a a ca c a a c
ALI ac ( Tab 1). A d

a da d d a c ( . ., - c ) c d 3.00 ( c
a ca ), a c c a d

(M = 24.50, SD = 4.92) a d c d (M = 22.98, SD = 4.05). N
ca d c a d b a ALI c

, (247) = 2.558, p > .01, - a d.

N c c ac ; d
d ca a . A , a a ab c d b

d a a a a d a d a a c a d c
d a a d . N c a
ab .

T ab c d a ca a , (
Tab 1). T d Table ca a d c a . T

ab a a a d d c ab ac a
ab . T d b b b a d c
c ab .

421. Table 1

6. Fig res can also be sed o organi e and presen
n merical da a, largel i ho n mbers. F ca a b

d a a d a ca da a
a a . Va a a ca b d a

d a c a . F a ab d
a a a ab . T d Fig re a a

ca a d b a a c d, a d b a a
b ac a . T a a



422

a a b . B a a a
a a a c a a

a ab :

E a a a a a a d a
a a a a

ab , rKR20 = 0.74. Ac 35 a a ALI,
d c a a d a 0.212 a 0.992;

a d c a a 0.681. T d b
d c a d F 1.

Fig e 1 D b ALI I D c Va

T ca a a a c a 0 6
c 1 a d a a

422. d c a d a .03 .98 c .05.

Da a c d b a a a
a a a d a d b :

.03: 0; .08: 0; .13: 0; .17: 0; .23: 1; .28: 0; .33: 3; .38: 0; .43:
0; .47: 0; .53: 3; .57: 4; .63: 4; .68: 3; .73: 3; .78: 5; .82: 2;



423

.88: 4; .93: 1.

S c a a a ab , ac b d
a . I d , ab a b d a

b Tab 1, a d a a b d a
b F 1. I a ad b ab a d
a a d : ab ab ab

. T c ab a d d b b d
a :

Tab 1
Tab 2
F 1
Tab 3
F 2

S a

A a a a da a a d c c ,
d c a a a b c c d b a

423. a a d a .
T d c a a da a ca acc d

d a c d c , c
d da a a d a

a .
T c c d a a da a c a

ad da a .
O c a a a da a a b c d d, a

a ac ca b d c b d.
T a a a a a da a

a da a a a b c d d
ca .
R c c d c a a

a a b c a d - d d
a a b d a d da a.

N c a a ca a d
a c a a a d ca a

a a da a.
A a a a da a a d d c c ,
d c a a c .
D c a c a a a a ca

c d d , a , a d a a
a ca da a.



424

424. T ca d c a c a (1) a
c a d c , (2) a d , a d (3)
a a .

T a c a d c , c d c b a
ca ab a , a a , d a , a d

d .
T a d , c d ca c

ad d a c , a
a a d a da d d a .

A c a c c d a d
a a b a ab .

Da a ca a b d c b d a
c d b ab a d c a a

a , ba a , a d c a .
I a a c a d d a

a ca a a , ba d da a
c c d a a a a a .

T c a a ca a
d d - a , a d- a
, a a a a c , a d c - a .

A d d - a a a d
a c a d a c d d

a ab .
A a d- a a a d

425. a ( c a a a d a )
a .

A a a a c ( ANOVA) a a
d a a b c a d

a c d d a ab .
C - a a a d da a a c
c ca .
I a a c a c d

a ca ca c , c d ca a d c
b b c a d, a d
d c d c a c .
S a ca ca c d d b c a

b a d p- a ab d - , a
0.05 d ca a a c d .
W p- a a - , a
a d b a ca ca .

T a c a a
a a ab a a a ca da a.

W q ali a i e da a a a ,
a a (a) b a b c a b , (b) c d
c a b a a d, (c)

d c b a a c d , (d) c d



425

a a da a
a c a , a d ( ) c d

426. b a a a d c a
d .

W q an i a i e da a a a ,
a a (a) a c
ca da a a b d , (b) a c

da a d c d d , (c) a b
a c a d d b b

ca , a d (d) ab a d a a
d a c a ca .



426

Q e ion and Ac i i ie
1. W a a a a a a a da a?

S a c d a a da a.
2. C a a d c a d c a d a a c , c

a a a d c c ab d a
ac a ca a a .

3. A a a a da a ac c . I d a
a a , a d ca a

c . C d c b b a
, a d b . I add , c d c

b a c. F a ,
d a a da a a d a d c b c d

427. a ca ; a b d a a
ac ca .

4. C d c a c a a 20 , a
d ca a c . O c a c c d da a,

a a b a a a d a a c .
F , d c a a d a d b

ac . R a a a .
S c d, a a da a a a b c b

ac c d d. R a :
a a , a ab , a d a a a a

.



427

Ke Te m
a a 187
a a a a c ( ANOVA) 187
ba a 185
c - a 189
c d c 174
c - c d 189

c d b ab 183
a 183

d d - a 187
d c a a 173

a 180

428. a c a d c 180
a d 182
d a 181
d 182

- c d 189
c a 185

ac ca ca c 187
p- a 187
a 182

a d- a 187
a 185
a da d d a 182

Re ie P ac ice Imp o e

G d a d . Acc
d d a c a , ac c ,
F a ca d , a d a edge. agep b.com/me le 6e.



428

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch



429

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2
Imp o ing Reading Comp ehen ion in a

Ti le I P og am

429. 430

Anal ing Da a
R ca a ac a c d a

d ad c a T I c .

A c c a c Ma , Ka a d a a
a a da a ac a c d . S b c d
d c a a d- a , c -

- d a d a d c .
T a ca a a a a ab a :



431

Repea ed-Mea e S a i ic



432

Pai ed Sample Te

F d c - a c ab , Ka c d a , ac
25 d , a c Ma (39.04) a c a a
S b a c (35.76). T , c d c c d a

d ad d, b a a b a a
b a ca ca ?

430. S c d d a a d- a
a a , a b a d p- a a a
0.032, c a a 0.05. T , c d a

a c b c c d a ad b ca
d ad c

c c a a d a a .

I d add c d a c , Ka d
b a a d a d a c a

d ca c d c d d . D a
d , Ka d c d a ad a d a d a

ab a ad c . O d b d
ad c a a ad. S a

d ca d a ad d b ab a
ab a a ad. S a d a a ab ad

a d a ab a I ad. M d
d ca d a b d a ad b ad a
a . T a c d d ac a d c d
d a d b d c a d , a d d
d a d , a ad a a , a d a

ad a c d .

A a a , Ka a d d
d a a b d a d a a

ad . Ea a , d c d d a
a , c a bac b , ac c ad , a d

c c . H , a a d, ab

431. a c ad c . T

add a a c d d d ad ,
a ad , a a , ad c

a , a a a , d a c , a d
a a a b ad. I b ca c a



433

Ka a d a a c d b c
b ad , b d ac a a ?

Ka a b a a d acc a d
a d da a d . R c d

d a ac a a a d a d d
d b , b d b a a

d a d ab a a d a a a
ad a ad c . H
b a d da a a a
c a , d ad d d a

c a a d ab d a
a ca . A a d, , a

d a d d d c ab a a a
ad c a c d d

a . I , a a c a , a d
d d a Ka a a d d d a

ac -d d d a d a

432. a d d a ad c

a c a a ad ad.
A a a b ac a c d , Ka a d ac

d a b a d a d c a
: D ad ? Ea a , a

d d ca d a d d a ad; a a
a ad d c . H , b d

a , a b d d ca d a a d ad .



434

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3
Concep al Unde anding of Mi o i and

Meio i



435

Anal ing Da a
R ca a ac a c d a

d d a d c a d .

Sa a a d T a a d Ja a a d
F b a a d ad d d-F b a . A a

da a a ad , c d c d a d d -
a d a ca c a c

433. ( . ., a ad a c a d
a ad a c a d a a d
ac ). T a ca a a d c
a a ab b .

T d c d ad a c
a ac c d a a a a 4.5 ( . .,

87.00 82.59) a c a . T d c a
a ca ca , c p- a a a 0.004

( c c a a - 0.05). T , ba d
a a da a, Sa a a d T c d a a c

a d c c d a a a ca d c d
c c a d a d a d b c a a

a ad a a ac a d c a a ad a
a ac d b-ba d a a d ac , a

a d b .

T ac a a a d d a c d
a c d b a a a .

T ad d a a a a a
a a da a d - d c a

a d b . A Sa a a d T b a a d
c d b d , c d a c a .

F a , a c d d ca d a
d c c ab d c b
c . Ma a a d a
c , a d d d c c

434. c d . Sa a d a a c a
a d d add c d . S c d,

a d a a , c d b d



436

b b c a d . F a , Ja , a d
ad a c c a , d
ad d d c ( W a a d a ? ):

The are impor an beca se i ho hem, organisms can gro
bigger ( o kno , more skin, more bones, more m scles, e c.).

J , a d c a , d d Ja
:

Yo are onl par iall correc . Mi osis is he process responsible
for
cells reprod cing and making more skin, bones, and m scles.
Cells
reprod ce and make e ac d plica es of hemsel es. Meiosis, on he
o her hand, has a er differen p rpose. I s p rpose, and h i s
impor an , is ha one diploid cell ( i h 46 chromosomes, in he
case
of h mans) di ides ice o make fo r haploid cells (each i h onl
23 chromosomes). These cells are called game es and are
necessar for se al reprod c ion. T o haploid cells come oge her
o form one diploid cell (i.e., 23 + 23 = 46).

T a a a Sa a a d T
d . F , b d a a

435. d a ( ad) a a c c ac ,
c d d a a a d ad a

a ac . W a Sa a a d T b a c c d a a ad
ac a d a d d d a d

c c b , b d a b ab a
c c c a a . B Sa a a d T d c d d

a d b c ca b a ac a d
b ac a a a c a d

.



437



438

T c a a :

Da a c P a 1 a d 3 a a d
c a c a a d (G a & S a , 1967) c d ,

c a , a d c a ca a a a a
. T a c a a c d a c

a d , d b a c
, d c , a d a a c c a

c d ca ba d da a. Da a
a a a d d b ac d d a a c d
d (B da & B , 1992; T c , 1990).

436. T c a a a a ad M d d
a a a a da a,

M a c , a a c .

A ad a a a c a c b d a a c
. A a ca d a
ad a c . Eac a c d d- a

ad a c a d d d a d c d d a . T
a c a a d d a c d d a a d

d c d a a d d a d ac
c ca . W d a cc d, a

d a c a d da a ac c
ca a d . A a a c c , a a c ad

d d ca a c a da a d
a d a a c d b c a d.

T c a a a a ad A a ca
c d c d d a c ,

d d a c d , a d c ab a .

S a a a da a c c d a d
d acc a c d c a c a .

T ca c d d d
add a d c d b d (C , 1998;
G ba, 1981).

T a a . T a a a acc d b
a c a d d ( c a d )

437. c a d a d a a c a ac .
C c , a c ad bac d a c d d,

a c d d c a d ca , d ca c , a d H ad S a ,
a a c d c a a



439

c d d c a d ca a d a c ad a
ca c d c . A , a c a a

c d d ab a d a ECE
a .

T c a a a a ad P c d d
ab a d c d b : a a ,

d b , a d b c c .

P D b . P d b a
d a d a d da a a d a d a

d a c c a d a . T
a c a a c a c
c a , a da a c c c d , d c

da a c c , d b a c d c c , d c
, a a d c , a d

c a da a a a d ca . T a c a
d a c a d
d da a.

438. M b C c . T a a acc a
c d c a a d c , a c
c a d d b a da

d c a d dbac acc ac a d c a da a a d
. T c a c d acc ac da a c c d

a d ad add a c a d a a d
ac . I add , a c a d a d d d

dbac a d a a c . B c a d ca d
a a c a d d a d

c a d d ab .

S . T da a a d a a c da da a c
c d a d a a da a a d c

. T a c ca d d a ( a a
a c a a ); , d d

a c a d d a d . F da a c c d
, a d , D a (1978) c d

d a a a d - d . R d
a a d c c d ca b a d

d a c da aba . A a
c c d acc ac . A a 916 a

a c c a I a. A a 693
d a a a 75.6%. O , 655 (71.5%)

ab a d c d d. M a a d a da d d a
ca c a d 37 c d a d

439. d d d c . M a a d
2.59 4.54 a d a da d d a a d .59 1.23.



440

T c a a a a ad Q a a
da a a d a a a d .

S c b ad : B , S , M b , a d Sc
(2001). R d .

I d d a d SAT c c d d ac d
a d d a c - ad a a a c c a
d 1997 1998, 1998 1999, a d 1999 2000 c a .
T H -M a d a d ,

C d A d Ma c d, a d a c b a b
c c a d a . T a SAT c a a d

a ANOVA a 0.05 ca c d
d c b c c a .

T c a a a a ad Q a a
a a c d ANOVA a a a a .05 .

S c b ad : A a d S (2003).

Ac R a c C c 6



441

Anal ing Da a in Ac ion Re ea ch

440. R a c ( ) a d

d c ab a a , a a , d-
d da a ac a c .

D a a a a da a (
).

I a c c d q ali a i e da a, d c d a
a a da a:

W c d , a , a d a a da a b a d?
H d ( ca d , c , c.)?
W a ( . ., S a C c ,
SPSS, SYSTAT) c d , a , a d a a
da a?

I a c c d q an i a i e da a, d c d a
a a da a:

B c a a d c ( . .,
c , a , d a , a ) a

a c ( . ., , ANOVA, c - a ) a
.

W a a da a b a d, a a
ca c a ?
W a ( . ., S a C c )
a a da a?

A c a da a
a a :

W a a a ?
W a ab , a , a d ?

441. D a da a a a .



442



443

Pa Fo I e Go Re l ! No
Wha ?

Chap e 7. Ne S ep and F e C cle : De eloping an
Ac ion Plan
Chap e 8. W i ing an Ac ion Re ea ch Repo
Chap e 9. Sha ing and Reflec ing

Pa IV b d c ac d ac
a c c a c c d . I C a 7,

a ab d a ac a , c
a a a c c ca c

ac a c . T a b d d a , a -,
c - d a . R c c a a

c ca a c . I C a 8, d b d
a b ,
a ab a c a d ac ca d

acad c . F a , C a 9, a ab
a d a ac a c
c . A a , a c a a

442. c .



444



445

Chap e Se en Ne S ep and
F e C cle De eloping an
Ac ion Plan

C a 7 O a

A b c d a a a d a ac a a d
a a d.

D a Ac P a b a c a a a ,
c b a c a d b :

D a Ac P a
D ac a
L ac a

I d d a ac a
T a ac a
Sc - d c - d ac a

Ac a : c

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1: M a a d
E a S d R c S c a S c

443. 446

De eloping Ac ion Plan
Le el of Ac ion Plan

I d d a
T a
Sc -L D c d

Ac ion Planning: A Time fo Reflec ion
S mma

➤ Q e ion and Ac i i ie
➤ Ke Te m
➤ S den S d Si e

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch
➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2: I
R ad C a T I P a
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447

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1
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Recei ing Special Se ice

444. 448

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a .

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. F a d , b d a c
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445. c a b a c c d d a a
d a a c ab c

d ac a a . I add , a ad d a a a
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a a a ac c .

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d b d a .



449

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c a a a add ac

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d b a a a

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d c d c a c . J d

a c c c a d a ac c a
a d a d .



450

Q e ion o Think Abo :
A b a da a a

d ca c c d?
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c c c ac a c ?
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a d?

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c a . T a c a a
da a a a , a , a d
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a ac . T ac a a c
a a a ,

, a d c a
d , a d a c a d d

a d a c d a d a ac
a c c c a a c b a b .

447. 451

De eloping Ac ion Plan
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ac a c c (J , 2008).
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a a (C , 2005). T d d
a a d ac a c c (J ,

2008). Ac a a c b a
d c ab a a d ca a

ac c ; a a c a a a ac add
b ; a a a a a a d

d c, c a ac , ad a ,
b a d d ca , c d c ; a

a (C , 2005; J , 2008). T
ac a a b a , a a

a a a c a c c
a b a a a (C , 2005).

A C (2005) a d F a a d Wa (2003) ,
a a c d a ac a a

ac - a c a a
, ca , ac c c a

d a ac a c c .

448. 452

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ac ion a a c c d c a c a

a ac ion ac ion a c . I ca ,
d a ac a a a b d
d . T a a ca ac -

a c a d c a
a d d b c a d (J , 2008). I c ca ,

ac a d . H , J (2008) a
d b a d c c ac

a c d :

1. A a d a d a c d d
a d a d d.

2. A b d c d.
3. A a , a a , a c a d d b

c .
4. A a , a a , a c a d d

d d ca .



453

5. A a , a a , a c a d d b
c . ( . 136 137)

D a ac a c c , ac -

449. a c ba ca a :

Ba d a I a a d d , a d I d
? (M , 2011). Ma c d a b
a a a ac a c c (J , 2008).

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ac a a a d , bac ac

d , a a d c d a,
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a ac
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S c ca a d d c ( . 155)

A a S Ac C a ( c a b ada d
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454

450. Fig e 7.1

So rce: Ada d M (2011).

L ac c ad F 7.1,
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a a a ac a c c . B
a c a d a d c c

a d a a d a a da a, S
Ac C a c ac a c c c
(M , 2011). C c a ac

a c , c d c ac a c , a d d ac
a ( c c a ac a c ) a

c a d c d C a 1. Na , d a
ac a ac a c a d ; a
d ca c b c c

ca , a a a c a
d ca a a d c a ac c .



455

Le el of Ac ion Plan
Ac a ca cc a a d

d ca a . Ac a ca b d d a
indi id al, eam, school dis ric (M , 2011). T
d a a a ba d a
c ac a c c . I add , a

451. a a b ac a c a d ac a ca cc a

a d a ac a c c . F
a , a c d a a a a d c d
c b a a a a b a a ac d d a

c a c . L a a a ac
ac a : d d a , a , a d c /d c .



456

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O , indi id al ac ion planning d b d d a

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d ca , a c a .

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a a d c .

452. 457

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ac a a ad a b c a a. I

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. Team ac ion planning a
ac a a d d a ac a d ac a
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458

School-Le el o Di ic ide
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.

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a a b . Sc -b d d c d

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c ac ca a d a cab a .



459

Ac ion Planning: A Time fo
Reflec ion
A I d a c a , ac a a

a a a c . I d
c ac a c a

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a a c c a c a d
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a d c b a b d a . T ac c

c a d a c d d
c , d a
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(2011) a a a c , c d
a a

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ac ?
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d c ac a a d c .

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bac a c a c a ac c a ,

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460

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ac a c d . N a c d a d

a c d c d c . T a a a a
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a a d . D c
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:

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a ?

457. R b a c a a c a c d ,
b ca a a ac a c a

a a c
b c c . I a d, a da a

( . ., a d), b a c c
a d a .



461

An Ac ion Planning empla e appea in Appendi C and can
al o be fo nd a an in e ac i e PDF on he S den S d Si e.

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a a .
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a d .

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462

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ac a c c .
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a ? D c b a a a ac - a c
d a c ac c a a ac a .

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c d a a C a 6 ( W

U Ac R a c c ) c a a b ac a
c c ac a c a a c a

d ca a ac c .

459. 463

Ke Te m
ac a 217
d a 216
d c d ac a 220

d d a ac a 220
c - ac a 220
a ac a 220

Re ie P ac ice Imp o e

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d d a c a , ac c ,
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464

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch



465

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2
Imp o ing Reading Comp ehen ion in a

Ti le I P og am

460. 466

Ac ion Planning fo P ac ice and F e
C cle of Ac ion Re ea ch
R ca a ac a c d a

d ad c a T I c .

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c d a a d . H d c

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T d ca c c a d

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b a a d d a d ad b

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ad a .

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d . H , c d , b ca c c d

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ad a a d .

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da a c c a : F , d a a T

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ad a b . A Ka ad d , d a
d d a ad c a

b a . S c d, d c d a
d . S a c c d a d a b

a c a a d ad a ,
. Ka b d a a

c c d ad ac c a d c
a b c a c da a, a d a

d d a ad c
b d a c a .



467

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3
Concep al Unde anding of Mi o i and

Meio i



468

Ac ion Planning fo P ac ice and F e
C cle of Ac ion Re ea ch
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d d a d c a d .

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c c a d a d a d d

. A b ac ad d a b a a
d c c b d a

a ac a d , d c
b a d c ( . ., a 5 ) a b a ca ca

a d ac ca a Sa a a d T . I add ,
a a a a da a a c c d d d

a a d a b d a d c a d b
ab a c d a d ac .

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ac d a d a a a . F

c c ac a c , ac d c d d
add a b-ba d ac c a ac

a d a d . I c a
ad a ad d a c d b c a

d a ab c a d .

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b . A b c , ad b a

d d c a . U
a a c , a a a d a d

c c a d a d d d a d
b . B a , , a d

b a a a ac a d

463. ac b d a d cab a a d c . A a c d
a ac a c , b Sa a a d T d c d d
c a b c c
a . E ac a c ad c d a c c a

, d c d a b d d a
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c c b a a c a c a

d a d .



469



470

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a a c c a c a d

c a c a d d a a dd
c c c c c . T a c b a

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c a a a d d a a
c . T ac c a

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464. T c c , I a a H
S d a - ac a d ac a d

a acad c d c a a a a c a c a
d ca a d d a c . S d

d d a ac a
.

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a c d Ac a

ac c a d a .

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c c c a. I E , c d b d a c a

a . S c a d c a c d d a
d a a . O d

d d H S d d a a a d- a a
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d , ad a a , a d ac a .

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c c ca .

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c a ac . B b c

b c a , ac d a d d a
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465. d a d ac c c a d a a a a

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c d d (a c d c

acc d d) a d b
acad c b d .



471

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c c ac a c .

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a a c c , b a d d c

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ac a c c

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; ac b a d a d

466. a b c a d. S c ,
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a c a d ac . I c a a
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ac a d c d a c c a d, , d
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c d . H a d

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c d ac a a c . T d ca

a a a a c ac d , c
d d a a b a . F , a a

b d a c d a d .

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472

Ac ion Planning fo P ac ice and F e
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b a d?
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ac a c d ?
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a c d .
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ac a c .



473



474

Chap e Eigh W i ing an Ac ion
Re ea ch Repo

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a d c acad c , c b a c 10
. T d c d b :

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469. S mma

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➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2: I
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476

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1
Mo i a ion and Engagemen fo S den

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477

W i ing he Ac ion Re ea ch Repo
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c c a c a a d

a .

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a c a a c

470. d IEP a d c c a c . B ca
ac c c a
d a a d c d- ad ac d c d d a

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a b a a d d ca b ac c , a b

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d ca , c a d ca , a d ac - d ac a c . T

d d a ac ca a b a d
c d Earl Childhood Ed ca ion, Yo ng Children, Jo rnal of

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Research a d a d . A

c ac a c ad b d c c a
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478

Q e ion o Think Abo :
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a c a d ?
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?

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d , a b a : G p blished

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a ac a c c a
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b a d ca d . F a , a a c
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473. 479

acc . I ca b b a a d b
c a ad a d c acc
(M , 2011).

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480

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483

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484

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485

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478. b d a ( b d ) a a a d

APA . I a b c
P blica ion Man al of he American Ps chological Associa ion

da c a d a a c acc d .

Con en ion of academic- le i ing a a d-
c d a adab a d c d b
a c (M & C a , 2011). R ad a

a d a c a c a c a
a d a a d . W a

ac a c , a ac - a c
c a a d a . Fa d

d a da a c , b ca da a a a c
c d b (M & C a , 2011). C d a c a

ac c d b ca b a d b a d d a
a a d a a ca . T

a ac - a c a da d c
ca a a a a ca

c a ac . T c a c d
:

1. T a d ab ac
2. P a d c
3. V b



486

479. 4. T a d a
5. C a
6. C c
7. S c a a

W a a a a a c a ,
a , a c a a c a a c

a d d a d a a c .



487

Ti le and Ab ac
T a , a a a ,

a a c ad c .
T a c c a a c d

ad . U a a a a a ,
a ca a ab

a a . I a a a ,
a a c a a a a . T d

d ca c a a d a d a ab .
R a c a d ac - a c a c d

d c , c a dd a a
a . I a a d ca d, I a

c a d ad a a c c a a . T
a c , d d

480. acc a d c b c a d d a a d (M &
C a , 2011).

T a c a d b a a a d
a d d c . F a , I c b d a a
a c d T R C a E c P c a d
I c T ac A L ac . N c d c

a . I c d d d a ab (classroom
e perience), d d a ab (assessmen li erac ), a d

a d d (preser ice and in-ser ice eachers).
Acc d APA Ma a (APA, 2010), a a a c

d b a c c a a c a d
d d a ab ca d

a a d a b (S c 2.01, .
23).

I d c d .
H , I d c a a a a

a . C d c d
a I c d c d, d a a a c c a d

b d a a :



488

W a A S ??? Pa R a d
N F T ac T ad a a d W b S

T M P c ? A P c c C a

481. W b-Ba d a d T ad a S M d

E I d a b c a
, a a a d c c

a d ac a d c d c d. M ba c ad c
ac a c c a c
a d c a a b b d c

ab ad a !

A ab ac a b b c a
c a c (APA, 2010). I a

ad ac a c c
c b a c .
Ab ac a ca a a a a a a d a a

d 150 250 d . A ab ac ca c
a :

A b a a c b , b
ac c

A d c a d a c a d
A a c d , c d a ,

a , a d, a a da a
a c c d a d c c d

A a ba c d
A c c d c c c a d a
ac

H a a ab ac a a c I b d a a
a (M , 2010b):

482. D e o he magni de of NCLB, he press re on eachers has
increased o perhaps immeas rable propor ions. One co ld
arg e ha NCLB has ramifica ions for nearl all aspec s of
he eaching learning process, incl ding classroom-based
assessmen . The p rpose of his s d as o describe



489

eachers beliefs abo NCLB and i s infl ence on classroom
prac ices. Differences based on se eral demographic
ariables ere also e amined. An original ins r men as

adminis ered o eachers and 1,534 responses ere recei ed.
Salien findings re ealed ha eachers belie e NCLB is
ha ing nega i e impac s on ins r c ional and c rric lar
prac ices, incl ding higher le els of s ress rela ed o
impro ing s den performance. Teachers repor ed se eral
changes in ho he assess s den s. Significan gro p
differences ere fo nd, par ic larl on he res l an
componen s of S den Tes Prepara ion and Ins r c ional
Changes.

Video Clip 8.1 V a c D . M d c acad c
.

A ca , a ab ac , a d
a b a b a d ac . W a

ab ac ac a d c a c ,
b ca b cc c d c b
a a a ac a c d , a d

ab .

483. 490

Pe on and Voice
O a acad c a d c ca ,

ad a a c , c a a a c a
d a ca

a b c a b (J , 2008). Y
d a firs -person prono ns. U a , a

d a I, e, me. I ad, hird-
person , c a a a c . P a

b a , c c , a d c da a d
a c a c , a a d , a d

a d (J , 2008). R b a
a a a c a a d a b a

a d b c c a c a d
da a c ca ad .

C d a a a a b d a
a a a acad c a :

A a , Ohio Teacher Assessmen
Prac ices S r e , a d d b a c

c c da a. T a a d
a d d d c c

a a . T c d

484. 47 a d c d d b ca d ( c d-c c ) a d

- d d . F d a a d,
ac a d b a c d

c c a d a d ab c a
a , c ca a

a a d c d . (M ,
1999)

N c a I a d c b d ac a I d d
, c ca a c d .

H , ac a a a , I
a a c .



491

I c a , a d a a a a c ,
ac a c a c b c . A

ac - a c a c a a ac a c
d ; , b d ab
a d c ac - a c .

H , a b a d a a c
c c b a dd a da (J , 2008). I

ac a c , c c a a d c ,
a , a d c c b a , acc a , , a d

a c b c d d a
c d b . C d a a a I

485. c d c I a ad c
a cca b :

O b ad b ca a a d
acc d a . Ma c d c
a d a d, T a a . W c a . S ac d ca
a d a a a a a . T ac

d ac . T a b a
c . H , c d d

b Ma a a a a d . I
c d Ma a i h c d ,

ad a . I b c a
c ad c d , I c d a c a

ac a c .

H , c a d d I ,
b a I a d b a a d c

b a d c d c a a c a a I
b d.

A a , a b a
d c a c b c d ad a

a c a d d ac a c . I
ad a a c , passi e oice d a

(M & C a , 2011). T a c c a ac d b
a c a :

486. 492

T c c ac d

I a c c d d b a c a

N a a , a c c ,
a d b d . I c a , ac i e oice

a a ac a c . H a
ac - a c

ac ( c , ac i e c ). T ac
c c a ac d b c c a :

T a c d d

I d c d c a

Ob ac c d b a ad - d
. T a d c b c ca

b a a :

I a c d b a c a
b a d b a d b a d add

a b add d. (passi e c )

I c d a b a b a d
add a b add d. (ac i e c )

T APA Ma a (2010) a a a a c
d ac c a a a c (S c

487. 3.18, . 77). I ca ac - a c ac
a c , I a d a .



493

Ve b Ten e
R a c a a pas ense (M &
C a , 2011). T a a a a c a
a ad b c d c d a d, ca , c d. T

a d a a c a
, c a a a c a a a ad

cc d a d b b d d a d. Y
d , , a d c c c , a a a

c acc , a a a a
a a a a ad cc d. H ,
c a b presen ense. I d c c
c d c d a d a c

a d a a d a ca
. T b ca ac - a c

d c b a c rren a , b , c c . S c
a c c a d a d a a

d a a c a d d b
d c b d a a . A , a c da

, c d ac a , a bab a a
.

T c c ad c d APA Ma a (APA, 2010,

488. S c 3.18, . 78) a a d b d

a ac c d a a a ad cc d a d a
a d a a c c a , c a

a a c ; a ,
J (2006) d a . W a a

ac c d a d d no cc a a c c, d
, c d b d ( . ., S c 2000,

a a c a a d a a c c . ).



494

Ten a i e Ve Defini i e S a emen
W a ac a c ,

b ca a d a ad c
c d c c a . I c , ca
b d , c ca a a a

a a (M & C a , 2011). W d c b
d ( . ., a c d , da a c c ),
d b d a d c . Y a c a

ad a c a c d . I add ,
d c a ca a a , ca

a b d . I b d
d d , a a d a da d d a a

c , c a d d ca d a
c c a c d b d , ca

489. c c b , d c a ac d .
S c a c a a d objec i e d ca c a

a , a da d d a , a d c a , b
( . ., d d a a ) a d
a b a a d . I d , d d a

ca a a da a, d d ca c a
a , a d b a d a . T , acc ab

c a a :

T a a a 29.11 a d a da d d a
a 2.45.

S - c d d ca d a d
c c a c d .

T c c c a a a +0.54.

I c a , c c a d a b
ca a c , b a . I

ca a c c ab c a . I
c a d c a ca a a , a
a a ( ca a a da a) d c a a



495

( ca a a da a) c a b c
a . T , c c , a ,

ca a , ac , d d d a d d a . W

490. a c c ca , a ad

a :

T b d c a
c c

a a d.

A , a b c ca a c
c b d b d a a

d ab ab a K 12 c a .

I ca a a , c a
a ac a d b T b a d a b

c ca a H a b d a a ab .



496

Cla i
T c a a c a c c a

a ad . Y a d b c a
a ad a d d ca

d ca d a a (J ,
2008). O c b ac a c d c a

a d a b . T d
a b c adab . J (2008) a

a ca a c c a b

491. a ac d ( . 178). A a ad

ab c a d c d a d a
a b .

F a , a a ca a ca
c a a d adab (J , 2008). T ad a d

b ad a ad a
d . T a c a a c

. Add a a ab a a c
b d .



497

Con i enc
S c c a a c
c a . Y c d c , d a ,

a , c a b , abb a , a d ac d
a a c a b (M & C a , 2011). F

a , b a a a c d ca
M a , d a d

. T a ca b a d a , c a d a ,
, ac , a d ad a

( a APA ), d a a each and
e er ime. Y d a a c , ab , c a ,

, a d c a c a
a c . A c a a a

492. a a d c b ad c d. T
APA Ma a a c c
(APA, 2010, S c 3.05, . 65). I a a ad a a
b d a d d a c

d , c c , a d d
.



498

Simplici of Lang age
I a a d d ad a a c d
c a a c , a

c a a b - ! R a c d b
a a d a d ( a a a c a d
) a a (M & C a , 2011). T APA Ma a

a c (APA, 2010, S c
3.06, . 67). I c a c ,

a d da c a d d , a d a d
d a d d c .

R b a a a ,
ad a a . A a d o er se
ad c a d ad b . E c d c

a ad d c . P a d,
a c a , ac c ad

d a (a d a ) b a
b c b d ab c a d. D

493. ad a a d c a
a b d- c a . Y d

a a c c d , , a d
c c c a ad d a d , b

a a a d . A
a , ad d d a

c a d ad b ca d
b a d c ad.



499

Con en ion of Fo ma
R a c , a d a c

, d a a c . T c ba d
a con en ions of forma , c a d a c
a a d c b c d d a

ca a c . M ad a c a
c , d d a c c d c d (M &

C a , 2011). S a da d c c d a
d c , a d c d ca c d

d, a a d , a d a a
c c . T a a a , a d ca d b a

ad a d b ad , ca d ad a
a a a c a (M , 2019):

494. Ab ac
In od c ion

S a P b
P S d
R a c Q H
L a a d D a

Re ie of Rela ed Li e a e
Me hodolog

Pa c a
Da a C c P c d
Da a A a P c d

Re l
Concl ion and Recommenda ion
Refe ence

N c a a a c , c a a b d .
(T a ac a c , c d ab ac .
H , a ab ac a a c a .) T c
a a a da d. I ac , d c d a c d c
a a a d a d , c

c d c a c d c a
a a a d c . S b ad ca b add d

a b a a . F a , b ad a
a add d a c c ca b



500

a 30 100 a a d a

495. d a adab . I a d c d b
ad a 100- a a a d d a a a

a c a a a , c a a a d
.

Video Clip 8.2 & 8.3 V c ac - a c
d c c ac a c .

T a ac a c d a a da d a
d a . H , a a a a

c a ac ca a ac a c
c , a I d C a 2 a d c ca F

2.1. Eac a d ac a c d b
a a d ; , ac a c

a ad a (ada d M ,
2011):

Ab ac
In od c ion

A a F c
D Va ab
R a c Q

Re ie of Rela ed Li e a e
De c ip ion of he In e en ion o Inno a ion Da a
Collec ion and Con ide a ion
Da a Anal i and In e p e a ion
Concl ion
Reflec ion and Ac ion Plan

I ac a c , a c a b

496. ab d a c ( . ., a ad ), b

a a c d d a a . I
a a a a a a , b ca

c c a d ad
d a d a a c d . Y d a c
ad a
a d acc a . P d a a



501

d d a d c, c d , ,
c c , a d ac a .

N b , I a c d a c
d I c d c d c c a

c . T a a c a I a
d a ab 30 a . I I a d

a ad a d b ad a I d a :

In od c ion
T C a I Bac d L a D c

S d
D c S
D c Sc S a

Me hodolog
D c

Gail S o

497. W a P R c M a M
W a P R c M a C d
U P R c

Ca ol S o
W a P R c M a M
W a P R c M a C d
U P R c

Ma il n S o
W a P R c M a M
W a P R c M a C d
U P R c

E ic S o
S mma and Concl ion
Refe ence

Y c c a I d d ac a I
d . H , a a c

c d d: a d c ( c d d c c a d
d a a a a ), a d c

d ca c d ( c c d d da a c c a d
a a ), d c , a d a a d
c c . I a c a a d d d

d b ( d . a b.c / 6 ), c a



502

a a c d c d a
c , b a a c d a

498. d .

A a a a d b add d
a a c . T a I

a c a d b ad a d : H d
a b ? T a a a A
a d b d a d acc a
. S d ca d a a , b
a a I ca d . T a ,

c , a d a c
a d d a . I a
d ac a d ad a d c , I d

- b , a a
a . Y c d a a

ad a d a c , ,
a a d d a b a a a

a ac . A a a d b a a a
a ad b b d ac

c . R b a a a b
a a b d .

I a b a a a a a
c c , d a a d a c

a d a ab a a c ac a c
d . M a a I a c c a 20

30 d b - ac d a , a ca
c d . U a , a b d

499. a c , b ca d c d
a c d d c a d d a a d c

a a c a d a d d (M , 2011). I add ,
a b a b ca a acad c

a , a c a a ca d c
a d . G d
a b a , b I ad , I d a a

a a a a a c 20 25 d b - ac d
a . I c d c b , d
a ca d d d
a d . T ca a b



503

a a a a d d ! I d
ac a c , I a a a c a a I

d a a a d I a appro ima e
b d a a d c d b
a d a : Ro ghl o and one-half pages of do ble-

spaced pe ill eq al one page of final, laid-o prin . O c ,
c c a a d b a ac a

a a a . F a , d Ne orks a a
a c a a a 2,000 3,500 d . T

d c b Reflec i e Prac ice d a
6,000 d .

500. Y a d a a a d a c acc d
b ca , a a d
b ca . A a , a a a

d b - ac d b a d a d
a d a d bab b - ac d. F a , a
a c a I c ad b d a a a 28 d b -

ac d a I a d . W
a a d a , a d 16 a a .



504

A Wo d Abo E hic When W i ing
Re ea ch Repo
U c a , a d c d a
c a d ac c acad c . T b ,

c a , a
ac c a d acc d a a d a

c b d b a a a c a . H , c a
a d ca c a c a

a d ba ab . T APA Ma a a a c c
d a a c a d a a c

a c a (APA, 2010, . 11).

A c d c a c d ca a a a
a c d d a acc ac

a c a d c a c
a c a . T ca a d d b d a a a

501. (APA, 2010), c d b d :

E a da a a d/ a a d ab ca d
a a a a

P c c d a a c a b
L d a d d c
R a a c a ac c a a

a a a c
U d ( b d d a a d

a a )

I add , APA Ma a d a d
d c b a a a . T

d ca a a c
a c a . T d c d :

U a a a c c d c b
a c a ( . ., d c b gender

a d se d d c b a c a ).
A d ab a ( . ., ga s, elderl ) d c b

a c a , a ad c a ( . ., ga



505

men, older ad l s).
U - , ad c d - , a a ( . .,
s den s i h learning differences, a d learning-

502. disabled s den s).
Ma d c b a a

c d , a a , ac a d c ,
d ab , a , a d ca a d/

acc ac .

F c c d c a d d
a d c a c a a d d c b a

, c APA Ma a (APA, 2010, . 16 17, 70 77).



506

P ac ical G ideline fo W i ing
W ; d . R a d c

d a c a , a c a
a acad c a a ab a c

a a c a , , a d
a d . C ca c a a c a d a c

d a b a a
b a ab a d a , a , a d

. W a c a c
ca a ab a c, a a

ab a c, a d a d a
. I add , a c ca ab a

c c c ca d c a . I

503. a c ca d a d, ca , ac a

a c a d d I
a c a . O a d
ac ad a I b a d d

d b ad
a c ac .

I ad d a a a a b ca
I d a a c a c a d a

b , I bab d a a d. I I a
ca ab d c c a d .
H , a I a b a d c
a b a a d a c , I ca a a I

! F , a a a b
a a I a d d. K d a

d a , a d a
b o . W a d, I

:

1. Es ablish a ri ing ro ine. W a ;
a ca b d c . O b
ca d ac a a a

a . F d a , a
c a . I a d a a a c



507

504. ac a a a , ad ,
d a , a d . W b c
a a a ac . I
add , d a c ab ac a a

c a a ad a d a c a
c ab . F d a ac a , a d a

a .
2. Tr o ri e a he same ime e er da . A

ab a , b d da
c d . P a a c
30 a . R a d a ,
a a a a da . F a ,

d c d a b c 30 b
, a b a d a c

a d b b .
3. Wri e as if o are alking o a friend. R b a a

c ca d a d
d a c a a b . W , a a
a a d ab d . T d

ab c, c ca a a c
d d a dab , .

4. Begin i h an o line, and organi e o r ho gh s
accordingl . W I , I b b d a

. T a I a d b a

. T ac a d c d;
, c a a a c c

505. d d c .
5. Do no orr ini iall abo spelling, grammar, and ho o r

repor reads. W d d a ac
a c , d b c c c d ab
ad . I b a a a

acad c a c a
ad c . D c c
d d a a c c
a d. A c ,

d b c c d ,
d a , a d a a . A a , M (2011)
ad ac - a c ,

c ( . 181). Y a a
a a a a .



508

6. Reali e ha ri ing a firs draf is onl he firs s ep in he
ri ing process. W b , a
a a a a d a . Y a

d a d a d d a d
a a . Eac , a d c a

a d d a ; ac , b c a
c , a d b .

7. Las b possibl mos impor an , de elop a realis ic ri ing
sched le. I b c a

506. c d , a ac c c
a . D a a c a d I

d realis ic c d
d d b d

a .

A c d , a d a d d d
N b 4, a a a

d ac a c . A a a , I a d d a
c d a I d a a c a c

c c a ( F 8.1). N c a c d
a a a a d a d a d a I c d d c c

b I c d .

T c a N b 7 a d
a c . I a d a

c I ca c c d , cc
c b . I add , b a d

b ab c c c a c
c a a acc , d

a d a bac , a d
c a , b ca a a d

b a ! J b d a
a d c .

W U Ac R a c : W Sc d

507. 509

Fig e 8.1

S a

F a a ac a c a b ca
c a ca a a c d ,

ca d a ab dbac , d
ac ac c , a d ca d a

a acc .
Acad c d c a c ,

c a d a d , c a
P blica ion Man al of he American Ps chological Associa ion.

S c c acad c
a d c , b , c a ,

a a d d a , c c , a d
c a a .



510

I a b a
a c c a a ad

d b b b a acc a d c b c a d
d .

508. M ad a a c d d b
d- ; ,

a a - c a
a ac a c d .

U ac c a d a c
a a ac a c .

G a a , d c c a a c
; a d

a , d , a d a a
; a d a c da a d a ac a a

ca .
I a a b d ca a d

a a d c c c
a d ca .
A a c d b a c a a d
c a b .
D ad a a ;

, a a d a a - .
A a a d- a a a

c a a a c , ac a c
c a c :

Ab ac
I d c
R R a d L a
D c I I a
Da a C c a d C d a
Da a A a a d I a

509. C c
R c a d Ac P a

T a a a c d d
.

W a a a a c , ac -
a c d ab a , a

a ac da , a c a d, b
a a d a acc d ,

ab a d a a a a d a , a d
d a a c c d .



511

Q e ion and Ac i i ie
1. S c a b d a c a c a a c

a c . Ba d a d a d
d c a ( . ., c ,

c a ), a b c
a c a a ( ) d d a d
a c a c d b d.

2. L ca a a a a c a d a a a
. W a d c ab ?

W c d c a d d a ( )
? W c d?

3. L ca a a a a c a d a a a

510. . W a d c ab ?

W c d c a d d a ( )
? W c d?



512

Ke Te m
ab ac 234
c acad c- 233

d 231

Re ie P ac ice Imp o e

G d a d . Acc
d d a c a , ac c ,
F a ca d , a d a edge. agep b.com/me le 6e.



513

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch



514

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2
Imp o ing Reading Comp ehen ion in a

Ti le I P og am

511. 515

W i ing he Ac ion Re ea ch Repo
R ca a ac a c d a

d ad c a T I c .

Ka a c d ab ac a c d .
A a a a d c a ,

a d a c a a ac d
a a c d b . Ka a a a a

, b ac d a d d a d
c a a c a ad d a d. T

b a d d a b b ca , a d a a d a a a
ad a , The Reading Teacher a b ca I a a

R ad A c a b a a a d .
I c d d ac d The Reading Teacher a c

ac a d a c ca b a c
d b a c . T ac ,

I a a R ad A c a a ( :// . ad . )
a d a a d W T R ad T ac
( :// b a . .c / a /10.1002/(ISSN)1936-
2714/ a /F A . ) d a

c ca d d a b a c b ca . T ,
d a ab a a c b d The

Reading Teacher, d d b , a d

512. a c d c c a . S c ca , d

a a :

A hors are generall no ified of a decision i hin hree mon hs of
receip of s bmission. Ar icles are j dged primaril for heir
con rib ion o he field, sef lness o eachers or researchers,
imeliness, freshness of approach, and clari and cohesi eness of
presen a ion.

Ka a c d ab c a ac
a c b d, a a a a a a

a a . S d d b a d a c ,
c c ca d a d c c ad

d d a a .



516

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3
Concep al Unde anding of Mi o i and

Meio i



517

W i ing he Ac ion Re ea ch Repo
R ca a ac a c d a

d d a d c a d .

513. U c a c c ac a c d , Sa a a d
T d c d d a - a b d

. T d Sa a a c c ab
d a d a , a d d b

c c a c d , a d a c a a
d d a d a d . Sa a

c d d a c ad d, ad
c a d c a , a d ad

a d d a c a c . Sa a a d
T d c d d a d a a ba c a d
d c a c a c c a a ac

d c c a d a d a d .

T a a a a a c c d ca a
ca . T a d ad c ab a

b ca . T c d d a : The
Science Teacher ( :// . a. / c /) a d American Biolog
Teacher ( :// . ab . / b / / d . ? =26). T

a d b b d c d d a d d a a c
b The Science Teacher, b ca c ac

c c a c .

Ac R a c C c 8



518

514. W i ing an Ac ion Re ea ch Repo
D a a a ac a c
d .

Id d d a d c ( . ., d ca ,
ad a , c b a d b , c.).
Id a b ( . ., a ,

).
D a a ad a d

b ad .
E ab a a ; ca
c ac da .

O c d , d a c d
d c d ac

a a c ac a c .
R b a a c a a ,

a a a a d c a .
A , c c

a .
F d a a d ad

ca dbac .
R , a a a .
S b a c b ca !



519

515. 520

Chap e Nine Sha ing and Reflec ing

C a 9 O a

A b c d a a d c ac a c a a d
c .

S a a d R c a d C ca ac
a c a c c d a - a a .

C ca ac a c b a c
a d b . T d c d b .

S a a d R c
C ca ac a c

L ca a
Ac a c c
P a c c
Acad c a
E c c d a

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1: M a a d E a
S d R c S c a S c

Comm nica ing he Re l of Ac ion Re ea ch
L ca
Ac R a c C



521

516. P a C c
D c -L Ac R a c C c
Acad c J a
S a R E c ca
A W d Ab E c W S a R Ac
R a c

Reflec ing on he Ac ion Re ea ch P oce
S mma

➤ Q e ion and Ac i i ie
➤ Ke Te m
➤ S den S d Si e

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch
➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2: I R ad
C a T I P a
➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3: C c a
U d a d M a d M
➤ W i ing Up Ac ion Re ea ch
➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Checkli



522

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1
Mo i a ion and Engagemen fo S den

Recei ing Special Se ice



523

Sha ing he Re l of Ac ion Re ea ch

517. R ca a ac a c d a

a a d a - ad d c d c a
c c a c a a d

a .

T d a d ca b ca a a
, c d . A a a

c a ac b b d a d ac
d c ca a a a d ca d

a a ad d , ad d , a d a ad
d c d. T a ac d d c a a d

c a d c a d ca c a d a d b
a d a d a d a c ac

. T ad a a d, add a c d
a a . F , a d a d

d ab a d ca a
a a c c b a d . A b a

a d a d a c a
d a a a d a d c , b

c d ab c .



524

Q e ion o Think Abo :
W a d d ca ab

518. a a d a d c ?
W d b a c d a c d d a

a d c b ?
A a a c c a c d

c ac a ?

I C a 1, d c d a a d
d ca b a c ( ca d b

a d a a c ) a d d
ac c c a ac . I a d c a

b a c / a d ac a ac c , a
ac - a c a ac

a c c . A d a ac -
a c a a c , a ca

a a c c a d acad c a .
I add , a c c a
c ca ac a c . A b
C a 8 a d 9 add a d b

d a ac a c
d , a a c c a

b c a , a d d c
a a a ac a c . I c a , C a
8 a c ca , c -
ac a c d . A a
a a a d a a c

c a , I c a a a a c a

519. c a a c .



525

Comm nica ing he Re l of
Ac ion Re ea ch
F , a a a d b a c
c d c d b ad d d ca a d a a d

d a a c ( . ., ac
d ca a ac ). I C a 1, a a d c b d a

: Ed ca a a c d cc
d ca , a ac ca a ca ( . .,

d ca c d ) a ac c a d c a .
W a b c c c a d c

a c d a d c a ac c a d d
a (J , 2008).

R a c a d b d a a a d
c d a ac ca da - -da c d . T

a c a c a d c a d c ca
a d a c d a d da d
a d c a a ab ac ( . .,



526

a d , c a d c a d
a , ab - a d d a da a

520. c c d ). T a c d d a c a

a acc ac ac
ac ca c a ac add c a

a da ba . T a b a d d
b : I a a a , ac - a c

ac d a d c d c ac a c
d b c b

a c a d ac c d ca .

H , c d c a ac a c c
a a ca ac a d c a . S a

a a a ac a
b d d d b a c a d a ca .
C ca d c d b c
c d c ac a c b ca ac a d

d ca d c a a
ac a c . S dd , a c a d

c a ; a , a a , b c . R a c
a a d ac a a a

c a c . I a b c a a d c c
a ad an ages a c ( . ., a c d , da a

c c d , a d , a d ab ) a d ad an ages
ac c ( . ., d ab c a

c , a a a a ac da - -da c d ,
c a a ab , a d c a ) ca b

521. a d c c a . P a a ,
ac a , c ca , d a

ac a c a d ca
a .

N d a ac - d ac a c
c b ac a

a b / a c a d ac c ; a d
ac - a c a add a

c d a , a a
a c c (M , 2011). I add , a

b d, a d , a c
ad d c d d a a a a a d ac



527

d , a d a ac ,
ad a , c , a d d a

a a d d a b d d . T ac
a a d, ac , c b a d ac

a c ca b a a a d a d a
c (M , 2011). T a d c ac -

a c da d a
b a c , a a d
. A a b , a
c c . H , I d c a a
ac a c c . R a d

522. ac a b c ca ,
b a ab , a

c a c a .

Video Clip 9.1 V a c D . M d c a c
a a d c a c .

A , b a a d d a ac a c ,
c a a ac

c a . I a d c ac
a d a d d

d a . S c a
d c a a . Ed ca

ca b c a !



528

Locall
T a a b a d c ca a

a c , b bab b d a
c a (J , 2008). M a a ,

a d a d c a
ac , c , a d c a . T d c

a a ac a a c a d
ac (J , 2008). D b c

523. c c d ab a -b a ; a
b c a . T a a a

a a . T a a a a ac -
c , a b a a a a c d d ac

, a a d c a ac
a c . R a d a c

a c , J (2008) ad a c a d
d a b a d
c d a d c d d a a ac d

c a .

I d a a a d
a a . M s den s a d

a ad a c ac d
b a d a ; c a bab a a c a

a a c a a a a d
a . T a a d c d ad

a a c a b d d c , a
a d a a d , a a
c - a c d a c a a

P P K . T a a c a a
d c d :

1. Backgro nd informa ion. B a a
c d c d,

ad. S a c ,
c a a d d da c

524. d .

2. P rpose of o r s d . S a a d c
c d a d d. W a a c d



529

c? W a d a a
d ? T a a c a

c a a .
3. Me hodolog emplo ed. B d c b d

d, c da a c c d a d
c c d .

4. Res l s. T a c a , a
N b 5 a d 6, d b a a a

a b a d a . Y
, a c c a d ac a , a

a c a c a c a b
d a ab . T a d c a

d c d b cc c d c b d . T a
b a c a , c a ab , a ,
c a , a a .

5. Concl sions. S a c a a
mean. H d a bac a

d ? W a d ca ( . .,
ac c ) ca d a c c ?

525. 6. Ac ion plan. Ba d a d c c , d c b
a a d a d, b

ac c a d c c ac a c . Y a
a add a c a a d

ac a .
7. Q es ions and ans ers. F a , a a b a a

a a a d a . T
a a d c a d c .

Video Clip 9.2 & 9.3 V c ac - a c
d c a c a a d c ac

a c .

A b a d c a a a d c
c d c ad a . T c d b

c b a d, d , a a
d , d c c c a d c , d c

c a d ca c , a d , a a b d -
ad a ( . ., c a , a a c a , d a

d , c.). O , d c - d c a d ac



530

a d a a ad a c d a a c
a a . J (2008) b a ca bad

526. d ca a ac c a d ca a mal ac c . T
ac a c ca b a c a ab

c d c a d ca a d c a a
ba d ac a da a c c d, a d b ba d

c a d a
d c .



531

Ac ion Re ea ch Comm ni ie
A a a ac a c a d c ca

a c c c a ac a c c .
A ac ion e ea ch comm ni ca b d d a a a

a c ad d ca a a d
b a c a ac c c ac a a a

c a c a ac c a c
d ca a c (M , 2016, 2018). G a a ,

p ofe ional lea ning comm ni ie (PLC ) a c d
d ca c d c ab a

c c c a d ac a c ac
b d (D F , D F , & Ea ,
2008). T a ba d a d

d a c , b- b dd d a
d ca . T a a Ja , M c , a d

B c a (2008) a c ac c , C P ( .

527. 202).

T professional learning comm ni a b d
d a d ac a c
b a ac c a a d ca a c . I a b

d d c b ad - a , c c , a c
a a d a , a c b d , a c
d c (Bacc , 2010). I , a
c a , d d a a c a a

. D F , D F , a d Ea (2008) d c b
c a ac c PLC . A a , a , a PLC d

c a

a a d , , a , a d a a c d
d a ;

a c ab a c ;
a c c b ac c a d c a ;
a ac a , a b d ;
a c c ; a d
a a c d a d .



532

N a a , a ac
a a d a a ac

a c c a c ab a a
d ca . A c a ac c PLC a

b a a d a a a

528. c b c d b a a a c d c da - -

da b (D F a ., 2008). PLC a b c
a ab a ac a a d a c

a d (Bacc , 2010).

Ac a c c ca b ab d a
d d a c b d c d c b ca a b a c

c d b d a d c
( ca a a a a c a a). T ca b

a a d a a ,
a ac a c b a d
c a a d ac d ab a

a ac a c c (M , 2018). I add ,
ca a a a c c d

ac a c ac . T
a a c ca d ca

a . T ca b a
a d a a a d c c a ac

ac c . C ca b a a c
a ca b a . I

ca a , cc a a d d ba .
T d a a a d a

b a a d- a d ca . H ca ,
d c - ad a a ad d c ab a he
b ac d c a
d . F , d c ca

529. a d a - - -a d , a a a ac
a b d , a , a d a d

c a d c d c , a
d a , a d (M , 2013, 2016). I ,
ac c a b b c . Add a ,

a d a a ac c
d a d d a ac d d

a (M , 2010a).



533

I c a , a d a d d a
c d d a d c ca b a

d d a d ca . I d , d ca
d d a c c c a ac c

a d d a a c he b d add a
a , d a c d a
a (M , 2013, 2016). P a a ,

d a c a ,
ac a c b c ac c , d a a a

d , a d a a c d d
a a c a a a a d . T ,

c d a
d .

530. D PLC a a a ac a c ca a
c . T c d ac a a

c ab a a ac a ca d ca a
ac c a d a c c ac c ca b
c d b d ca a a . Ed ca

d a d ab a - d d c ab
ac c . F , PLC/ac a c

a ac d d ca c
c a d a d a c ac c b
c a a a c a a

d d (M , 2009). A c c
ac c a a a a ab a

ac c a a d a ac c ab
d ca c a d

(M , 2013, 2016). T b a d ca
a a d c c a

a c ca a d a a a
.

A b a d, a d PLC/ac a c a ac
a . F a d , a

d- a . T c a c
a a ac c a da d -d ,
ad a -d ad d (M , 2009, 2018). I a

a a , c c a a
c a c , d d ca a c - d d c

531. 534

ac c . Ma d ca c a ac
d c d a c a a d a

d c a . Add a , d c a
d- , a d c b ad a a ab
.

H a d c a d c d c ac
a c c , I c a , a
a a a a a

d a a d ca .



535

P ofe ional Confe ence
L ca a a c a acc ab

a c a d a ca b c a ac - a c
ca . H , a a c

a a c b ad c d ca ca d
a a d a , c , a d

b a . P a c c a d
c ca a c , a

d a c c ac a c , a d
d ca a a a c .

532. P a c c a a d a a a d a
d b a a , a , a a a a . Y ca

c a a a a ca a a
4 10 ad a c c c . T ca d

d c b d c d a ,
c b a - - a a d .

O c a b d a , a a d
a d ca a b d , a
a . T

a ba d a ab d c a a d
c d c c c a . I

acc d, c c a c ad a c
c c , ad a a
a c a d a . T a a c

c d a a a d d
c a a a ad a a

c c . D d a a d a
c c , a a 15 75

d .

I a a a a c c a a
, a a c I ad b

a a a , c ca c d a
ab c c . I a a b

a c d a a c c , a ca
d a a d d a !

533. 536

T a a c a a c c
a d ca ca b a b a d

a , c a - . I a
a ca c a a .

T a ca a c c a :

Pa a
S a a a
P a

A a , a a a a a
a c ac a c (a a d c d C a 8)
a d d a a

a a ( . ., P P , K , P ). M
a a a a 10 a 30 40

, d d c c c d.
S c c a c a a a ,
ca d P c aK c a 20 20 ( :// . c a c a. ).
P c aK c a ( c a c c a Ja a ) a

a a 20 a , ac 20
c d , a a a 6 40
c d . T a ad a c a a ca a a a
a . T a c b b a d c c

c (6 40 c d a , 20
c d d !), a c a d

534. ( . ., 20 d ) a . I c a ca
ab a , d a d d c

a . A , a c d
b a a a a d c d b .

A a a ca c a ac d b
a d d a ( a )

a c b d d c
a c. T ca a a 60 120 ,

d d a c d a a c c . A
d d a d a

a , a a a a a a d a
c a d. A a , b

b c a a d d a d c ac a .
F a , I c a c a d a a a a a



537

c c acad c a a . T
d d a a , d c ac

c : (1) a a c a a , (2) a a
c acad c , (3) a a c /

acad c , (4) c a a b/ca c ,
a d (5) a a d a a .

A a a a c b a a

535. c c c a a .

P a ca d a a a a
ab , ac a a a d b a d.
O b a d, a c a b a a
a a c d ( a c c a a ).

A a a a c d d a a a
c c F 9.1. C c a d

a d , ad a d ac
a -a d-a a a c . T

a a d b a
b ca a a a d c a a .

Fig e 9.1 Sa P P d a a R a c C c

A a d d a a a c c c .



538

T a c a b d
b b :

H ad ad Bac d b d
F b d ab ad
H ad ad T N d b d
H ad ad P S d b d

T c d a dd c a b d
b b :

A T W A : D a I

536. M a T ac A L ac ,

b
R a c a a , a ca , a d

d a a d d c d b
A a a c d a a c d

a ca a d d c d b
H ad ad T A L ac I ALI

b d a d d d b
F b d ab ad a d d

d b
B d d ad b

b

T d a c a b d
b b :

H ad ad R b d
I a a a a
I a a a a
H ad ad I ca b d



539

Di ic -Le el Ac ion Re ea ch Confe ence
S a a a c c b a a

da a d a b a
d c - ac a c c c . I d c

537. c - d c d ac a c a a a a

a c ( a d ca b
a c d c ac a c c ),

d a d ca a d a d
c a a a c a

a a , c , a d ac a a
a a d a . T
c c d b da b ca a

c a c d c . F ,
d b a b ca ac a

ac a c c ( . ., d ca a a , ,
c c a) b a d a a ac d c
a c c a d a d . T

a , , d b a , a a
c c a c a ca a a a d a
ac a c b d a d. S a d c a a

a d c d ca U d
S a c d c c c c .



540

Academic Jo nal
S c acad c a a a ac a
a d c a a c c ca , a a
c d b d a a a c a d

a c c d d a c

538. b ad c a -ba d ac a c . S a a

b d c c , academic jo nal a a efe eed,
a a a d b d c a b d, b

a d c a
d a a a c d a
d . T ca , c d d b a b

a d c c . G d d c a
dbac ab d d d . T a

d a a c .
T a c a a c da b

a . T a a c da :

1. Accep as is. I a c c da ,
a c a . T a ad b b d

c . T c da d
b a .

2. Accep i h re isions (a d a condi ionall
accep ). T a c ca c da -

a d a -c d c d d . A
a acc d b ca a acad c a

.
3. Rejec . I d ad b a a d ca a ,

a c a a
c a , a b ca d d a a c

c c acad c ( C a 8),

539. a c c da . I cc ,

b c d c a d a a ! C d
a dbac d d b ,
a , a d b a a . S a
a c c d, d a

a ( ) a d b a . T a cc
a d a c

b c a b a
a ad .



541

A a a c , F 9.2 I a c d d a
c a a I c d a a d

c da a c d a acc a c . Y
c a , a I ad a

a c , I a d ac d a a
. A c ca b a b da a a d

ca c a a a ca !
c dbac a d c c c

ac a c d a d a
a c acc d b a
(J , 2008).

Fig e 9.2 Sa L F a J a Ed ; Ma c
C d a Acc d P b ca

540. 542



543

So rce: American Secondar Ed ca ion a . R d
A a d U .

M (2011) d d d
c d b d a a , a c

ad ab C a 8. F , a a
a ( ) a a c d b ( ). R a

a a c a ad a a b
acc d b ca . Pa c a a

a c a d a a c . D
a a cop a c a a a d ; a ,
a d a a a

b . S c d, d a a c a , ad -
d . Ac a c d b

a a d a a a d cab a . D
ad a a ab c d ,
c a c a . L da a a d

a da a a . Y d
a a adab a d d a dab

b a d ab ab c b a b
a . T d, M a d a a

541. a d ad a c d cc d.
P d a d c , a c a ,

d , a d c a . F , d
a c d a b d c a ac a d d
c d . F c a a a c
d , da a c c , da a a a , a d a a .
A , d a d a da a c c
c d a , c a a d , ab , a d c a d

a c a . F a , c ca a a
ad a . G a d, acad c a a c

c a -ba d ac a c bab a a
b - , b a d a a ca b

a d a d ad. A d c a d acad c
b ab a d a , b d a

a a .

T a a a a c a d a
c c a -ba d, ac -c d c d a c . T



544

a c d :

Ac ion Learning: Research and Prac ice
Ac ion Research
Ac ion Research In erna ional
Canadian Jo rnal of Ac ion Research
Ed ca ion Research for Social Change

542. Ed ca ional Ac ion Research
ie: Inq ir in Ed ca ion
Impro ing Schools
In erna ional Jo rnal of Ac ion Research
Jo rnal of Ac ion Research
Ne orks: An Online Jo rnal for Teacher Research
Reflec i e Prac ice
S s emic Prac ice and Ac ion Research
Teaching & Learning: The Jo rnal of Na ral Inq ir &
Reflec i e Prac ice
The Jo rnal of Scholarship of Teaching and Learning
The Jo rnal of Teacher Ac ion Research
The On ario Ac ion Researcher
Wisdom of Prac ice: An Online Jo rnal of Ac ion Research

A , a d a , d b d d a
ac a c d .



545

Sha ing Re l Elec onicall
M a d a b c a d ac

a a c c ca , c a
a . T a a c c

d a c ca b a d d a c a d. B
I d c , , a d ca . T
I ca b a d ac d a a d a a

a a acc . H ,
a b ca ab a a d a c

a ad . T a c c c a

543. b d ( a a , a a ),

b a , a , a d a . J b ca
a a d d

necessaril a a b a a a . F a ,
a a b a c ca c a ad

.

O c a c a a c a d d a
a ac ca b d d a d a
c a ac a d a a d dbac a ad

acc b a c b . O c ca
a ca : ac a c b ,

c c a , a d elec onic jo nal (M , 2011). W
b a ac .

N ac a c b a a a ab I .
T a d a d d a b a d

d d a A a a, Ca ada, U d K d , a d
U d S a . M a a a , c d

c c a , c c d c b a d , a a
c c ac a c c , a d ac

a c . A a c d :

Ac R a c R c
( .a a .c .a / c / d . )
Ed ca a I : A T ac /Ac R a c S
( . .c /a / d . )

544. 546

E T c Ac R a c Pa
( . c . /ac a c . )
T ac R a c ( . . d / a c / )

Ma c d c , a , a d d a d
ac a c b a . T c c

a ac a ac a c
d c ; , b ca ca b acc d b

a d, a c d
d a .

A a c c a a a ac
a c , d c : Mad

M a Sc D c ( W c ). T d c ac
a c b

( :// d b. ad . 12. . / d/ca /ca a . )
c d a a a d

c d c c a -ba d ac a c . O
a c a ( :// d b. ad . 12. . / d/ca / a c .c )

a a a c ab d ab ac ac a c
d c d c d b ac a Mad M a c

1990 2009. S a ab ac a c d
c a c a b ac

. T a ab d ac -

545. c d c d ac a c c , a a a a ab

c ac a d . I d c
d c a c a a ca (a d
b ad ) a ac a c , c
a d c - ad a a b

b a ac d c . A
a a c a a a ac a c
b H a d Pa H Sc ( :// .d 113. )

H a d Pa , I . T c Ac R a c Lab a
a

( :// .d 113. /Acad c /Pa /Ac R a c .a )
c a a 25 c ac a c a d

a b H a d Pa ac a d
ad a .



547

A elec onic mailing li a d c
c d c d a - a , ca ca d a a c

a d d b a (M , 2011). E c c a
d a c a d c a d

a c a d ( . ., ac a c )
d d a a d. I a a d a
a c d d d a . I b c b

a c c a , d b a a a
c a - a a da

546. d c c , a d c ad . T a
ca add c d c c - a a a
ba . A ca b a d d ca a
bac a d ad a a c c a , d

a d a ; c c a
d b c ab a a d c a . I

a b ab b a c c
a a a ad c c . I

add , I a b ab ab a a
a a d d a a

a b d a . T a d d a
I d a c c ac ad b

c c a .

F a , I a ab d b a
. O , a d - , d ac -

a c c c a a b c a a ab .
S a a d a c a a

a , c d Ac ion Research In erna ional,
Ed ca ional Ac ion Research, Ne orks: An Online Jo rnal for
Teacher Research, a d The On ario Ac ion Researcher. T

a a b c a a , c
a c a ca b d a - a a a ac .

F , a d b ( )
b ca b ca c d d

547. b a a a . A b
a ca b c d b ac -

a c a a cons mer ac a c : a acc
ac a c a c c a . S c a a a ab
- a , d a a a ca

b a a d a a c a c , a a



548

c a a a d a . T a c a
a a a ab HTML PDF a a d ca a

b d ad d d . T ac a a a
ac a c a a a a d a

a d ca c ac a c a d
a c a a d a a d a c a

ac b ad d d ca .



549

A Wo d Abo E hic When Sha ing he Re l
of Ac ion Re ea ch
I a b a a c ca b a
a d ac c ac a c , a a d c d C a 8.
R ca a , a a a c , ca b c d

ab ca a a da a a d c
c d a a d a a c a ( b

548. c d ad ). W ac

a c d , b d c d d a
a a a d ab . I add , a d

a a c a ( . ., c c c ,
d c , d ca a ). I a a ,
c d d ac ac a a . T

a . H , I
d ad a , a a ca b a ,

a d c a a a a ,
ac , d . T d c a b

a d c a a a ac a a , a d
add c d b a a ac a c .



550

Reflec ing on he Ac ion Re ea ch
P oce
A c a a d , a

c a c ac a c c a d
d b a d ac

a a . T ac a , d a , a d
c ca ac a c d
a c c . R a

a a d a d acc d c d c d
c c a a a a d d a
a a c d a a

549. a d a a a ca
c a ac c ac . I a

a a d d a ac
a d , d , a d ac

a c d a c ac c .

R c ab a c ca a a
ac c b a ab a c ca

a ac ho a d c , ha d
a a a c ac c , h c

d a d d, here a a ac ( , c ,
ca , c.) c a , a d ho a

ac d ac c . Ta a
d a

ac c d a d a , a a
c a ( ).

E a a ac ( . .,
c d c ac a c , d a , c

c ) a d celebra e.
P a d ac a is a BIG d a ! Y a

a c a a a
a . Y a d

d ca a a c a d a
d ca . YOU a a ad d a d YOUR

550. 551

b a d c . Ta , d a , a d
c ab a c b a a cc .

M c ad c d ca a ac a c :

Share dissemina e and celebra e!

S a

S a ac a c d c d c d b
ac - a c ca d c a a

b a c / a d ac ca a ca
d ca a .

S a a c d a d a
ac - a c a add a

d a d a d .
T ac a a d c b a d ac

a c ca b a a d a c
a d ca d ca a ad

d ca a .
R ca b a d ca , ac ,

d , a d d c ad a .
K a ca a b a d c d,

: bac d a ,
d , d , , c c , a d ac a .

551. R b a a a a d
a d a .
Ac a c c ca a

a ac a c , d
c a a d ac , a d

ac .
R ca a b a d a a c c a d
acad c a .

M a c c a d a a d,
a a a b d - c

d a a b d
a b ca .

W a a , a
a d c d, a c a a d ad - d

, a d ad a .
I c a a , ac a c d ca b

a d c ca a ac a c b , c c
a , a d c c a .



552

T ac c ca ac a c
d a c c

a b a ac a c c
.

552. 553

Q e ion and Ac i i ie
1. D c b a c b ac

a c b c a a c ac c .
2. D a a a c , d c d c a ,

a d ac a c . T c
a b ada a a

c ca .
3. C d c a b a c a d

ac a c d , a a c c a a d ca
( . ., a a c d ca , c a d ca , a c d d

d ca , d a d a d d ca ) a a .
D c b a c a d a d .

4. V a d c a . R a d
a a d c a a c
b d a a c a a .



554

Ke Te m
acad c a 262
ac a c c 257

c c a 266

553. c c a 267

a a c 257
d 262

Re ie P ac ice Imp o e

G d a d . Acc
d d a c a , ac c ,
F a ca d , a d a edge. agep b.com/me le 6e.



555

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch



556

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2
Imp o ing Reading Comp ehen ion in a

Ti le I P og am



557

Sha ing he Re l of Ac ion Re ea ch
R ca a ac a c d a

d ad c a T I c .

Ka a c d ab ac a c d

554. a d ab c . S a a T I

ac d c d a d a d
a . S a ac d d c d c T I a

a d d a a d c c .
T d c a d d Ka a

d a d T I ac . Ka d d a
b a , c d a d ,

a c a . S a d d a b - a
a d . N a c c a , a d

b c a a ac a c c
ad ac d c . I c d d a ad

a c a d!



558

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3
Concep al Unde anding of Mi o i and

Meio i



559

Sha ing he Re l of Ac ion Re ea ch
R ca a ac a c d a

d d a d c a d .

555. F c a a c , Sa a a d T
a d d a c a , Pa , c d a 15 20 a

d a a d
c c ac . H a d, a d b a a a

c d b c c ac .

A c c d a , Pa d Sa a a d T
a a c a d a

ac a a ac c .
Sa a d a d b , a , I d a a ac

b c a a a b d I d d
d a d . Pa c d: Y b

, Sa a . H , I b a d a
d b d d a

a d a c ab d d ac a
ac a a a . T a a c d a a

.

Sa a a d T d a d
a d ac c a b a d d a

ac . A c d a ac
b ca ab a ad a d, Sa a d a a
c -ba d ac a c c d d
b ac c c a a a a c , a d T

d a d .

556. I a , c a d a c a
d ac a c c c . T

c c d b d c a a c d
b c a d ac ac b d a

a c a ac d c a b
c a d d ac d a .



560



561

T c a a :

R c a a c c b ac
b a d ac ac c . I

a a d ac a b ac -
d c ca c a . S a

: d c d ca
d a d d; d d a ,
c a ; a a

, a d
c ; a d c a d a a

.

T c a a a a ad I a -
a a a d a c a d P a

557. ac , ba d ac a c a d c .

C d c d a c a . I
a a d c c a a . T a
ad a d d a . I d a
c d ab a c c c , a d

b a d a a d b . I b
bac a d d . B

c a I I ca d c
d a d dd c c c a a
c d a b .

T c a a a a ad C ca a
a d .

S c ad a b : G a a , 1995.

O a c d a ca c
a c a b a

acad c a d c a a d . A a c a a
c c b a ac b d b
c d a a a d a . T d, a d a

d d a b d d ac
a d d d ac . H , acc d

d Ka , 92% d ca d a d a
c a d b c d. W b a d,

a b b a a b
b d. F a , d a b d a b
a a d , a d b P c a

558. I a b a b a . A
a d a d a b c



562

d. P a a d a a d c a
b d b a d d a .

T c a a a a ad U d d
c d , c a d a c

c c ac a c .

C a a c a d
a d a c . I d d ,

I c a d a I ad b . T
c c a a a d c a b a ac a
c a d ca d da a c . T c c c

c c a d a d , c a
d c a a c c c . H , a a c

a c a , a d a d a a d
b - a a .

S d a a a I ad
d c c c . I ac , d b ca a d

ab c c c a d ac 1995 S a
Sc c Fa a d a a B S . I a ca b

d dd c ac a I d d, I d b
c a c, b d a a d d a I

559. ac . I c a d d a

c .

T c a a a a ad A a ca
ac a c .

S c ad a b : D B , 1995.

Ac R a c C c 9



563

Sha ing and Di emina ing he Re l of
Ac ion Re ea ch

D a a a a d c ca
ac a c .
W a a ca ?
W a a a b ad ?

F a ca a ,
d a d a

a ,
d a a

a ,
d a a

a ( . ., P P , K , P ), a d
ac c a ad a c , a

a d .

560. F a b ad ( . ., c c ) a ,

c a c c a c d b d
;

a a d ,
d a d b a ; a d

a d c c c a .
O c a a a a b acc d

a (!),
d a a

a ,
d a a

a ( . ., P P , K , P ), a d
ac c a ad a c , a

a d .
B c d ! G d c !



564



565

Appendi A Sample Ac ion Re ea ch
Repo Wha I he Impac of
Po i i e Female Role Model and
Men o ing Oppo ni ie on he
Self-Efficac of Gi l in Science?

561. Te i J. Wanamake Vi ginia Beach Ci P blic
School



566

In od c ion
E c a c c a b

a . A - d d
a a c , c c , a d c ba ,
b a d a d . S d a

da c c a b a d a d a
d ca a a d ca c c .

C a c a a
c c a d a c c a a a

c a (H b & S c , 2005). I a d d
: dd c

d c c b a c
acc a c b b . T b ca b ac d

a - cac a a d c c .

A a ac a L Pa Ma a d Sc c Acad , I
a a 5 ad a d

c d c a d c c . I add , I a
a d d a d a d ca

c c . Eac a I a d a c a a

562. d a d - ad
dd c . I a b dd
, a d b c . I a c c a ,

d K La d , a b
a a VB. Sad , a d a

b d 5 ad a a a a
d a a d

ad a c d acad c , c a a . W I
c a a acad d ad a c d a

a d c c , I a a d d a
c ad a c d dd c .



567

Li e a e Re ie

If elf-efficac i lacking, people end o beha e
ineffec all , e en ho gh he kno ha o do.
(Band a, 1986, p. 425)

R a c d ca a a b a a d a
d a a a a d c c c a

a b a a a d c c .
R a c a a 4 ad , a d
b a c c a d a a , b 8 ad c
a a b a a a c c a d
ca c a d . B c ,

c a a a a a d c c a c c c

563. ca d a b (Sa R d Sc c ,
2006). A d a d c d c d a S a d U
Sc Ed ca d a b 3 d ad , a d

a c c a d d b ,
a d d c a ac ac

a d a ab (H b & S c , 2005).

T ca a a
a d a a a a c . T

a - cac a d a a d c c a .
S - cac a d d a a b ca ac

cc d a a . G a - cac b ab
ab a d a . S c c - cac b

ab ab c c a ( . ., d , b c
a , d , c.) (N , 2005).

Ma d c a c
. T d a a ac

b ca a a - d a a a
c (Sa R d Sc c , 2006, .3). Acc d d

b d U.S. D a Ed ca , Enco raging
Girls in Ma h and Science, a a a U.S.

c , b a 26% c c a d



568

564. c (Ha , A , R , S , S a ,
& W , 2007). T a a a

a c a c ca c c
d b ab

c c , a d d b a acc a c
ab d . T a c c

c da a d a d c
a : L , M d a , H .

T d ac d a acad c
ab a a dab a d ab (L E d c :
M d a ). T c d c da d d

c , a a dbac (L E d c :
M d a ). A a c a a a d c c

add b ab ab a a d c c ,
a a c

a c a c c a d ca (L
E d c : L ). A a c d

- c c b
c ac a a a d c c ca (L
E d c : M d a ). A d a , ac d d c c

d a a a a (L
E d c : L ) (Ha , a . 2007 . 6 8).

R a c c c c a d
d c c a d a a a

add d a . O c

565. c a d a a c c d ca a

a a d b c c (Na a Sc c
F da , 2007, . 3).

R a c ab d , - cac
d c c . M a a a
d a , c a a ac a a .



569

Ac ion Re ea ch Q e ion
I a b d Ma a d Sc c Acad a
L Pa a a a . O c 7 a I

a ac d a c d a , d c ac , a d 5 ad
ac . A a c d a , I d a d a d
a d ca d d a a a d c c a
a d b a d c d .

F a c a 2003, a
d a ac a . I 2004, -

ca a a , b a d a
a a c d c a , a
a a -b c a . A , I a a

Acad C d a a d G d R c T ac . W d a
a a ad a d c a d a a
a d a ac . I a a ba d-a d a ac a
c a b .

T acad ac , c a , a d I b a
a acad a b d b a a

566. b , b a a ca a a d c
a . W d a a c ab a

d ca , - cac , a d d a
a a d c c . M b a d c
d c a ca a ac
dd c a .

I a a a I ad d c 5
ad Ma a d Sc c Acad . I a a a
a I b a d , b I a d ac ca

a ca , Ac R a c Q : Wha i he impac of
po i i e, female ole model and men o ing oppo ni ie on
he elf-efficac of gi l in cience?



570

Me hodolog
C d a c a d c c , - cac ,
a d a , I d c d d a

a 5 ad . G a c a d a a
c c a d a a 10- d. W
c c ac a ac d d a - a ,
d c c , a d ac - - ac . T d a d

c a ab ca , c c c , a d
a d . S d a d d a a

c c .

T a Ac R a c P c a d a c a

567. b a d ab ca

c c . M a a d c d c
d d c ba b d d c c d

cc a a cac .

T c c ad d a d d
a c . S c c c d c a c
a c a a d c a
d d (Pa a & U da , 2006). A Ac

R a c P c c c d d a d ,
c c d 2008 2009

c a . I b a a d - cac
a d a d c c 100% a
P a a M dd Y a P a a d/ K La d . I add ,
I a c a a 100% acc d dd c
acad c a d.

T d - cac a a d b a c c
- cac ca , , a d a c (

A d c ). T c a d d cc a
a d ac c c ab a 70 c b

c c a d - - a a b 10 c
; a a a

100 c a ; a d a c
c d a 70 c ac d a c a .



571

568. I d d c c - cac ca (SSES) a ad
A b Ba d a c b Self-Efficac Beliefs of
Adolescen s (Pa a & U da , 2006). T a d a a

- a d - a a a - cac d
c c c c a . T SSES a ad d

a d c c
d c ca ab .

T a d d a a da a
a d ac a ad ac d .

I a d a c a - . I a a
ac d c ab c c .

Eac a a + - a a a
a ( A d B).

J a c c d c a d d c
a ac a d . J a d d a a
a d c c c - cac a d . Eac a

ad a d c d a + a a c
( A d C).



572

Da a Anal i
Da a a c c d 25 30 a c a
S a C c C b. T 25 b c a 5 ad
L Pa E a . T d c d
Ma a d Sc c Acad a a ad a 5

569. ad c a . T b c d d
S a C c C b, b d d

a c a d .

B a a ( - cac a ca a d c
c a ) a d a a ( )

c c d. I d a a d da a a a . I d
a Ma a d Sc c Acad (MSA) c a d -MSA

. I b ac d ad a c a a d
d a MSA. T a d c a

d a da a a d. F ,
a a a c a S a C c C b

a d a ab a d c MSA. B
a , b a - cac

c c MSA. I c d a da a
c c d a a a a a

c a d ab a c ac
MSA a d a a a a d c .

I a a d ac d ca - cac
ad d S b a d a a N b

( F 1).

Fig e 1 Sc c S -E cac P a d P

570. 573

T ca a a a a - a . T
a a a ca a a 0 100

c 20, ab Ra a ca 0 100
0 = Ca d a d 100 = H c a ca d , b

a .

I ac a ba , ba P a
a d b ba P a .

T da a a a a a d a d a a ac - a
a a b , b d a a , a

d a d a :

Id H : P , 82; P , 96
Id Ma a d Va ab : P , 55; P , 84
Id D d Va ab : P , 64; P , 85
Id C a : P , 78; P , 89
R ad Da a: P , 84; P , 95
I Da a: P , 67; P , 88
D Q : P , 75; P , 90
D E : P , 75; P , 95
W Ca E c S a : P , 80; P , 92
C c : P , 85; P , 96



574

A a E : P , 70; P , 82

Eac a a ad. Eac a a c d a

571. a a a ab c c . S a ad

a a , a d c c ,
d. Eac a a ac d

c c . T ca
d d a c ad ( F 2).

T ba a a a c a 26
a ( F 3).



575

Re l
A I d d d a , I a c c d da a

d a ca -
d. Ma a c a a d ad ca ,

a d d d a a d c d -
c a a d a b . T c c

Sc c S -E cac Sca a d c a
c d a d .

Fig e 2 F c P J a C



576

T ca a P c P J a C
a b -20 a d 100 c 10. T a a

572. a a 1 5 c 1.

Eac d a dd b d d c
a - . T d a c ac d .

Da a c d b a a a a a d
a d b :

G 1: 1, 0%; G 3: 2, 0%; G 5: 1, 20%; G 7: 1, 25%; G 9: 1,
35%; G 11: 2, 50%; G 13: 3, 50%; G 15: 3, 65%; G 17: 3,
80%; G 19: 3, 100%; G 21: 4, 70%; G 23: 4, 80%; G 25: 4,
100%.

Eac d ca Sc c S -E cac Sca a a a d
a d - ca a a c a d - ca
a a . T d a c c a

c ab c c . T a - ca
a a +11 a a W a c c ba d

da a. T a - ca a +28 a d b
a a Id a a d a ab a .

T da a d a a d d c c - cac
a c a d S a C c C b. T da a a
c a MSA a d ad a

c a .

J a c c d a a -
S a C c C b. J a d d
d a ac ac a c b ac .

J a ad a d ac c a c d a
, a , d ,

573. a a d c c . T c
a c c c a d -
d.

Fig e 3 A a P c P J a C



577

A a ba a d a a a c a
a c , d a - a a .

T ca a a b a d da
b . T a a c a

a 0 100 c 10.

Da a c d b a a a a a d
a d b , a d a a a c a :

E 1- 30 S b , 2008: 50%
E 2- 7 Oc b , 2008: 75%
E 3- 14 Oc b , 2008: 80%
E 4: 18 N b , 2008: 90%

T a a da a c c d c a
a d . T ca d a
- cac W d ( a d ad ),
a d a b cc ? T

a b d d d ab d ad . T
c a c I a d . T a c

574. 578

d a a b d ad d c ,
a d a a a c c b a d
ac . I a c d d c a c a

ad c c b a d a d d
ad : a a a a .

T d a a a b a c a
- cac a d c c . W d d a a a d

c c , c c da a d ca d a ad b
a d a d - cac a d c c .



579

S mma And Concl ion

I am no a cien i a all!! M cience a e age i a B-.
Al o, I am ho ible a ma h!! I need a lo of help. (jo nal
en of den 14 on 9/23/08).

I a d a a c a d a
L Pa E a d Ac R a c

P c . M a c a d a a a add
c a d . I a c d a , a

c a , I d a 5 ad a c a . I
a d a I a .

L 1: R a b a d d
a a . T a a I

575. d d d c a a b

. M a ac b a d a c
add a , a ad , a ab a

a c c a d. T a a a
d a a ca ac d a . I

c a a .

L 2: M a ca a a a
c . O S a C c C b a c d a d

. O a ab c a
c d ad
d. Ad a ab . P

c .

L 3: I a a a d d ca b c d
b a c d d . A a ac , I a

c d c , a , a d a c . I
a I ca ac d a d a d a .

I a c d a a c d a d S a
C c C b c d a c .



580

I a c b ca I a A c c . T
a I a A b ca I a d c , a d I a

d a c . (J a d 14 11/18/08).

576. 581

F e Ac ion and Di ec ion
S a C c C b a da a d c

d c a . I a ad a
ad c b a d a

ad . I a b a c .

I c c c da a b
d - cac c c . Ba d
a , d b a ab
a d d a , b 8 ad c a a b

a a a c c a d ca c a d
. (Sa R d Sc c , 2006). I a a
a acc d acad a c a d

ac a d.

T a a c c d . I d
a c a d - cac a a

c a d a c a a d b ad , a da d d
, a c a , a d ac c . I a

- cac a a d b ab ? I a a
c a a d - cac c c ac

d d a . D a c
? C d acc c a d S a

577. C c C b? T b a d .



582

Reflec ion
T ac a c c a d d a a c
a ac b c a . I a b a

c , a a d d a
b a c a a a d

c c b .

T a d c a c b ac a I d
a d ac a a a ac a d a
a a ab . La a a

a , I a d b a - - a
b a a c a d a d . I a d c d

a d c c a d d ca
. I b a a c c .

T d c I ad a a c b c c d
c c c , d c c , a d ac

a a . I b d d b a a a
a a a c c d .

T c d d a ca c d d
c c a c . O c I d d, a d d d a c

c d c . T c b c d
c b a d c d . Eac

578. a a a d a d a B. P a B
c d d b d a a d c d ,

a , d b d , a d c ,
a , a d a a . I b ca b a

d c c c a d
a d c . T ad (

c c ) a d c b ac b ca a d
. I a d d a , b a a c
c .

I a c c Oc a La H
Sc d a c d
Ma a d Sc c Acad . I d a a



583

d ac d a d
d ab c c . I b a a
a - cac a d a d

c c . I a d b ad a
d a d b c d .



584

Refe ence
Ba d a, A., (1986). Social fo nda ions of ho gh and ac ion: A
social cogni i e heor . E d C , NJ: P c -Ha .

579. B , S. M., (2008). T d a a a a c a d
c c d (TIMMS). Grolier M l imedia Enc clopedia.

R d Ma c 12, 2008, G O
:// . ,c /c -b /a c ?a d=0294177-0

F , K. A., (2008). M a
. Women s e-Ne s. R d Ma c 31, 2008,

:// . .

Ha , D., A , J., R , N., S , S., S a , J., &
W , K., (2007). Enco raging girls in ma h and science.
Wa D.C.: Na a C Ed ca R a c ,
I Ed ca Sc c , U.S. D a Ed ca .

H b , J., S , D., (2005). T c d
d c c d c acad c
c c . Jo rnal of Applied De elopmen al Ps cholog .
Vol me 26, [276 295].

Na a Sc c F da . (2007). Back o school: Fi e m hs
abo girls and science [B c ]. A , VA: NSF.

N , J., (2005). D a c c . R d
A 20, 2008, : :// d d .c / /

Pa a , F. & U da , T., (2006). Self-efficac beliefs of
adolescen s. I a A P b .

Sa R d Sc c , (2006). Science can ake her places!
Enco raging o r da gh er s in eres s in science, ma h and
echnolog [B c ]. Sa D , CA

A d A Sc c S -E cac Sca

580. 585

P a a c a a a ca a
c c a b .

Ra e o r degree of confidence b recording a n mber from 0 o
100
sing he scale gi en belo :

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100

Ca d a a M d a ca d H
c a ca d

E a D
_______________
Id a
_______________
Id a a d a ab a
_______________
Id d d a ab a
_______________
Id c a a
_______________
Ca ad da a a c c
_______________
Ca da a a c c
_______________
Ca d ab a
_______________
Ca d a a
_______________

581. W a ca a d c a
_______________
W a c c ba d da a
_______________
A a a c c
_______________

A d B I Q

I Q : ____________________________

IB-W a a ac d a a d c c acad ?
A-W a a d a ? W a d a

b ?
A-W a a a b c c ?



586

SE-W d ( a d ad ) a d
a b cc ?

SE-D c b ab c c ?
SE-H d d a d c c c c

a ?

IB = Ic B a A = A d R SE = S -E cac
R

A d C J a R c

J a E S :

582. Da :

T da I :

W d c d:

M ab c c :



587



588

Appendi B Sample Ac ion Re ea ch
Repo The Rela ion hip Be een
he S a eg of Kno ledge Folde

and S d Skill

Cla a J. He de Vi ginia Beach Ci P blic
School Decembe 2008



589

In od c ion
O a a a , I a ad d
c a a

a a a d d d d a d a c
a c a a d . I c ac a d

583. a c c c acad a
c d b a d c a d b d. T d

d d c d b
cc c ac . I a d d
d a d a d d a b

a a d ac c c d c
a d da c a a d ac .

M ac a d a b d d
a a a a ac . I a ab d

cc d b d c b ac a
a c a d ac . M a

d a b a a
d a a c ac . I d c d d

c a d c c a a d
b b a a K d F d

a .



590

Li e a e Re ie
S , H d, N a , a d B (1997), d a

d c a a a da c c , a d
a a a a a ab c . T
d d a d a ab

c c a d b a a . W - - a

584. a d a a ca a a a a c a

a cab a c , c d c c . I d ,
d d, c a d a d , d b
d a d c c c a a a c

c a - cac (S a ., 1997). I
d a a d a d a /

c ab a c, / d d a
a . I d a d c a a

b - c d ab .

T c a (2003) d d d a a a d
a a a ab a d b cc .

c ad a (2006) a a d d a a d
c da d c a d

c a ac . W , 1995, (a c d b T c a )
a d d a b d ac

c d a d a c d
ad . T d b a a b c d b
d d b a , a b S. G a a 1997 (c d b

T c a ); a a ac a ac a d
a b a . A ac c d

c a a b a d a a d
ab b a a d a c . T c a ,
2003, d a a d ad d d d d IQ, b

d d / a d c
/ d d a . T , d c d a

585. a , c d d a ac . S a . (1997)
a d a a a a -a a

d . Ha a cc a a a a
d a d a a a .



591

M ac a d a c d b a
(S a ., 1997).



592

Ac ion Re ea ch Q e ion
W I a d ac , I d a d d a

-d d d a d d
a . I a d ac d d a
c d a b c a d d ab

cc a a . I d a a
a 2006 AScD c c a S c R

a U A T ac a d I c a
Ac . R a d a a a a

a d c a b a
a c (R , 2006).

I a d c a b a d b d
a a c d a d

586. a d d. I d c d d d R P a

L a S a a , K d Wa ,
K d F d . T d c d

ac d a c a a d a d c d acc d
a d a . I d a K d F d d

d d a d a
a a d c a . I d ad

ab c c , a d ad c d a c a
a d , ab a

a a c a . T c d
a b a d a

d c a d. E c ac
a c d c a a a a d

ad c a d ac d a c a a d
.

T d ac a c : W a
a b a a K d

F d a d d d a a d b d
a a d acad c a c ?



593

Me hodolog
I d c d d a K d F d d
a d

587. ac a d a . T K d F d a
a d d a a . I

ac d d a a a d a
a b S c R a a ASCD c c 2006.

S c R K d Wa a a a c a a
d c d a d

d . I d d a a a I ca d
K d F d a d c ac d a

/ a d c a , a d d a
a d d a c a a , c c d

b acc d d a a .

T K d F d a c a d d
a d c , a d a c a a d

. I d K d F d a d a 45-
, -a a . Eac d d

K d F d b a , a d
ac d d a c a d . D

a , d c d a a ( c c d
b a a a d b ) d . T c d
d c c a d a a
a c . T c d

a d bac a . T d c d acc
d a a a d a a a d d d

a . T b a a

588. d ; a d a a a

a .

I d d c c c d b
a d c a b a . T I
d c b d a a K d F d ;

d d a a d c a
d a c a d a a ab ac

c c . S d c d ac a K d
F d , a c a a d
c c , d 45- a .



594

I c c d a a da a -c c a
a b a d a a
K d F d a d 2006 2007. I a d d
a d ad d a d a a d c

d 2008 (A d A). I a b a
ad b a d c d

K d F d a a d b b a
c a 2006 2008 (A d c B a d C). I add , I

a d
a a c c (A d D).

P a d c a c da da a c c . I
a da a -c c c b a d a

589. a K d F d a
2006 2007 d b ca K d F d a

d a I d d a d d
a . T , a b a d a

-c c da a a 2006 2007. I d d c d c
a a d a 2008 I Ac
R a c c a a d a d a b a .



595

Da a Anal i
I c c d da a K d F d

a d ac a d a . I
c c d da a ad - -c c

, d , a d ac b a a
d b a . I d K d F d a

a -c c 2006. T ad
-c c b a d a a

K d F d a a a d a d a d. T
a F 1 c a a a b a d a

a K d F d a . T a
F 2 a d

2006 2007.

I d a a a d a a da a a a d
a 2008. T d c d d d

590. (A d A) a d a d ab a
K d F d a ad b d
2008. F 3 d .

I c d c d a b a d c c
d ab a d a d 2006 2008 (A d C).

T -c c ad a a a c a d
d d c a a c a d ad

a d b a . I a c a d a b a
-c c ad a a .

Fig e 1 C a A a M -C c T G ad B a d
A I a K d F d



596

N 8- c a -c c c a
a a a a K d F d .

A ca ba a da a c a a a ad
ba d a a d d .

T ca a C a T A a c a
a a 68 82 c 2. T a a

a a , b a d a .

Da a c d b a a a d b :

B : 73%
A : 81%

591. N : T 8- c a -c c c a a a
a a K d F d .

Fig e 2 I S d W W Fa



597

S d a -c c ad
c . N 12

27 .

A ca d b ba a d a d
a .

T ca a a a -c c c
c a a a 0 90 c 10. T

a a d 1, 2, 3, a d 4.

I ac a ba , ba c a c B
I a K d F d a d ba

c a c A I a K d F d .

T da a a a a a d a d ac d b ,
d a d a d a :

S d 1: 62%, 77%
S d 2: 56%, 72%
S d 3: 57%, 84%

592. 598

S d 4: 60%, 72%

N : S d a -c c ad
c . N 12 27
.



599

Re l
T a a d -
c c c b d a a
K d F d a , a F 1. I d a a d

da a a a d ad .
T d d a ad d a d a a c c a

ad ad (21 42 ).
F 2 d a d a d

-c c c a a .

T d a ad d a
a d d c a ca c a

d d a ad , a b a a c
F 1.

T a a a a S d S (A d A)
d d d d ca d a K d

F d a d a a ( F 3). T

593. a d a K d F d d d a

a d d a a a
c . M d d , b

d d a . T da a , M
a d c a d a K d F d

d, d a a d
a d ad c a d; ,

, d ca d a c c d ab ad c a d.

Fig e 3 S Q Da a



600

S a K d F d a ad
b d b d c .

T ca a b d a 0
30 c 5. T a a

ba d a a d d
a a D a , C , T , a d C a .

T d ac a a d d b
abb a SA, A, D, a d SD c a d S A ,
A , D a , a d S D a c .

Eac a a a d ac b
d b a .

Da a c d a a , d

594. , a d b d a a ac

a a a d a d b :

D a : SA, 17; A, 23; D, 8; SD, 0
C : SA, 18; A, 19; D, 7; SD, 2
T : SA, 3; A, 22; D, 17; SD, 4
C a : SA, 4; A, 15; D, 25; SD, 3

N : S a K d F d a ad
b d b d c .



601

T d ad c ; a c
ad a d a (a c a b
d A d B). T d c a d ac

b a a d a a b
-c c da a a d d a . T
-c c c c a d a a , a d

d c a d ac b a d a
ac d .

I ac a c c , a da a
d d da a d a . H ,
a d a a c c

acad , a a d ,
a d a d a c a
a d -c c . I c K d
F d a d a a b ca d

595. d c a I c d d d a
2006 2007.



602

S mma and Concl ion
I d a d d b c b

a K d F d a d a d
a a a d ad a d a . I

d a d d a a ab
c c a d b a d

a d a a d ad . I d a
d b a d d a -
c a a d . A a a

d a d b a d K d F d
a , b ca ab d c c c ad
c d d a . T d c d
c c d a d a a d
a a K d F d . I

d d a d a a d a d
d a , d d a a

a ac ad (C b ). F c d
ad ( A d B), I b a d

d a .

I c c d d a a a a d a a da a d a
K d F d a d d d

596. a d d ad . I a a c c d d a
d d . P a ad

d d a d a d a b
a d a a . T -c c

c c d a a d b ca d a d
d a a a a b

a a . B ca K d F d
a a a
a , d a a c

a .

T d c d d
c . O ad a c ab b
a d; c a S ac

a d a b d (S a ., 1997). A



603

d d ca d a / ad K d
F d a , c d Ma a c

d . T d c ab a d a d c d c
d a d a ab a b . T d

d a a c ac a d c d
b c c a : I , I d d , I

d a .

597. I c c d d a K d F d a d
d a b ad a a

a d, c , a b d . I a d
a c a a d d

d a .



604

F e Ac ion and Di ec ion
I c a c a d

d d a d a c a d
d.

T M a d changed a
K d F d d d b add d

b ca d d ca d a d d
c a ; , a d ca d
d d c a d a , c , a d . T a

b a d d b d . T
a c d ad a d c c d

.



605

Reflec ion

598. I b d d a d a a d
c d a a a a a d. I

a a ac ca a ac c , c a
a . T a ad K d F d

a a -c c , b
d a cc a d cc . I

a ca b c a d a
d a d

acc .

M c c a a a ca d . I
a b -ba d c c

a d .



606

Refe ence
C ad a, D. (2006) A c c d a ab
d . Engineering Ed ca ion, 1, 19 23.

R , S. (Oc b 14, 2006) U A T ac a d
I c a Ac . S d a ASCD
c c , O a d , FL.

S , M. L., H d, C. R., N a , S. I., a d B , K. I..
(1997). c Acad c A a c P a a d P ac c .
Ed ca ional Ps cholog Re ie , 9, 39 87.

T c a , B. W. (2003). T S a -F -Ac

599. A ac T ac S d S . Pa d a
A a M A ca P c ca A c a ,
T .

A d A S Q
Yo r responses are confiden ial.

Ci cle one an e fo each a emen belo .

U ing Kno ledge Folde helped me o p mo e de ail in m
o k.

S D a D a A S
A

U ing Kno ledge Folde helped me make e m o k a
comple e.

S D a D a A S
A

I pen mo e ime d ing af e he Kno ledge Folde e e
implemen ed.

S D a D a A S
A



607

M a of d ing changed af e he Kno ledge Folde e e
implemen ed.

S D a D a A S
A

600. If o ag ee o ongl ag ee o he abo e a emen , hen
plea e e plain ho o a of d ing ha changed.

Plea e i e an addi ional commen o ma ha e on he
back of hi e .

A d B S Q C

I a .

(I d d .)

I ad a d a d I d d a d
d ad d a .

I d d a d K d F d
ac I d a d .

I d d a d a d a d a .
I a d a d d ac

ca .
I a d d a . I c d a d a d
c a a d .
I d a d c .
I d a b ca a d I

b ad K d F d .
W K d F d I a ab c c d a

. I d a I ca a
.

I d a a a K d F d
a d a I d .

601. I a K d F d a d b ca I
d a a d c d b ca a I

, a a ad a d d a d. I
a a a d . M c a

d a a ca d.
I c d a I d a d d a d a a
c d. T K d F d a a
a d I d a d b ca I a I a b

. I a K d F d a
c c d .



608

I a b a a d I I a
a d b ca I c d bac a d
a I . I a d b a . I

d a d a
a a d b b .

I I d d a I c d a d ad
K d F d .
I K d F d b ca a d d

a d ad .

No e: T a c .

A d C T ac Ob a

M a b a d a d

602. a d a a a

a K d F d a .
T d a d a K d F d a

c a a d a d a
K d F d .
T d c a d a K d F d
a I b b ca d c d
a d a c d , c a a d

a d .
T a d ba a K d F d d

ad , d a a d
a ; a c d c
(A d B).

A d D

D a Pa /G a d a ,

I a a c a a U V a c a d Ac
R a c T ac d Oc b a d N b

2008. W a a d c a a
c a . I a a a c c a
K d F d A d a a d

ad a d c a d a d . I a
c c c da a c d a a

d . I a d a d c a
d ac a c d

603. 609

c a d c . Y c d b
d d a c b b ca .

O d a da a a d b a
d a ab

K d F d A . T c
a d c a

c a d d a d a . T d b
a . A d a ad , a ,

.

P a b a d a c d a b a a d, a d
c d a d c b d d b a a . T

c a , Ka T a , Ba d H a a d ac
a c . B a ac a

a d no a c d a c a , b d b
d . There is no need o re rn he le er or con ac me if

here are no objec ions.

S c ,

C a a J. H d

B d D a /Pa T ac

H a Sc c Acad , Ba d H Sc

604. V a B ac , VA

c d @ b c .c

I d no a c d d a ,
c , d a c c d c d d c a

b ac , C a a H d . I d a d a I d a
, / b d d a d ca a .

C d a Da

Pa /G a d a S a Da

P d Pa /G a d a Na



610



611

Appendi C Ac ion Re ea ch
De elopmen al Templa e

E amining Backg o nd Info ma ion & Rela ed Li e a e



612



613

605. 614



615



616



617



618



619



620



621



622

606. Glo a

Ab ac .
B a c a a c a c , ca

c d a d c c d .

Academic jo nal.
P d ca a b a c d a em i ical
e ea ch d .

Ac ing age.
T c d a ac i n e ea ch c , c

c c a d a a da a.

Ac ion plan.
F a a a a ac i n
e ea ch, d d d c c ac

a c a a b .

Ac ion e ea ch.
A a c c d c d b ac ,
ad a , c , a d

ac a d a c
a a ab a c a

c a , ac , a d d
a .

Ac ion e ea ch comm ni .
L a c ad d ca a a
d b a c a ac c eflec i e eaching a

607. a a c a c a ac c .

Alpha le el.
Va a d ca c a ( a 5%)

a ca b a ab c a a d c
b a ac a a d c a c .

Anal i of a iance (ANOVA).



623

Va a inde enden -mea e e ; d
a a b c a d.

A en .
C d a a c a a a c d .

A en fo m.
A ( ba , a d a -a a
a a ) a d c b a a a c d
a a b

a c a ; c a da a c c d
c d d .

A ho i .
S c a ; ba d

.

Ba cha .
G a a a hi g am b ad ac ba d

608. c b ca ca ca a a ab .

Boolean ope a o .
K d ( . ., AND, OR) a ab a

c c c b a a c ab da aba .

Ca e d .
I -d a a a c d a d d a a ,
ac , , .

Ca al-compa a i e e ea ch.
Q a a a c d d a b d

d c b .

Checkli .
L b a , c a ac c , , a a

a c d a ; a
d c .

Chi- q a e e .
Infe en ial a i ical d c a c c
b .



624

Cla jo nal.
L a a den j nal.

Cla oom a ifac .
W a c da a, c a d
c a , c c b d a d a

609. cc c a a d c .

Coding cheme.
S ca a d a a da a

a d a a .

Collabo a i e ac ion e ea ch.
Ac i n e ea ch a d d a d d b
c ab a a .

Common en e.
T a a a a ba d c .

Confi mabili .
P c ab a a d b c
da a.

Con an compa a i e me hod.
Re ea ch de ign d da a c ,

da a a a b a d a d a
c d b d da a c c .

Con c .
H a c a ac c, ab b d c b d.

Con ol g o p.
T a c a a e e imen al d a

c a da d a .

Con en ion of academic- le i ing.
A d- c d a adab a d
c edibili a c .

610. Co ela ion coefficien .



625

T a a a a c ela i nal
d , c d c a a d

a .

Co ela ional d .
T n ne e imen al d ; d d

a a b a iable .

C edibili .
T a a da a;

ali a i e e ea ch a c d b b ab
c a c a a c .

C i e ion- efe enced.
S a da d d c , c d da a c a

a d a d a d a c c
a a ac ca .

C i ical ac ion e ea ch.
T ac i n e ea ch c d c d c

d d ad a a d a c a
c .

Da a jo nal .

611. Na a acc c d b a a c

a c a .

Ded c i e ea oning.
T -d a ac a , a

c c.

Dependabili .
E a d a c acc

-c a c c a c cc ;
c b hine a a da a.

Dependen a iable.
T a c a iable a d .

De c ip i e a i ic .



626

S a ca c a a a c a ,
a , a d da a.

De eloping age.
T d a ac i n e ea ch c , c

d a ac a .

Di ec ional e ea ch h po he i .
H he i a a a a c ( a d c

a ) b d b a c d c

612. a a c .

Di ic ide ac ion planning.
B ad-ba d ac i n lan a d c d ac i n
e ea ch c .

Ed ca ional e ea ch.
A ca cien ific me h d d ca a c ,

a, a c a .

Ed ca ion Re o ce Info ma ion Cen e (ERIC).
T a da aba ca a c

d ca , d b U.S. D a Ed ca .

Elec onic jo nal.
Academic j nal a a c c a (a

d a ), a acc b .

Elec onic mailing li .
O d c c d c d a - a . I d ca ,

ca ca d a a c a d d b
a .

Empi ical e ea ch.
S d a a ba d a d c c da a, a

d a d a a d d a
a d c .

E hnog aphic d .
T ali a i e d a a d c b c a

613. ac b .



627

E i ing doc men o eco d .
Da a a a ad , ca c c d a a

a a c b a ca b d a c .

E pe imen al g o p.
T a c a a e e imen al d a

d a a a a a
c d .

E pe imen al e ea ch.
T e ea ch de ign a c a c

a iable c d d a d a
a c a c a b a .

E plana o mi ed-me hod de ign.
Mi ed-me h d e ea ch de ign a a da a
a c c d , d b c c a a da a

d , a , ab a
a a .

E plo a o mi ed-me hod de ign.
Mi ed-me h d e ea ch de ign a a da a a
c c d , d b c c a a da a

d a a a d c d
a a da a.

614. E e nal a di .
T a d d d a a d a a a a

a c .

Field no e .
W b e a i n a , a a ac , a

ac c a .

Foc g o p.
S a in e ie a a a

a , a a 10 12 .

Fo ma i e cla oom a e men .
A a a ad d d ring c

ad c



628

.

Fo ma i e e al a ion.
E a a d c a a cc d

a a c .

F eq enc di ib ion able.
S d b c , d d a c
a a a a d .

615. F ll pa icipan .
A d a c a b c ,

a c a a c b
c a a a a c .

Google Schola .
La da aba ca c a a c d ca
a d d , d b G .

G o nded heo .
T ali a i e d , a d c a

a a a a c a .

G o p compa i on de ign.
Q an i a i e e ea ch de ign a a a
ca -a d- c a b c a a d

a c d ( ).

Hi og am.
G a c a d b a c .

H man S bjec Re ie Boa d (HSRB).
R d a c d d

c b a c a ;
a In i i nal Re ie B a d (IRB).

H po he i .
T a b a d d ab

d a d , ad b d b .

Independen -mea e e .

616. 629

Infe en ial a i ical c a a e ea ch
de ign a c a d a c
de enden a iable.

Independen a iable.
T a iable a e e imen al d c

a c a c ; a d b ca
.

Indi id al ac ion planning.
Ac i n lan ac i n e ea ch ca d b

.

Ind c i e anal i .
P c ca a a a a da a d

d c c c d a , b
d a d a da a a a
a d d c c a

d ac i n e ea ch d .

Ind c i e ea oning.
B - a ac a , c c

a .

Infe en ial a i ic .
S a ca c a a a c

617. a i ical ignificance d c b
d a b

a iable .

Info mal in e ie .
S a in e ie a a ac da a
c c c , ca a da ac

d a c a .

Info med con en fo m.
D c b a a e ea ch d a a

a c a ; c a
da a c c d d .

In i ional Re ie Boa d (IRB).



630

R d e ea ch die d
c b a c a ;

a H man S bjec Re ie B a d (HSRB).

In e nal con i enc .
S a ca a eliabili a a
ad d c .

In e ie .
C a b a ac - a c a d a

618. a c a a c a d , c
ac d c a c a ( ).

In e ie g ide.
L a c c b a d d
a in e ie .

K de -Richa d on fo m la 21.
S a ca a d ca c a in e nal c n i enc .

Like cale.
S a d d e e i nnai e

d d a a a d d a a -d a
c .

Like - pe cale.
Sca a Like cale, b a

a b a d.

Li e a e e ie .
E a a a a c , b , a c a , a d

; a d a ac i n e ea ch c ; d
d a c c b a

a c c.

Logico-ind c i e anal i .
T c d a a a a da a a

c a a a d d da a.

Mean.
T a c a a a c .

619. 631

Mea e of cen al endenc .
S a ca c d a d ca , a c , a

ca a da d ab a d d a . I c d
mean, median, a d m de.

Mea e of di pe ion.
S a ca c d a d ca a d a

c . I c d ange a d anda d de ia i n.

Median.
T c c c a da a a a a

d b a a .

Membe checking.
P c d a in e ie a c ,
a a ca ( c a b a a

b c ), a d d a a c a
d d a da a.

Mi ed-me hod e ea ch de ign.
Re ea ch de ign a c b b an i a i e a d

ali a i e e ea ch d a d da a.

Mode.
T cc c a a
c .

620. Nega i e co ela ion.
C ela i n c efficien a a ,

d ca a a c a a iable
c a , a a ab d c a .

Nondi ec ional e ea ch h po he i .
H he i a a a b c
( d c a ) d c d a

a c d , a a
d c a .

None pe imen al e ea ch.
T e ea ch de ign a c a
c a a iable d , b ca



632

c a a ad cc d b ca b
c .

No m- efe enced.
S a da d d a a a c c a

d a .

N ll h po he i .
H he i a a a c cc a

d a d c b
a b a iable b d.

621. Ob e a ion.
T ac ca a c a d a ca c d

a a d a a a c a .

Ob e a ional ca e d .
Ca e d a a a a c a

a a a c a a .

Ob e a ional e ea ch (q an i a i e).
Q an i a i e e ea ch d c a d c a

c c a c b a , a a a iable.

Ob e a ional d (q ali a i e).
Q ali a i e d a ca e d b c a

c d a a a a c .

Ob e e -a -pa icipan .
L c a c a b c
(b b a d a ici an -a - b e e ),

a c a a b b a
ac a c a .

Ob e e commen .
P a a a a b b d;

a a d .

One-g o p p e e -po e de ign.
P ee e imen al de ign a c a

a d, d d a c d ,

622. 633

a d d.

One- ho ca e d .
V e e imen al de ign; a

, c d a
a a d d a a a .

Open-ended in e ie .
In e ie c d a a d a

, b ad a .

Open-ended q e ion .
U d e e i nnai e , d d a

d .

Pa en al con en fo m.
D c b a a a c d , a a

b a c a ;
c a da a c c d c d

d .

Pa icipan -a -ob e e .
R c a c a b c
(b b e e -a - a ici an a d f ll a ici an ),

a c c b b a a

623. c d ab ac a c a

d .

Pa icipan ob e a ion.
T ac b a a a c b a

a c a a a a , ac
b a .

Pa icipa o ac ion e ea ch.
T ac a c a c a

d d a a a a , c , a d
a b d d a a d

a d b ab c a c a .

Pea on co ela ion coefficien .



634

T c a a b
a iable ; b d b r.

Pee deb iefing.
T ac a ca c

a c b a d c c
da a c c , a a , a d a .

Phenomenological d .
T ali a i e d a a a c a

624. c da a c c d d a d a
.

Pie cha .
C c a a , d b ca ca
c a da a .

Planning age.
T a ac i n e ea ch c , c
d c, a d a , a d
d a e ea ch lan.

Pol ang la ion.
T c a a c
da a d ab a a d acc ac .

Pop la ion.
T a a a c d ,
a c a d d ;
ab c c c a d a .

Po i i e co ela ion.
C ela i n c efficien a a a ,

d ca a a c a a iable
c a , a a ab a c a .

P ac ical ac ion e ea ch.
T ac a c c d add a c c

b d a c a , c , a c
b - c ac a c d c
ac a c .

625. 635

P ac ical ignificance.
D a ca c d c , ba d

a b c d c .

P ee pe imen al de ign .
Q an i a i e e ea ch d a c

a d a ac a .

P e e -po e con ol g o p de ign.
Q a ie e imen al de ign a ne-g

e e - e de ign b c d add a
c n l g c a .

P ima o ce .
F a d acc a a c .

P inciple of acc a e di clo e.
R e ea ch e hic a a a a c a d
b d acc a ab a c a d

c ca a b a d d a a c a .

P inciple of beneficence.
R e ea ch e hic a a a a c d b
d d ac d ab a b a d

d ca a c d b a
.

P inciple of hone .
R e ea ch e hic a a d b

626. b d a c c .

P inciple of impo ance.
R e ea ch e hic d ca a d

a c d b c b a
d b d d ca .

P ofe ional lea ning comm ni .
G d ca c d c ab a

c c c a d ac i n e ea ch.

P oQ e .



636

La da aba ca a c d ca a d
d , c d d a a d , d b

P Q .

- al e.
S a ca a d ca bab c a c

cc c a d .

Q ali a i e e ea ch me hodologie .
T e ea ch me h d l gie a c c
a d a a a a da a; a ind c i e a ac

a .

627. Q an i a i e e ea ch me hodologie .
T d a c c a d
a a ca da a; a ded c i e a ac

a .

Q a ie pe imen al de ign.
C a e e imen al de ign ,
d c b a a d a

a c a .

Q e ionnai e.
S e a ad d ,

a c a a c a a a
d a a a d

a c .

Range.
Mea e f di e i n ca c a d b b ac
c c a da a.

Ra ing cale .
Q a d e e i nnai e

d d a c a
d d ; a a c d

.

Reconnai ance.

628. 637

D a a ac i n e ea ch, a
c b a d a a b d a d

a a d c a c b .

Refe eed.
C a ac c a academic j nal, a a a

d b d c a b d, b a
, d c a
d a a a c d a d .

Reflec ing age.
T a d a a ac i n e ea ch c ,
c c ca ac a c
a d c c .

Reflec ion.
T ac c ca a a d ,
d c d d d , a d a c a b .

Reflec i e eaching.
A c d c d a

d ca a , a c , a d ac ca
c , a a a c

d a .

Refle i i .
P c a a d

a a d b a a .

629. Reliabili .
C c a d c c a a da a.

Repea ed-mea e e .
Infe en ial a i ical a c a a
a a d d a .

Re ea ch de ign.
T c c a a b d ca a

a c d .

Re ea ch e hic .



638

M a a c a c , c d c a a ca ,
, a , a d .

Re ea ch me hodolog .
T c c a c c da a a a c d .

Re ea ch q e ion.
T da a a c c

d a .

Rigo .
R a , a d , acc ac , a d c d b
ac a c a d d .

Sample.
A a b a a .

630. School-le el ac ion planning.
B ad-ba d ac i n lan a c d ac

a c c .

Scien ific me hod.
S a c, -b - d a
a d b .

Sea ch engine.
W b a a a c a a b

b a b d.

Seconda o ce .
S a , c a , a ima

ce a c a .

Semi c ed in e ie .
In e ie a c a a ba

b a a a
a a ,

d d a c a .

Semi c ed ob e a ion.



639

Ob e a i n a a ac - a c
b a d ac cc

631. a c a a b b
d b a a d a ; a a

n c ed b e a i n.

S anda d de ia ion.
I a da a, a a d a c c a a

mean. O mea e f di e i n.

S a i ical ignificance.
D c ad infe en ial a i ical

c d a ab a c c c d a
d a d a a am le
d d d a a d c
a a c a a

d a .

S c ed in e ie .
In e ie a c a d d

d a in e ie g ide.

S c ed ob e a ion.
Ob e a i n a b d b

b , a c c b a , ac ,
ac .

S den jo nal .
K b d , d a a

ac c ac ca a a
d da , c , a d

632. c c a .

S le g ide.
I c a a acad c .

S mma i e cla oom a e men .
A a ad d af er a b a a

c , a ad
a d c .



640

S mma i e e al a ion.
E a a d c a a cc
c a c .

S e .
C c a a da a c c c

a ad a a
a a am le .

S e e ea ch.
Q a a , d c d ac

a d d a
a ab , a d , c a ac c

b c ca a a d ab a
.

Teache empo e men .

633. P c d b ac c c da a

d a d c ab d
a d c a ; c c a a ac a d c

a .

Teache jo nal .
P d ac - a c a a

a a acc a c
ac c .

Team ac ion planning.
Ac i n lan ac i n e ea ch ca d b a

ac - a c .

Te .
S a da d d ac -d d a a ,

c a a b d a a c da a.

T adi ion.
S c a ; ba d a b a .

T an fe abili .
I d c a a d , d c a d
c a d a a ad a



641

d .

634. T ea men g o p.
S e e imen al g .

T iang la ion.
P c a c da a d

ab ; d ali a i e
e ea ch me h d .

T iang la ion mi ed-me hod de ign.
Mi ed-me h d e ea ch de ign b a a
a d a a da a a c c d a ab a a d
a a a .

T o hine .
V ca c c a c

a a da a acc b a ;
c acc ac a d b ab da a.

Un c ed ob e a ion.
Ob e a i n a a ac - a c

b a d ac cc
a c a a b b

d b a a d a ; a a
emi c ed b e a i n.

Validi of e ea ch da a.
C a ac c da a a d a c
da a a a b c c d acc a a a

a .

Va iable .

635. Fac a a a c c a d
c a ac c a a c a c ab c

a c d a c c .

Video eco ding .
A a d c b a b d

.



642



643

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a c . I C. A. M (C a ),
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649

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C d , 28(3), 52 56.

Sc c , R. A. (1997). P ac ca ac a c c a .
A H , IL: S L P a D .

Sc a bac , E. M. (2003). Va a d a d ac a c : A
d b c ac . La a , MD: Sca c

P .

S , M. K. (2001). K L : G , a a a d
ac a c . T E c c d a I a Ed ca
( d). R d Ja a 23, 2008,

:// . d. / / - .

644. 650

S , E. T. (2007). Ac a c (3 d d.). T a d Oa ,
CA: Sa .

T c , W. M. K. (2002a). D d c & d c . R d
A 26, 2004, R a c M d K d Ba

b : :// . c a a c d . / b/d d d.

T c , W. M. K. (2002b). P a d - .
R d A 26, 2004, R a c M d
K d Ba b :

:// . c a a c d . / b/ .

T c , W. M. K. (2002c). Q a a a d . R d Oc b
26, 2004, R a c M d K d Ba

b : :// . c a a c d . / b/ a a .

W d , W. H. (1995). T c c d a a
c a a dd c c a . I S. S , A.

C , & J. La (Ed .), Ac a c : P c
ac c a . Sc c FEAT (Sc c Ea

Ad c c T ac ; . 57 62). Ta a a , FL:
S Ea R a V Ed ca .



651

645. 652

Inde

Ab ac :
ac a c , 234 235

a , 71 72
Acad c a , 262 266, 267
Ac a , 36, 41 43
Ac a d :

ac a c d , 217
ac a c , 225 226
ac , 223
ca d , 215 216, 223 225
c a ac c , 43
c c , 227
d d, 217
d a , 216
d c - a , 220 221

d d a ac a , 220
, 219 221

a a a c a , 214
ad c a , 223 224

c c , 218, 221 222
a c c , 218

c - a , 220 221
c c d ca , 224 225

c a c , 215 216

646. S Ac C a , 218 219

d d , 222 223
a ac a , 220

Ac a c :
ac , 29 30, 32
a ca , 24 26
a ac , 19 20
ca d , 4 5, 31
c a ac c , 18 19
c c , 32
c ab a ac a c (CAR), 22
c a a , 28



653

c ca ac a c , 24
c c ca a , 27
d d, 5 6, 14 15
d ca a a , 28

a a a , 25
- a c d , 17

ca d , 16
d d a ac a c , 22
- c ac , 26
c a a , 23

b c c , 28
d , 16 18
a a a c a , 2

647. , 14 16
a c a d b , 28
a c a ac a c , 19
ac ca ac a c , 19 20
ac c , 22
c ac , 25 26
b d ca , 24
c d , 6

a , 23 24
d a a d b a , 27

28
ad c a , 31

a ad ac , 28
c c , 15
c ac , 15 16
a c c , 28
, 26 28

c , 22
c d ac a c , 22
c c d ca , 31

c a c , 24
d , 25
, 25
c a c , 4 5

d d , 29 30
a a a , 25

ac , 22 23

648. 654

- ac c c c , 21
a , 20 24

Ac a c c , 257 259
Ac a c a :

ac a c d , 55
ac a c , 81 83
ac , 78
ca d , 53 54, 79, 80
c c , 84
5 W P c , 57, 58f, 299

d , 57 59
d , 40, 61

a a , 39, 59 61
a , 39, 61 77

a c , 59
a a a c a , 52

ad c a , 79
c a a c , 39, 60 61

a c c , 59
a c a d , 40 41

c c d ca , 80
c a c , 53 54

d d , 77 78
a , 307

649. c d a , 58
c d c , 59
c d ca , 38 39, 55 59
c a c , 57 58
c , 57
c a a , 39, 59, 60

S a Ac a d ; R a c a
d

Ac a c c :
ac a , 36, 41 43
ac a d , 43
ac a c d , 37f
ac , 48
ca d , 35, 49, 50
c c , 50
c c , 42



655

c c ca c , 36, 38f
da a a a , 42 43
da a c c , 41 42
d a , 36, 43

d , 41
- a c d , 17, 35 36, 37f, 38 45

d , 40
a a , 39

, 41 42

650. a , 39
d a , 37f, 38f
- c d , 35 36, 37f, 38 45

a a a c a , 33
a a , 36, 38 41

a a , 42
a a a c , 42 43
a a a c , 42 43

a , 42
a ca , 42

ad c a , 49
c a a c , 39

c a , 36, 44 45
c c , 44 45
a c d a , 44
a c c , 41
a c a , 45 48
a c d , 40 41
a c a d , 40 41
a c a , 44
a c , 40
a c b , 40

c c d ca , 50
c a c , 35

d d , 48 49
, 42

, 42
c d ca , 38 39

651. c a a , 39

ad a a c , 42 43
a ab , 40



656

Ac a c :
ab ac , 234 235
ac a d , 225 226
ac c , 237
ac , 248
ca d , 229 230, 249 250
c c , 250
c a , 239
c c , 239
c acad c , 231 243
c a , 240 243
da a a a , 198 204, 209 211
da a c c , 164 167
d a , 238 239

a c c , 274 288
c , 231

a c ca , 231 233
K d F d a d d , 287 298
a a c , 239 240

a a a c a , 228
a c , 236 237

a , 235 236
a a , 81 83

652. a a da a, 198 200
a a da a, 200 204
ad c a , 249

a c d a , 271 272
a c c , 243 244
a c a d , 121 122

c c d ca , 249 250
c a c , 229 230

d d , 247 248
d , 231 243

a a , 238 239
, 234

a , 230 231
b , 237 238
c , 236 237

d , 244 246
c d , 246 247f



657

Ac R a c R c , 266
Ac a c a , 299 308

ac a c a , 307
bac d a , 300 303
da a a a , 306
da a c c , 305
5 W P c , 299

653. a , 300 303
c c , 308
a c a d , 304

Ac c , 237
Ad a a , 256 257
A a , 187
A ca Ed ca a R a c A c a (AERA), 67
A a a a c (ANOVA), 187 188
A , 112
A , 112, 114f
A , 7

Ba a , 185, 186f
B a a , 68 69, 70f

Ca d , 13, 94 95
Ca a -c a a a c , 12, 102 103
C c b , 149
C c , 42, 152, 153f
C - a , 189
C - c d , 189
C a (ac a c ), 239
C a a , 138 139
C a a ac , 139
C d c , 174 177
C ab a ac a c (CAR), 22
C ab a I a T a I a (CITI), 109
C a a , 255 256
C , 7
C a a a c , 11 12
C c :

d c - c c , 261
a c c , 259 260, 261f

654. 658

C d c ba d , 190
C ab da a, 141
C c (ac a c ), 239
C a c a a d, 97 98, 178 179
C c a d , 156
C a a , 28
C , 12, 187
C acad c , 231 243
C a , 240 243
C a a a c , 12, 99 101
C a c c , 99 101, 182 183
C d b da a, 141
C ca ac a c , 24
C c ca a c c , 27, 36, 38f

Da a a a :
ac a c d , 173
ac a c , 198 204, 209 211
ac , 205
ba a , 185, 186f
ca d , 170 172, 206 209
c a ac c , 42 43
c c , 211 212
c d c , 174 177
c a c c , 182 183
d c a c , 180 185, 186f

c d b ab , 183, 184 , 185
a , 183, 185f

d c a , 173 179

655. a a c , 185, 187 189
c , 190, 191

a c a d c , 180 182
a d , 182

d- d da a a a , 197
a a a c a , 169
c a , 185, 186f
a a da a a a , 172 179
a a a c , 198 200
a a da a a a , 179 197
a a a c , 200 204



659

ad c a , 206 208
c c d ca , 208 209

a a , 179, 190 197
c a c , 170 172

a da d d c , 189 190
S a C c , 191 197

d d , 204 206
a , 306

S a Q a a da a a a ; Q a a da a
a a

Da a c c :
ac a , 129
ac a c d , 130

656. ac a c , 164 167
ac , 160 161
ca d , 128 129, 162, 163 164
c a ac c , 41 42
c c , 168
c c , 152, 153f
c a a , 138 139
c a a ac , 139
da a a , 138 139

d c / c d , 139, 140f
d , 131 132, 133f

c , 136 138
a c a a , 152, 153 154

a , 138
c , 149

, 132, 134 138
d , 134, 135 136f

b a , 130 132, 133f
b c , 131 132

- d d , 134, 136
a a a c a , 126
a a a d a , 158 159

a a da a c c , 129 144
a a da a c c , 144 157

a , 144 152
a ca , 144 152

ad c a , 162

657. 660

c - ac c da a, 140
ab , 156 157

a c c , 157 158
c c d ca , 163 164

c d , 134, 135 136f
c d b a , 131

c a c , 128 129
a da d d c , 154 155

c d , 134
c d b a , 131

d a , 138
d d , 159 161

a c a a , 153 154
, 144 152

ac a , 138
a , 305
c d b a , 131

a d , 141 144, 155 156, 157
d c d , 132

S a Q a a da a c c ; Q a a da a
c c

658. Da a a , 138 139
D d c a , 9, 10f, 179 180
D a , 238 239
D dab da a, 141
D d a ab , 12
D c d , 98 99
D c a c , 11
D c a c , 12, 180 185, 186f
D c a d , 141
D a , 36, 43
D c a a c , 93
D c - c c , 261
D c - a , 220 221
D c b , 266 267
D ca a a , 28

EBSCO I a S c , 67
Ed ca a I , 266
Ed ca a a c :



661

a , 7
ca d , 13
ca a -c a a d , 12
c , 7
c a a d , 11 12
c , 12
c a a a c , 12
d d c a , 9, 10f
d d, 8
d d a ab , 12
d c a c , 12
d c d , 11

659. a c d , 13
a , 12
a a c , 12

d d d , 13
d , 11

d d a ab , 12
d c a , 9 10

a a c , 12 13
c - d c a a , 14
d- d a c d , 14

a a c , 11 12
a a a c a , 2

ca d , 13
ca a , 11

a a c , 13, 28
a a , 13

c d , 8
d c c a ac , 8 9

a a a ac , 9 10, 11, 13 14
a a a ac , 9, 11 13, 14

a c d , 11 12
a c , 11

c c d , 7 9
a ca ca c , 13
c d c , 10

660. ad , 6 7, 9, 14
a , 12

a a c , 13



662

a ab , 11
Ed ca R c I a C (ERIC), 65 66, 68
72
E c c a , 266, 267
E c c a , 267
E ca a c , 62
E T c Ac R a c Pa , 266
Enc clopedia of Ed ca ional Research, 65
ERIC. See Ed ca R c I a C (ERIC)
E ca a c . See R a c c
E a c a c , 13
E a a a d , 142
E d c / c d , 139, 140f
E a d , 101 102
E a , 12
E a a c , 12
E a a d- d d , 107f, 108, 197
E a d- d d , 107f, 108, 197
E a a d , 143

F d , 41, 131 132, 133f
5 W P c , 57, 58f, 299
F c , 136 138
F a c a a , 152, 153 154
F a a a , 25
F c d b ab , 183, 184 , 185

661. F a c a , 97
F c , 76 77

G a ab , 142
G Sc a , 66 67, 72 74, 75f
G ad a c , 189
G d d , 13
G c a d , 101 106

H d , C a a J., 287 298
H a d Pa H Sc (I ), 267
H a , 183, 185f
H a S b c R B a d (HSRB), 109
H d :



663

d c a a c , 93
d ca a a c , 11

d c a a c , 93
, 93

a a , 40, 61
a c a d , 93

I d d - a , 187, 188f
I d d a ab , 12
I d d a ac a , 220
I d d a ac a c , 22
I d d a d d ca a (IEP), 4
I d c a , 9 10, 173 179
I a a c , 12 13, 185, 187 189
I a , 138

662. I a a , 39, 59 61

S a Da a c c
I d c , 109 112
I d c , 110, 111f
I a R B a d (IRB), 109
I c a a , 23
I a c c , 157
I c :

ac a c , 231
Ac R a c R c , 266
A ca Ed ca a R a c A c a (AERA), 67
C c b , 149
C ab a I a T a I a (CITI), 109
da a a a , 190, 191
da a c c , 149
EBSCO I a S c , 67
Ed ca a I , 266
Ed ca R c I a C (ERIC), 66
E T c Ac R a c Pa , 266

c a d , 109
G Sc a , 66, 72
H a d Pa H Sc (I ), 267

a b c a c , 109
JSTOR, 67

a , 66, 67



664

Mad M a Sc D c (W c ), 266

663. Na a I H a (NIH), 109
Ne ork, 231
P c aK c a 20 20, 260
P E , 149
P Q , 67
P cINFO, 67

a c d a , 260, 266
a c c , 109

b a c , 109
SAGE Jo rnals, 67
S c ca Ab ac , 67
S a C c , 191

a ca a , 190, 191
S M , 149
T ac R a c , 266
Z a , 149

In erpre ing S andardi ed Tes Scores (M ), 190
I a d , 141
I , 41 42, 132, 134 138
I d , 134, 135 136f

J a :
acad c a , 262 266, 267
c a a , 138 139
da a a , 138 139

c c a , 266, 267
c , 67

a acc a c , 263 264f
a c ca , 231 233

664. d a , 262, 265
d a , 138

ac a , 138
JSTOR, 67

K d -R c a d a 21, 157

L , K , 16
L ca , 146, 147f
L - ca , 148



665

L a :
ab ac , 71 72
B a a , 68 69, 70f
c a ac c , 39
c a c , 62 64
d d, 61 62
Ed ca R c I a C (ERIC), 65 66,
68 72

ca a c , 62
c , 76 77

G Sc a , 66 67, 72 74, 75f
c , 66, 67

, 64
d a , 63f

b c a c , 62
da aba , 65 74

665. a a a c a , 52
a a , 39, 61 77

a c , 64, 65 74
P Q , 67

a c , 67
c da c , 64 65

c , 64 74
a , 300 303

a , 62, 63f
d , 74 77

L c - d c a a , 14

Mad M a Sc D c (W c ), 266 267
Ma c c , 105
M a , 180 181
M a c a d c , 180 182
M a d , 182
M d a , 181 182
M b c c , 28, 143
M , C a , 190
M d- d da a a a , 197
M d- d a c d , 14, 88, 106 108

a a d , 107f, 108
a d , 107f, 108



666

666. a a d , 107f, 108
M d , 182
M a c , 59

Na a da a, 129
Na a I H a (NIH), 109
Na a c a , 190
Na a S c S d Ed ca , 65
Na a a c , 190
N a ca a a , 144
N a c a , 100
Ne ork, 231 233
Ne spaper Abs rac s, 65
N d c a a c , 93
N a a c , 11 12
N a c a , 190
N - c d , 189
N , 93

Ob a , 130 132, 133f
Ob a a ca d , 95
Ob a a a c , 95 97, 98
Ob -a - a c a , 96
Ob c , 131 132
O - - d , 104 105
O - ca d , 103 104
O - d d , 134, 136
O - d d , 144 146
O , 180 181

Pa a , 260
Pa a c , 112, 113f
Pa c a -a - b , 97
Pa c a d b , 28
Pa c a b a , 96
Pa c a ac a c , 19

667. Pa c , 236 237
P a c a c c , 99 100
P c aK c a 20 20, 260
P d b , 143



667

Periodical Abs rac s, 65
P a , 235 236
P ca a c , 13
P ca a , 11
P c a , 185, 186f
P a a , 36, 38 41
P E , 149
P a a , 13, 28, 42
P a a , 13
P c a , 100
P a , 260, 261f
P ac ca ac a c , 19 20
P ac ca ca c , 187
P a d , 103 105
P - c d , 105 106
P a c , 64, 65 74
P c acc a d c , 110.111f, 112
P c b c c , 112
P c , 112
P c a c , 112, 115
P a c c , 259 260, 261f
P a a c (PLC), 257 259
P d a a d b a , 27 28
P Q , 67
P d c c a ac , 8 9
P cINFO, 67
P blica ion Man al of he American Ps chological

668. Associa ion (APA Ma a ), 201, 231 243
P- a , 187

Q a a da a a a , 172 179
c d c , 174 177
c a c a a d, 178 179

d c a , 173 179
a a , 179

Q a a da a c c , 129 144
c a ac c , 140 144
c a a ac , 139
c ab , 141
c d b , 141



668

da a a , 138 139
d dab , 141
d c a d , 141

a a a d , 142
d c / c d , 139, 140f

a a d , 143
d , 131 132, 133f

a ab , 142
a d , 141

, 132, 134 138
b c c , 143

669. a a da a, 129
a ca a a , 144

b a , 130 132, 133f
d b , 143
c ac c , 140

, 143
ca a d , 142

a ab , 141
a a , 142, 143f

, 141 144
a d , 141 144

Q a a a c d :
ac a c , 42 43, 93 98
d ca a a c , 9 10, 11, 13 14

Q a a a c d , 88, 89
Q a a a c , 198 200
Q a a da a a a :

a a , 187
a a a a c (ANOVA), 187 188
ba a , 185, 186f
c - a , 189
c , 187
c a c c , 182 183
d d c a , 179 180
d c a c , 180 185, 186f

c d b ab , 183, 184 , 185
a , 183, 185f

670. d d - a , 187, 188f
a a c , 185, 187 189



669

a , 180 181
a c a d c , 180 182
a d , 182
d a , 181 182
d , 182

, 180 181
c a , 185, 186f

ac ca ca c , 187
p- a , 187
a , 182

a d- a , 187, 188f
a a , 185

a a , 190 197
a da d d a , 182
a da d d c , 189 190
a , 187

Q a a da a c c :
c a ac c , 155 157
c c , 152, 153f
c c a d , 156

a c a a , 152, 153 154
d , 151 152

671. a c c , 157
K d -R c a d a 21, 157
L ca , 146, 147f
L - ca , 148

- d d , 144 146
a , 144 152

a ca , 144 152
ab , 156 157

a da d d c , 154 155
a c a a , 153 154

, 144 152
a d , 155 156, 157

Q a a a c d :
ac a c , 42 43, 98 106
d ca a a c , 9, 11 13, 14

Q a a a c d , 88, 89
Q a a a c , 200 204
Q a a d , 105 106



670

Q a , 42, 144 152

Ra , 182
Ra ca , 42, 144 152
R ad c a :

ac a d , 223 224

672. ac a c , 31
ac a c c , 49
ac a c , 249
da a a a , 206 208
da a c c , 162

a a , 79
a c d a , 270
a c a d , 119 120

R c a a c , 39, 60 61
R d a , 262, 265
R a ad ac , 28
R c a , 36, 44 45
R c c :

ac a d , 218, 221 222
c a ac c , 44 45
d d, 15

a a a c a , 251
a , 308

a , 268 269
R c - ac c da a, 140
R c ac , 15 16
R , 143
Rela ionship Be een he S ra eg of Kno ledge Folders and
S d Skills, The (H d ), 287 298
R ab , 156 157
R a d- a , 187, 188f
R a c d :

ca d , 94 95
ca a -c a a a c , 102 103
c a a d , 11 12

673. c a c a a d, 97 98
c a a a c , 12, 99 101
c a c c , 99 101
d d, 11



671

d c d , 11, 98 99
a d , 12, 101 102

a a d- d d , 107 f, 108
a d- d d , 107f, 108

a c a , 97
c a d , 101 106

a c c , 105
d- d a c d , 106 108

a c a , 100
a a c , 11 12

b a a ca d , 95
b a a a c , 95 97, 98
b -a - a c a , 96

- - d , 104 105
- ca d , 103 104

a c a -a - b , 97
a c a b a , 96

P a c a c c , 99 100
c a , 100

674. a d , 103 105
- c d , 105 106

a a a c d , 9 10, 11, 13 14, 42 43, 93
98

a a a c d , 9, 11 13, 14, 42 43, 98
106

a a d , 105 106
a c a d , 93 108

a c , 98 99
a c d , 103

a a d- d d , 107f, 108
R a c d a :

acad c a , 262 266, 267
ac a c c , 257 259
ac a c d , 254
ac a c , 271 272
ac , 269 270
ad a a , 256 257
ca d , 252 253, 270, 271
c a ac c , 44
c c , 273



672

c a a , 255 256
d c - c c , 261
d c b , 266 267

675. c c a , 266, 267
c c a , 267

c , 260, 266
a acc a c , 263 264f

ca a , 255 257
a a a c a , 251

a a , 260
a , 260, 261f

a c c , 259 260, 261f
a a c (PLC), 257 259

ad c a , 270
d a , 262, 265

a c c , 268
c c d ca , 271

c a c , 252 253
d d , 269 270

, 260
a , 253 255

R a c c :
ac a c , 243 244
a , 112
a , 112, 114f
c a ac c , 41
da a c c , 157 158
H a S b c R B a d (HSRB), 109

676. d c , 109 112
d c , 110, 111f

I a R B a d (IRB), 109
c , 109

a a c , 112, 113f
a a , 59

c acc a d c , 110.111f, 112
c b c c , 112
c , 112
c a c , 112, 115
a c d a , 268

a c a d , 41, 108 115



673

a d , 109
R a c d , 40 41, 88, 89
R a c a d :

ac a c d , 88
ac a c , 121 122
ac , 118
ca d , 86 87, 119 121
c a ac c , 40 41
c c , 123
d c a a c , 93

d , 93
d- d a c d , 88

677. d c a a c , 93
, 93
a a a c a , 85

a a a c d , 88, 89
a a a c d , 88, 89
ad c a , 119 120

a c d , 93 108
a c c , 41, 108 115
a c d , 40 41, 88, 89
a c , 40, 88 93
a c c d , 115 116
a c c d ca , 92 93

c c d ca , 120 121
c a c , 86 87

d d , 117 119
R a c :

ac a c , 40
d ca a a c , 11

a c a d , 40, 88 93
a c c a c a , 92 93

R a c c d , 115 116
R a c b , 40
R a c c:

d c , 59
d ca , 38 39, 55 59

a c , 57 58
a a , 39, 59, 60

678. a , 57



674

a c a c a , 92 93
Re ie of Ed ca ional Research, 65
R , 26 28

SAGE Jo rnals, 67
Sa a , 185
Sc - a , 220 221
Sc d ac a c , 22
Sc c d ca :

ac a d , 224 225
ac a c , 31
ac a c c , 50
ac a c , 249 250
da a a a , 208 209
da a c c , 163 164

a a , 80
a c d a , 271
a c a d , 120 121

Sc c d, 7 9
S a c , 67
S c da c , 64 65
S c d , 134, 135 136f
S c d b a , 131
S c a c ad cac , 24
S c ca Ab ac , 67
S a a :

679. a a da a a a , 179
a a da a a a , 190 197

S c a c :
ac a d , 215 216
ac a c , 4 5
ac a c c , 35
ac a c , 229 230
da a a a , 170 172
da a c c , 128 129

a a , 53 54
a c d a , 252 253
a c a d , 86 87

S a da d d a , 182
S a da d d c :



675

c - c d , 189
c d c ba d , 190

ad a c , 189
a a c a , 190
a a a c , 190

a c a , 190
- c d , 189

a a da a a a , 189 190
a a da a c c , 154 155

680. a da d c , 189
S a da d c , 189
S a C c , 191 197
S a ca Pac a S c a Sc c (SPSS), 190 191
S a ca ca c , 13
S c d , 134
S c d b a , 131
S d a , 138
S d , 231 243
S a c a a , 153 154
S a a a , 25
S M , 149
S a c , 98 99
S , 42, 144 152
S , 260
SYSTAT, 190 191

T ac , 22 23
T ac a , 138
T ac R a c , 266
T a ac a , 220
T a a , 238 239
T , 42
T ca a d , 142
T c d c , 10
T c d a , 58
T (ac a c ), 234
T a M C a , 57
T ad :

ac a c c , 42 43
d ca a a c , 6 7, 9, 14



676

681. T a ab da a, 141
T a c d , 103
T a , 12, 187
T d I a a Ma a c a d Sc c S d
(TIMSS), 8
T a a :

d d, 13
a a da a c c , 142, 143f

T a a d- d d , 107f, 108, 197
T da a, 141 144

U c d b a , 131

Va d :
a a da a c c , 141 144
a a da a c c , 155 156, 157

Va ab , 11, 40
V b , 237 238
V d c d , 132
V c (ac a c ), 236 237

Wa a a , T J., 274 288
Wha Is he Impac of Posi i e Female Role Models and
Men oring Oppor ni ies on he Self-Efficac of Girls in
Science? (Wa a a ), 274 288

Z a , 149




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682. Services Security COM-545-MCS01 - Saint Leo University

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Written Assignment Rubric
Course: Web Services Security COM-545-MCS01

/ 25

/ 25

Criteria
No
Submission

Novice Basic Proficient Exceptional
Criterion
Score

Proficiency,

Knowledge,

Understand

ing, and

Research

Depth

Synthesis,

Analysis,

683. and

Comprehen

sion

0 points

Points Equal 0
No

Assignment

Submitted.

18 points

Section
Points

Possible <19
Does not

refer to any

examples or

theories to

support

thesis.

Sources are

684. not credible.

No discernible

thesis is

developed.

20 points

Section
Points

Possible 19-
20

Alludes to

examples and

theories in a

general way

to support

thesis.

Sources are

suspect.

Levels of

depth and

685. understanding

are minimally

acceptable.

23 points

Section
Points

Possible 21-
23

Supports

thesis. Refers

to examples

or theories

from peer-

reviewed or

other credible

sources.

Shows a

credible level

of depth and

686. understanding

of the subject.

25 points

Section
Points

Possible 24-
25

Supports

thesis with

specific

examples and

theories from

peer-reviewed

and other

credible

sources.

Shows a well-

developed

depth and

687. understanding

of the subject.

0 points

Points Equal 0
No

Assignment

Submitted.

18 points

Section
Points

Possible <19
Does not

integrate

theory or

knowledge in

an acceptable

fashion.

20 points

Section
Points

688. Possible 19-
20

Integrates

theory and

knowledge in

a cursory

manner.

23 points

Section
Points

Possible 21-
23

Integrates

theory and

knowledge in

an accurate

way to

support

thesis.

25 points

689. Section
Points

Possible 24-
25

Integrates

theory and

knowledge in

an accurate

and highly

insightful way

to support

thesis.



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690. Criteria
No
Submission

Novice Basic Proficient Exceptional
Criterion
Score

Organizatio

n,

formulation

, logic, and

identificatio

n of key

points

Grammar,

word

choice, and

terminology

0 points

Points Equal 0
No

Assignment

691. Submitted.

14 points

Section
Points

Possible <15
Paper is

disorganized,

points of

thesis are not

distinct, and

information is

not logically

sequenced

16 points

Section
Points

Possible 15-
16

Paper is

somewhat

692. disorganized,

points of the

thesis are

distinct, but

the

information is

not logically

sequenced

18 points

Section
Points

Possible 17-
18

Paper is

organized,

points of the

thesis are

distinct, and

information is

693. logically

sequenced

and readily

identifiable

20 points

Section
Points

Possible 19-
20

Paper is

organized,

points of the

thesis are

distinct, and

information is

logically

sequenced

and key points

are made

694. obvious

0 points

Points Equal 0
No

Assignment

Submitted.

6 points

Section
Points

Possible <7
Word choice

and sentence

structure are

not suitable

for graduate

level work.

Repeated

typographical,

spelling, and

695. punctuation

errors are an

obstacle.

8 points

Section
Points

Possible 7-8
Word choice

and sentence

structure are

marginally

acceptable for

graduate level

work.

Moderate

typographical,

spelling, or

punctuation

errors create

696. reading

interruptions.

9 points

Section
Points

Possible 9
Word choice

and sentence

structure are

suitable for

graduate level

work. Minimal

typographical,

spelling, and

punctuation

errors.

10 points

Section
Points

Possible 10

697. Word choice

and sentence

structure are

suitable for

graduate level

work.

Composition

and

punctuation

issues are

rare.



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Total / 100

Overall Score

/ 10

698. / 10

Criteria
No
Submission

Novice Basic Proficient Exceptional
Criterion
Score

Proper use

of the APA

formatting

style

Meets

Word

and/or

Page Count

Requirment

s

0 points

Points Equal 0
No

699. Assignment

Submitted.

6 points

Section
Points

Possible <7
Little use of

references

and citations

and/or poor

use of the

APA style.

8 points

Section
Points

Possible 7-8
Some use of

references

and citations

and/or

700. moderate

usage of the

APA style.

9 points

Section
Points

Possible 9
Good use of

references

and citations

and

reasonable

usage of the

APA style.

10 points

Section
Points

Possible 10
Superior use

of references

701. and citations

and/or solid

usage of the

APA style.

0 points

Points Equal 0
No

Assignment

Submitted.

6 points

Section
Points

Possible <7
Paper does

not meet

assignment

word/page

requirements.

8 points

Section

702. Points

Possible 7-8
Paper meets

assignment

word/page

requirements

but does

not included

all other

content

requirements.

9 points

Section
Points

Possible 9
Paper meets

assignment

word/page

requirements

and includes

703. all other

content

requirements.

10 points

Section
Points

Possible 10
Paper meets

or exceeds

assignment

word/page

requirements

and includes

all other

content

requirements..

No Submission Novice Basic Proficient Exceptional


COM545 Web Services Security
Writing Assignment #1

704. For this writing assignment you will create a paper entitled,
“Internet Security: From Stand-alone Computers to Web-based
Systems”. The contents of the paper will be based on subjects
covered in the textbook. The goal of creating this paper is for
you to learn more in-depth information about various subjects
covered in the textbook.
From each of the chapters 1 through 8 in the textbook pick one
major section that is of interest to you. For each section that
you selected, do the following:
Use the chapter number and the title of the section in the
textbook as the title for that part in your paper, for example,
“(Chapter 1) Client/Server Computing”. Then in 200 – 250
words, either confirm the information given in the section or
add to the information in the section (or both). Find this
material by using the references listed in the back of the
textbook and by searching on the WWW. Your confirmation or
addition of information should be based on primary sources
rather than information from other textbooks or from magazine
(i.e., web-zine) reviews. Do not use Wikipedia or other such
websites as a reference. Also, do not copy/paste sentences from
the textbook into your paper.
Your completed paper should follow APA format. The paper
should consist of eight parts (one for each chapter) and contain
a total of 1600 to 2000 words.
Create your paper in a Microsoft Word document, and submit
the Word file on the course website.






COM545 Web Services Security

Writing Assignment #1

705. For this writing assignment you will create a paper entitled,
“Internet Security: From Stand
-
alone
Computers to Web
-
based Systems”. The contents of the paper will be based on
subjects covered
in the
textbook.

The goal of creating this paper is for you to learn more in
-
depth information
about various subjects covered in the textbook.

From each of the chapters 1 through 8 in the textbook p
ick one
major
section
that is of interest to
you
.

For each sect
ion

that you selected
, do the following:

Use
the chapter number and
the title of the section

706. in the textbook

as the
title

for
th
at

part
in

your
paper
, for example,

“
(Chap
ter 1) C
lient/Server

Computing
”
.

Then in 200
–

250 words
,

either
confirm the information given in the

section

707. or add to the information in the section (or both).

Find this material by
u
s
ing

the
r
eferences list
ed

in the back of the
text
book and
by
search
ing

on
the WWW.

Your confirmation or addition of information should be based
on
primary

sources
rather than in
formation from other textbooks or from magazine (i.e., web
-
zine) reviews.

Do not
use Wikipedia or other such websites as a reference.

Also, do no

708. t
copy/paste sentences from the
textbook into your paper.

Your completed paper should follow APA format
. The

paper should
consist of

eight parts (one
for each chapter)

and
contain

a total of 1600 to 2000 words.


Create

your paper in a Microsoft Word document, and submit the Word
file on the course
website.







COM545 Web Services Security
Writing Assignment #1

For this writing assignment you will create a paper entitled,
“Internet Security: From Stand-alone

709. Computers to Web-based Systems”. The contents of the paper
will be based on subjects covered
in the textbook. The goal of creating this paper is for you to
learn more in-depth information
about various subjects covered in the textbook.
From each of the chapters 1 through 8 in the textbook pick one
major section that is of interest to
you. For each section that you selected, do the following:
Use the chapter number and the title of the section in the
textbook as the title for that part in your
paper, for example, “(Chapter 1) Client/Server Computing”.
Then in 200 – 250 words, either
confirm the information given in the section or add to the
information in the section (or both).
Find this material by using the references listed in the back of
the textbook and by searching on
the WWW. Your confirmation or addition of information
should be based on primary sources
rather than information from other textbooks or from magazine
(i.e., web-zine) reviews. Do not
use Wikipedia or other such websites as a reference. Also, do
not copy/paste sentences from the
textbook into your paper.
Your completed paper should follow APA format. The paper
should consist of eight parts (one
for each chapter) and contain a total of 1600 to 2000 words.
Create your paper in a Microsoft Word document, and submit
the Word file on the course
website.






Read chapter 1 and write a paper with the following

710. requirement.

Make sure write 3 paragraphs for each
part(summary;reflection&reaction;connection)