13.Infection control.pptx in the intraop

13.Infection control.pptx in the intraop

1. Infection Prevention Yonas Ademe Oct, 2017 1

2. Definition Infection control  is concerned with prevention of nosocomial or healthcare-associated  infection Objectives To prevent infections when providing any type of service that involves noninvasive as well as invasive procedures To minimize the risk of transmitting serious infections such as HIV, and Hepatitis B and C 2

3. Principles of infection prevention Consider every person potentially infectious and susceptible to infection Washing hands before and after any procedure Wearing gloves Using physical barriers Using antiseptic agents for cleansing the skin or mucous membrane prior to a procedure Using safe work practices Processing instruments and other items that come in contact with blood, body fluids, and secretions Routinely cleaning and disinfecting equipment and furniture Disposing contaminated materials and contaminated waste properly Isolating patients if secretions or excretions cannot be contained 3

4. The 5 pillars of infection control 4

5. Cont. The 5 pillars Hand washing Isolation and barrier precaution Decontamination of equipment Decontamination of environment Prudent use of antibiotics 5

6. Definitions Decontamination The use of physical or chemical means to remove, inactivate or destroy pathogenic microorganisms from a surface or item to the point where they are no longer capable of transmitting infectious particles and the surface or item is rendered safe for handling, use or disposal The term is used to cover cleaning, disinfection and sterilization Cleaning The removal, usually with detergent and water, of adherent visible soil, blood, protein substances, microorganisms and other debris from the surfaces, crevices, serrations , joints and lumens of instruments, devices and equipment by a manual or mechanical process that prepares the items for safe handling and/or further decontamination 6

7. Cont. Disinfection Use of physical procedures or chemical agent to destroy most microbial forms from inanimate objects It destroys most recognized pathogenic microorganisms, but not necessarily all microbial forms (for example, bacterial spores and some relatively resistant organisms) Sterilization The complete destruction of all microorganisms including bacterial spores 7

8. Cont. Antisepsis The process of applying antimicrobial substances to living tissue/skin to reduce possibility of infection, sepsis, and putrefaction Used agents can be bactericidal or bacteriostatic Distinguished from antibiotics by the antibiotics ability to be transported through the lymphatic system to destroy the bacteria with in the body Characters: rapid onset of action, long duration, broad spectrum, and safe Examples: alcohol ( bacteriostatic and no effect on spores ) , iodine (bactericidal and kills spores), H 2 O 2 , chlorhexidine , phenol (carbolic acid), boric acid Asepsis Precautions taken before any surgical procedure, against development of infection 8

9. Sterilization Heat (kills by denaturation of proteins) Dry Hot air oven ( 160 for 1 hr ), flaming, incineration Moist Temperature < 100 (pasteurization) Temperature >100 ( autoclaving – 121 for 15 mins ) Chemical (low temperature sterilant gases) Ethylene oxide, formaldehyde Radiation Non-ionizing Infrared, UV Ionizing X-ray, gamma ray, cathode ray Filtration 9

10. Disinfection High level disinfection Disinfectant that kills all microbial pathogens except large numbers of bacterial spores Used for items involved with invasive procedures that cannot withstand sterilization Aldehyde ( formaldehtde & glutaraldehyde ), H 2 O 2 , peracetic acid Intermediate level disinfection Disinfectant that kills all vegetative bacteria including TB, all fungi & most viruses Used to clean surfaces or instruments in which contamination with bacterial spores & other highly resilient organism is unlikely Alcohol, iodine, chlorhexidine , phenol Low level disinfection Disinfectant that kills most vegetative bacteria but not TB, some fungi & some viruses Are used to treat non critical instruments & device Quaternary ammonium componds (e.g. benzalkonium chloride) 10

11. Cont. Critical items ………..surgical instruments Semi-critical items ……….. endotracheal tubes Non critical items …………. Bed pans, BP cuff, sthetescopes 11

12. End! 12