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About This Presentation
ROLLO MAY
Slide Content
The Psychology of the PersonThe Psychology of the Person
Chapter 11 Humanistic ApproachChapter 11 Humanistic Approach
Naomi Wagner, Ph.DNaomi Wagner, Ph.D
Lecture Outlines Lecture Outlines
Based on Burger, 9Based on Burger, 9
thth
edition edition
Chapter 11 Humanistic ApproachChapter 11 Humanistic Approach
Naomi Wagner, Ph.DNaomi Wagner, Ph.D
Lecture Outlines Lecture Outlines
Based on Burger, 9Based on Burger, 9
thth
edition edition
The “Third Force”The “Third Force”
The Humanistic approach has emerged in the The Humanistic approach has emerged in the
late 1960’s, primarily as a reaction to the two late 1960’s, primarily as a reaction to the two
major views of humanity popular at that timemajor views of humanity popular at that time
The The Freudian Freudian perspective and its emphasis on perspective and its emphasis on
unconscious sexual and aggressive instinctsunconscious sexual and aggressive instincts
The The behavioralbehavioral perspective, and its emphasis perspective, and its emphasis
on the mechanical nature of responses to stimuli on the mechanical nature of responses to stimuli
in the environment. The humanistic perspective, in the environment. The humanistic perspective,
thus, as been called the “third force”. thus, as been called the “third force”.
The Humanistic approach has emerged in the The Humanistic approach has emerged in the
late 1960’s, primarily as a reaction to the two late 1960’s, primarily as a reaction to the two
major views of humanity popular at that timemajor views of humanity popular at that time
The The Freudian Freudian perspective and its emphasis on perspective and its emphasis on
unconscious sexual and aggressive instinctsunconscious sexual and aggressive instincts
The The behavioralbehavioral perspective, and its emphasis perspective, and its emphasis
on the mechanical nature of responses to stimuli on the mechanical nature of responses to stimuli
in the environment. The humanistic perspective, in the environment. The humanistic perspective,
thus, as been called the “third force”. thus, as been called the “third force”.
Reaction Against the Deterministic Reaction Against the Deterministic
Perspective of Human Nature Perspective of Human Nature
In Psychoanalysis, the unconscious is a In Psychoanalysis, the unconscious is a
hypothetical concept that cannot be empirically hypothetical concept that cannot be empirically
validated validated
We are seen as captive in the “hands” of forces We are seen as captive in the “hands” of forces
unknown to us unknown to us
In the Behavioral Approach, we are seen as being In the Behavioral Approach, we are seen as being
manipulated without being fully aware by classical manipulated without being fully aware by classical
and operant conditioningand operant conditioning
Ideas based on studies of rats that learned to Ideas based on studies of rats that learned to
run in a maze to find food.run in a maze to find food.
Perspective of Human Nature Perspective of Human Nature
In Psychoanalysis, the unconscious is a In Psychoanalysis, the unconscious is a
hypothetical concept that cannot be empirically hypothetical concept that cannot be empirically
validated validated
We are seen as captive in the “hands” of forces We are seen as captive in the “hands” of forces
unknown to us unknown to us
In the Behavioral Approach, we are seen as being In the Behavioral Approach, we are seen as being
manipulated without being fully aware by classical manipulated without being fully aware by classical
and operant conditioningand operant conditioning
Ideas based on studies of rats that learned to Ideas based on studies of rats that learned to
run in a maze to find food.run in a maze to find food.
The Skinner BoxThe Skinner Box
Picture shows a rat pulling as lever in a box Picture shows a rat pulling as lever in a box
Picture shows a rat pulling as lever in a box Picture shows a rat pulling as lever in a box
Roots of the Humanistic Approach Roots of the Humanistic Approach
1. Existential Philosophy 1. Existential Philosophy
Existential philosophy addresses many of the Existential philosophy addresses many of the
questions that later became the cornerstone of questions that later became the cornerstone of
the Humanistic approach, such as, the the Humanistic approach, such as, the
meaning of our existence, the role of free will, meaning of our existence, the role of free will,
and the uniqueness of each individual. and the uniqueness of each individual.
The existentialists, such as Rollo May, focused The existentialists, such as Rollo May, focused
on existential anxiety- the feeling of dread on existential anxiety- the feeling of dread
associated with the realization that there is no associated with the realization that there is no
meaning to one’s life. meaning to one’s life.
1. Existential Philosophy 1. Existential Philosophy
Existential philosophy addresses many of the Existential philosophy addresses many of the
questions that later became the cornerstone of questions that later became the cornerstone of
the Humanistic approach, such as, the the Humanistic approach, such as, the
meaning of our existence, the role of free will, meaning of our existence, the role of free will,
and the uniqueness of each individual. and the uniqueness of each individual.
The existentialists, such as Rollo May, focused The existentialists, such as Rollo May, focused
on existential anxiety- the feeling of dread on existential anxiety- the feeling of dread
associated with the realization that there is no associated with the realization that there is no
meaning to one’s life. meaning to one’s life.
Existential Anxiety- What is there to life?Existential Anxiety- What is there to life?
Munch: The Scream Munch: The Scream
Picture is multicolor, shows a man standing on a bridge, covering Picture is multicolor, shows a man standing on a bridge, covering
his ears, and seems to be screaming his ears, and seems to be screaming
Munch: The Scream Munch: The Scream
Picture is multicolor, shows a man standing on a bridge, covering Picture is multicolor, shows a man standing on a bridge, covering
his ears, and seems to be screaming his ears, and seems to be screaming
2. The clinical experiences of Carl 2. The clinical experiences of Carl
Rogers and Abraham MaslowRogers and Abraham Maslow. .
The founders of the Humanistic Approach, Carl The founders of the Humanistic Approach, Carl
Rogers and Abraham Maslow, were both Rogers and Abraham Maslow, were both
therapists therapists
At that time, the Freudian model of therapy was At that time, the Freudian model of therapy was
popular, viewing the therapist as an expert who popular, viewing the therapist as an expert who
tells the client what is the problemtells the client what is the problem
Rogers maintained that it was only the client that Rogers maintained that it was only the client that
is responsible for the therapeutic directionis responsible for the therapeutic direction
The therapist can create conditions for self-The therapist can create conditions for self-
exploration. exploration.
Rogers and Abraham MaslowRogers and Abraham Maslow. .
The founders of the Humanistic Approach, Carl The founders of the Humanistic Approach, Carl
Rogers and Abraham Maslow, were both Rogers and Abraham Maslow, were both
therapists therapists
At that time, the Freudian model of therapy was At that time, the Freudian model of therapy was
popular, viewing the therapist as an expert who popular, viewing the therapist as an expert who
tells the client what is the problemtells the client what is the problem
Rogers maintained that it was only the client that Rogers maintained that it was only the client that
is responsible for the therapeutic directionis responsible for the therapeutic direction
The therapist can create conditions for self-The therapist can create conditions for self-
exploration. exploration.
The Freudian Model of Psychotherapy The Freudian Model of Psychotherapy
The therapist as the “know- al” expertThe therapist as the “know- al” expert
Picture shows a woman lying on a sofa and a man is Picture shows a woman lying on a sofa and a man is
sitting behind her. sitting behind her.
The therapist as the “know- al” expertThe therapist as the “know- al” expert
Picture shows a woman lying on a sofa and a man is Picture shows a woman lying on a sofa and a man is
sitting behind her. sitting behind her.
Viktor Frankl- An Existential Psychologist Viktor Frankl- An Existential Psychologist
All of Frankl’s family died in the Nazi All of Frankl’s family died in the Nazi
concentration campconcentration camp
Frankl survived, and struggled to search for Frankl survived, and struggled to search for
meaning in the face of horrible adversitymeaning in the face of horrible adversity
He believed the examining the finiteness of He believed the examining the finiteness of
our existence and inevitable mortality adds our existence and inevitable mortality adds
meaning to life, as we ask ourselves- Why meaning to life, as we ask ourselves- Why
do we exist? What do we want from life? do we exist? What do we want from life?
How can we make every moment count? How can we make every moment count?
All of Frankl’s family died in the Nazi All of Frankl’s family died in the Nazi
concentration campconcentration camp
Frankl survived, and struggled to search for Frankl survived, and struggled to search for
meaning in the face of horrible adversitymeaning in the face of horrible adversity
He believed the examining the finiteness of He believed the examining the finiteness of
our existence and inevitable mortality adds our existence and inevitable mortality adds
meaning to life, as we ask ourselves- Why meaning to life, as we ask ourselves- Why
do we exist? What do we want from life? do we exist? What do we want from life?
How can we make every moment count? How can we make every moment count?
What is the best way to spend the time that What is the best way to spend the time that
is left?is left?
Frankl concludes that the Frankl concludes that the meaning of life is is
found in every moment of living; life never found in every moment of living; life never
ceases to have meaning, even in suffering ceases to have meaning, even in suffering
and death and death
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man
%27s_Search_for_Meaning%27s_Search_for_Meaning
is left?is left?
Frankl concludes that the Frankl concludes that the meaning of life is is
found in every moment of living; life never found in every moment of living; life never
ceases to have meaning, even in suffering ceases to have meaning, even in suffering
and death and death
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man
%27s_Search_for_Meaning%27s_Search_for_Meaning
From the Ashes to HopeFrom the Ashes to Hope
Picture shows Jewish prisoners in Nazi death campsPicture shows Jewish prisoners in Nazi death camps
Another picture of a bird perched on a barbed wire Another picture of a bird perched on a barbed wire
Picture shows Jewish prisoners in Nazi death campsPicture shows Jewish prisoners in Nazi death camps
Another picture of a bird perched on a barbed wire Another picture of a bird perched on a barbed wire
Viktor Frankl Conclusion Viktor Frankl Conclusion
““Love is the highest and ultimate goal to Love is the highest and ultimate goal to
which man can aspire which man can aspire
The Salvation of man is in love and through The Salvation of man is in love and through
love love
A man who has nothing left in this world still A man who has nothing left in this world still
may know bliss, if only for a brief moment in may know bliss, if only for a brief moment in
the contemplation of the beloved” the contemplation of the beloved”
Frankl's meaning in life is to help others find Frankl's meaning in life is to help others find
theirs. theirs.
““Love is the highest and ultimate goal to Love is the highest and ultimate goal to
which man can aspire which man can aspire
The Salvation of man is in love and through The Salvation of man is in love and through
love love
A man who has nothing left in this world still A man who has nothing left in this world still
may know bliss, if only for a brief moment in may know bliss, if only for a brief moment in
the contemplation of the beloved” the contemplation of the beloved”
Frankl's meaning in life is to help others find Frankl's meaning in life is to help others find
theirs. theirs.
Cognitive-Restructuring Cognitive-Restructuring
Frankl’s ideas have been translated into Frankl’s ideas have been translated into
the Cognitive-Behavioral Therapythe Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Picture shows Viktor Frankl Picture shows Viktor Frankl
Frankl’s ideas have been translated into Frankl’s ideas have been translated into
the Cognitive-Behavioral Therapythe Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Picture shows Viktor Frankl Picture shows Viktor Frankl
Key Elements of the Humanistic Key Elements of the Humanistic
ApproachApproach
The Humanistic Perspective has not The Humanistic Perspective has not
presented a comprehensive presented a comprehensive
framework, but rather a collection of framework, but rather a collection of
major principles that can be seen as major principles that can be seen as
directives to life.directives to life.
ApproachApproach
The Humanistic Perspective has not The Humanistic Perspective has not
presented a comprehensive presented a comprehensive
framework, but rather a collection of framework, but rather a collection of
major principles that can be seen as major principles that can be seen as
directives to life.directives to life.
Key Elements of the Humanistic Key Elements of the Humanistic
Perspective Perspective
Emphasis on personal responsibility (You Emphasis on personal responsibility (You
don’t “have to” do your homework, you don’t “have to” do your homework, you
have chosen to do so). You are not a have chosen to do so). You are not a
victim of circumstances!victim of circumstances!
Picture shows a boy falling asleep on pile of books on his desk Picture shows a boy falling asleep on pile of books on his desk
Perspective Perspective
Emphasis on personal responsibility (You Emphasis on personal responsibility (You
don’t “have to” do your homework, you don’t “have to” do your homework, you
have chosen to do so). You are not a have chosen to do so). You are not a
victim of circumstances!victim of circumstances!
Picture shows a boy falling asleep on pile of books on his desk Picture shows a boy falling asleep on pile of books on his desk
Key Elements (cont-d) Key Elements (cont-d)
Emphasis on functioning in the “here and Emphasis on functioning in the “here and
now”– Do not be a captive of your past!now”– Do not be a captive of your past!
Picture shows an elderly woman watching her image in the mirror, Picture shows an elderly woman watching her image in the mirror,
that sews a young reflection that sews a young reflection
Emphasis on functioning in the “here and Emphasis on functioning in the “here and
now”– Do not be a captive of your past!now”– Do not be a captive of your past!
Picture shows an elderly woman watching her image in the mirror, Picture shows an elderly woman watching her image in the mirror,
that sews a young reflection that sews a young reflection
Key Elements (cont-d) Key Elements (cont-d)
Acknowledging the phenomenology of the Acknowledging the phenomenology of the
individual- - the fact that it is only the client (in individual- - the fact that it is only the client (in
therapy) that can make decision for him/herself.therapy) that can make decision for him/herself.
Picture shows an elderly woman looking in the mirror and a caption Picture shows an elderly woman looking in the mirror and a caption
reads “Who am I?” reads “Who am I?”
Acknowledging the phenomenology of the Acknowledging the phenomenology of the
individual- - the fact that it is only the client (in individual- - the fact that it is only the client (in
therapy) that can make decision for him/herself.therapy) that can make decision for him/herself.
Picture shows an elderly woman looking in the mirror and a caption Picture shows an elderly woman looking in the mirror and a caption
reads “Who am I?” reads “Who am I?”
Key Elements (cont-d) Key Elements (cont-d)
Emphasis on personal growth—Rogers called Emphasis on personal growth—Rogers called
this ”becoming a fully functioning, while Maslow this ”becoming a fully functioning, while Maslow
referred to this idea as “self-actualization”.referred to this idea as “self-actualization”.
Picture shows a man standing on the top of a cliff raising both handsPicture shows a man standing on the top of a cliff raising both hands
Emphasis on personal growth—Rogers called Emphasis on personal growth—Rogers called
this ”becoming a fully functioning, while Maslow this ”becoming a fully functioning, while Maslow
referred to this idea as “self-actualization”.referred to this idea as “self-actualization”.
Picture shows a man standing on the top of a cliff raising both handsPicture shows a man standing on the top of a cliff raising both hands
Self-Actualization- What is it? Self-Actualization- What is it?
There is more to life than the absence of There is more to life than the absence of
problems problems
The Humanistic perspective maintains that we The Humanistic perspective maintains that we
all have a drive toward “self-actualization”all have a drive toward “self-actualization”
It means: To become that best we can become, It means: To become that best we can become,
in the context of our life (you do not have to in the context of our life (you do not have to
receive the Nobel Prize). receive the Nobel Prize).
There is more to life than the absence of There is more to life than the absence of
problems problems
The Humanistic perspective maintains that we The Humanistic perspective maintains that we
all have a drive toward “self-actualization”all have a drive toward “self-actualization”
It means: To become that best we can become, It means: To become that best we can become,
in the context of our life (you do not have to in the context of our life (you do not have to
receive the Nobel Prize). receive the Nobel Prize).
Carl Rogers and Person-Centered Carl Rogers and Person-Centered
TherapyTherapy
The role of the therapist is to create an The role of the therapist is to create an
atmosphere of “unconditional positive regard” atmosphere of “unconditional positive regard”
to enable the client’s self-exploration and to enable the client’s self-exploration and
becoming “fully functioning”. becoming “fully functioning”.
Paraphrasing and reflection of feelings were Paraphrasing and reflection of feelings were
methods to facilitate self-explorationmethods to facilitate self-exploration
Rogers described the “fully- functioning Rogers described the “fully- functioning
person” as an ideal for healthy personality. person” as an ideal for healthy personality.
Rogers saw anxiety as resulting from our Rogers saw anxiety as resulting from our
inability to incorporate information that is inability to incorporate information that is
inconsistent with our self-imageinconsistent with our self-image
TherapyTherapy
The role of the therapist is to create an The role of the therapist is to create an
atmosphere of “unconditional positive regard” atmosphere of “unconditional positive regard”
to enable the client’s self-exploration and to enable the client’s self-exploration and
becoming “fully functioning”. becoming “fully functioning”.
Paraphrasing and reflection of feelings were Paraphrasing and reflection of feelings were
methods to facilitate self-explorationmethods to facilitate self-exploration
Rogers described the “fully- functioning Rogers described the “fully- functioning
person” as an ideal for healthy personality. person” as an ideal for healthy personality.
Rogers saw anxiety as resulting from our Rogers saw anxiety as resulting from our
inability to incorporate information that is inability to incorporate information that is
inconsistent with our self-imageinconsistent with our self-image
Rogers (cont-d) Rogers (cont-d)
Note his emphasis on social-Note his emphasis on social-
environmental causes of emotional environmental causes of emotional
maladjustment (in contrast to the biological maladjustment (in contrast to the biological
approach), when he sees parental approach), when he sees parental
conditional acceptance. conditional acceptance.
The Rogerian therapist would say to a The Rogerian therapist would say to a
client: “I do not like what you did, but I still client: “I do not like what you did, but I still
respect you as a human being”. respect you as a human being”.
Note his emphasis on social-Note his emphasis on social-
environmental causes of emotional environmental causes of emotional
maladjustment (in contrast to the biological maladjustment (in contrast to the biological
approach), when he sees parental approach), when he sees parental
conditional acceptance. conditional acceptance.
The Rogerian therapist would say to a The Rogerian therapist would say to a
client: “I do not like what you did, but I still client: “I do not like what you did, but I still
respect you as a human being”. respect you as a human being”.
Abraham MaslowAbraham Maslow
Abraham Maslow was interested in Abraham Maslow was interested in
exploring the sources of happy, healthy exploring the sources of happy, healthy
personality. personality.
His approach was optimistic, regarding His approach was optimistic, regarding
human beings as free-willed individuals, human beings as free-willed individuals,
and not as captive by unconscious drivesand not as captive by unconscious drives
His contribution is in the hierarchy of His contribution is in the hierarchy of
needs, and in the study of the needs, and in the study of the
psychologically-healthy individuals. psychologically-healthy individuals.
Abraham Maslow was interested in Abraham Maslow was interested in
exploring the sources of happy, healthy exploring the sources of happy, healthy
personality. personality.
His approach was optimistic, regarding His approach was optimistic, regarding
human beings as free-willed individuals, human beings as free-willed individuals,
and not as captive by unconscious drivesand not as captive by unconscious drives
His contribution is in the hierarchy of His contribution is in the hierarchy of
needs, and in the study of the needs, and in the study of the
psychologically-healthy individuals. psychologically-healthy individuals.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow distinguished between D Maslow distinguished between D
(deficiency) needs and B (being) needs.(deficiency) needs and B (being) needs.
Physiological needsPhysiological needs
Safety needs Safety needs
Love and Belongingness needs Love and Belongingness needs
Esteem needs (you value yourself, and Esteem needs (you value yourself, and
others also value you)others also value you)
Self-Actualization needsSelf-Actualization needs
Maslow distinguished between D Maslow distinguished between D
(deficiency) needs and B (being) needs.(deficiency) needs and B (being) needs.
Physiological needsPhysiological needs
Safety needs Safety needs
Love and Belongingness needs Love and Belongingness needs
Esteem needs (you value yourself, and Esteem needs (you value yourself, and
others also value you)others also value you)
Self-Actualization needsSelf-Actualization needs
Hierarchy of NeedsHierarchy of Needs
Misconceptions about Maslow Hierarchy Misconceptions about Maslow Hierarchy
You do not have to fulfill all the needs in You do not have to fulfill all the needs in
one level to “climb” to the next level one level to “climb” to the next level
Some people who starve for their loved Some people who starve for their loved
one, or for their life workone, or for their life work
Te needs in each level are never fully Te needs in each level are never fully
satisfiedsatisfied
There are cultural differences in the ways There are cultural differences in the ways
the needs are regarded and are fulfilledthe needs are regarded and are fulfilled
You do not have to fulfill all the needs in You do not have to fulfill all the needs in
one level to “climb” to the next level one level to “climb” to the next level
Some people who starve for their loved Some people who starve for their loved
one, or for their life workone, or for their life work
Te needs in each level are never fully Te needs in each level are never fully
satisfiedsatisfied
There are cultural differences in the ways There are cultural differences in the ways
the needs are regarded and are fulfilledthe needs are regarded and are fulfilled
The “psychologically-Healthy” PeopleThe “psychologically-Healthy” People
Maslow’s study of the psychologically- Maslow’s study of the psychologically-
healthy people was Not empirically-based healthy people was Not empirically-based
He examined his friends, whom he judged He examined his friends, whom he judged
to be psychologically healthy, as well as to be psychologically healthy, as well as
historical figureshistorical figures
His analysis was “holistic” and subjectiveHis analysis was “holistic” and subjective
Yet, it was relevant that he called attention Yet, it was relevant that he called attention
to the healthy aspects of human natureto the healthy aspects of human nature
Maslow’s study of the psychologically- Maslow’s study of the psychologically-
healthy people was Not empirically-based healthy people was Not empirically-based
He examined his friends, whom he judged He examined his friends, whom he judged
to be psychologically healthy, as well as to be psychologically healthy, as well as
historical figureshistorical figures
His analysis was “holistic” and subjectiveHis analysis was “holistic” and subjective
Yet, it was relevant that he called attention Yet, it was relevant that he called attention
to the healthy aspects of human natureto the healthy aspects of human nature
Attributes of the Psychologically-Attributes of the Psychologically-
Healthy peopleHealthy people
Sense of humor Sense of humor
Creativity- not in artistic talent, but in Creativity- not in artistic talent, but in
being able to perform mundane tasks in being able to perform mundane tasks in
a non-routine manner. a non-routine manner.
Open to new experiences Open to new experiences
Having “peak experiences” involving the Having “peak experiences” involving the
transcendence of time and place. transcendence of time and place.
Healthy peopleHealthy people
Sense of humor Sense of humor
Creativity- not in artistic talent, but in Creativity- not in artistic talent, but in
being able to perform mundane tasks in being able to perform mundane tasks in
a non-routine manner. a non-routine manner.
Open to new experiences Open to new experiences
Having “peak experiences” involving the Having “peak experiences” involving the
transcendence of time and place. transcendence of time and place.
Current Status of the Humanistic Approach Current Status of the Humanistic Approach
Many of the concepts do not lend Many of the concepts do not lend
themselves for operational definitions themselves for operational definitions
and for scientific study.and for scientific study.
A great deal of the studies conducted by A great deal of the studies conducted by
Maslow and Rogers to support their Maslow and Rogers to support their
ideas were based on their own subjective ideas were based on their own subjective
impressions and intuition.impressions and intuition.
The concept of free will has been The concept of free will has been
challenged. challenged.
Many of the concepts do not lend Many of the concepts do not lend
themselves for operational definitions themselves for operational definitions
and for scientific study.and for scientific study.
A great deal of the studies conducted by A great deal of the studies conducted by
Maslow and Rogers to support their Maslow and Rogers to support their
ideas were based on their own subjective ideas were based on their own subjective
impressions and intuition.impressions and intuition.
The concept of free will has been The concept of free will has been
challenged. challenged.
Current Status (cont-d) Current Status (cont-d)
Many of the concepts do not lend Many of the concepts do not lend
themselves for operational definitions themselves for operational definitions
and for scientific study.and for scientific study.
A great deal of the studies conducted by A great deal of the studies conducted by
Maslow and Rogers to support their Maslow and Rogers to support their
ideas were based on their own subjective ideas were based on their own subjective
impressions and intuition.impressions and intuition.
The concept of free will has been The concept of free will has been
challenged. challenged.
Many of the concepts do not lend Many of the concepts do not lend
themselves for operational definitions themselves for operational definitions
and for scientific study.and for scientific study.
A great deal of the studies conducted by A great deal of the studies conducted by
Maslow and Rogers to support their Maslow and Rogers to support their
ideas were based on their own subjective ideas were based on their own subjective
impressions and intuition.impressions and intuition.
The concept of free will has been The concept of free will has been
challenged. challenged.
Limitations' Limitations'
Some researchers questioned the effectiveness Some researchers questioned the effectiveness
of the Rogerian therapy (how do you measure of the Rogerian therapy (how do you measure
success in therapy?). It may be more success in therapy?). It may be more
appropriate for people in “life transitions” than appropriate for people in “life transitions” than
for deep-seated psychological disordersfor deep-seated psychological disorders
The appropriateness of relying on the client to The appropriateness of relying on the client to
make accurate appraisals of themselves has make accurate appraisals of themselves has
been questioned. been questioned.
The naïve assumptions about the goodness of The naïve assumptions about the goodness of
individuals. individuals.
Some researchers questioned the effectiveness Some researchers questioned the effectiveness
of the Rogerian therapy (how do you measure of the Rogerian therapy (how do you measure
success in therapy?). It may be more success in therapy?). It may be more
appropriate for people in “life transitions” than appropriate for people in “life transitions” than
for deep-seated psychological disordersfor deep-seated psychological disorders
The appropriateness of relying on the client to The appropriateness of relying on the client to
make accurate appraisals of themselves has make accurate appraisals of themselves has
been questioned. been questioned.
The naïve assumptions about the goodness of The naïve assumptions about the goodness of
individuals. individuals.
Applications Applications
Rogers applied his ideas into a system of Rogers applied his ideas into a system of
therapy that emphasizes the creation of the therapy that emphasizes the creation of the
right conditions to allow the client to accept right conditions to allow the client to accept
him/herself, and to achieve personal growth. him/herself, and to achieve personal growth.
Extending to the client “unconditional positive Extending to the client “unconditional positive
regard” facilitates this goal. regard” facilitates this goal.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs has been Maslow’s hierarchy of needs has been
applied into understanding job satisfaction applied into understanding job satisfaction
and vocational choices.and vocational choices.
Rogers applied his ideas into a system of Rogers applied his ideas into a system of
therapy that emphasizes the creation of the therapy that emphasizes the creation of the
right conditions to allow the client to accept right conditions to allow the client to accept
him/herself, and to achieve personal growth. him/herself, and to achieve personal growth.
Extending to the client “unconditional positive Extending to the client “unconditional positive
regard” facilitates this goal. regard” facilitates this goal.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs has been Maslow’s hierarchy of needs has been
applied into understanding job satisfaction applied into understanding job satisfaction
and vocational choices.and vocational choices.
The Psychology of Optimal Experience and The Psychology of Optimal Experience and
Positive Psychology Positive Psychology
The legacy of the Humanistic Approach is The legacy of the Humanistic Approach is
in the emergence of the new branch of in the emergence of the new branch of
psychology, Positive Psychologypsychology, Positive Psychology
This branch focuses of human virtues, This branch focuses of human virtues,
strengths, resilience, and coping with strengths, resilience, and coping with
adversityadversity
An important topic is the pursuit of An important topic is the pursuit of
happiness- What is happiness? happiness- What is happiness?
Positive Psychology Positive Psychology
The legacy of the Humanistic Approach is The legacy of the Humanistic Approach is
in the emergence of the new branch of in the emergence of the new branch of
psychology, Positive Psychologypsychology, Positive Psychology
This branch focuses of human virtues, This branch focuses of human virtues,
strengths, resilience, and coping with strengths, resilience, and coping with
adversityadversity
An important topic is the pursuit of An important topic is the pursuit of
happiness- What is happiness? happiness- What is happiness?
Positive Psychology Positive Psychology
Positive PsychologyPositive Psychology had emerged had emerged
gradually, and it is associated today with the gradually, and it is associated today with the
names of Martin Seligman, who started his names of Martin Seligman, who started his
involvement in this field with his studies of involvement in this field with his studies of
optimism, and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, optimism, and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi,
who coined the term “The Flow” (see later) who coined the term “The Flow” (see later)
The focus of Positive Psychology is on The focus of Positive Psychology is on
human strengths and virtueshuman strengths and virtues
The study of resilience in face of adversity is The study of resilience in face of adversity is
related to this issue related to this issue
Positive PsychologyPositive Psychology had emerged had emerged
gradually, and it is associated today with the gradually, and it is associated today with the
names of Martin Seligman, who started his names of Martin Seligman, who started his
involvement in this field with his studies of involvement in this field with his studies of
optimism, and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, optimism, and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi,
who coined the term “The Flow” (see later) who coined the term “The Flow” (see later)
The focus of Positive Psychology is on The focus of Positive Psychology is on
human strengths and virtueshuman strengths and virtues
The study of resilience in face of adversity is The study of resilience in face of adversity is
related to this issue related to this issue
Historical Background Historical Background
It seems that in the earlier part of the 20th It seems that in the earlier part of the 20th
century there was interest in variables century there was interest in variables
related to positive issues, such Terman and related to positive issues, such Terman and
his studies of giftedness, or Carl Jung and his studies of giftedness, or Carl Jung and
his search for the “meaning of life”his search for the “meaning of life”
In the aftermath of World War II (1939-In the aftermath of World War II (1939-
1945) the need has arisen for clinical 1945) the need has arisen for clinical
psychologists to take care of a host of psychologists to take care of a host of
psychological problemspsychological problems
It seems that in the earlier part of the 20th It seems that in the earlier part of the 20th
century there was interest in variables century there was interest in variables
related to positive issues, such Terman and related to positive issues, such Terman and
his studies of giftedness, or Carl Jung and his studies of giftedness, or Carl Jung and
his search for the “meaning of life”his search for the “meaning of life”
In the aftermath of World War II (1939-In the aftermath of World War II (1939-
1945) the need has arisen for clinical 1945) the need has arisen for clinical
psychologists to take care of a host of psychologists to take care of a host of
psychological problemspsychological problems
Cont-d Cont-d
Clinical psychology has originally evolved from Clinical psychology has originally evolved from
the need to understand and intervene in the need to understand and intervene in
psychological disorders (e.g. Freud and his psychological disorders (e.g. Freud and his
patients).patients).
Positive Psychology focuses on human strengths Positive Psychology focuses on human strengths
and resilience, the ability to bounce back from and resilience, the ability to bounce back from
adversity.adversity.
• We tend to think of traumatic events as We tend to think of traumatic events as
disruptive and painful, and related to later disruptive and painful, and related to later
maladjustment, and there is a change nowmaladjustment, and there is a change now
Clinical psychology has originally evolved from Clinical psychology has originally evolved from
the need to understand and intervene in the need to understand and intervene in
psychological disorders (e.g. Freud and his psychological disorders (e.g. Freud and his
patients).patients).
Positive Psychology focuses on human strengths Positive Psychology focuses on human strengths
and resilience, the ability to bounce back from and resilience, the ability to bounce back from
adversity.adversity.
• We tend to think of traumatic events as We tend to think of traumatic events as
disruptive and painful, and related to later disruptive and painful, and related to later
maladjustment, and there is a change nowmaladjustment, and there is a change now
Resilience Resilience
•Positive Psychology focuses on the search for inner Positive Psychology focuses on the search for inner
strength that may enable a person undergoing a strength that may enable a person undergoing a
traumatic event to find the silver lining around the traumatic event to find the silver lining around the
cloud.cloud.
•The concept of post-trauma growth reflects the The concept of post-trauma growth reflects the
translation of this idea into clinical psychology, when translation of this idea into clinical psychology, when
we offer services to the survivors of traumawe offer services to the survivors of trauma
•
•Positive Psychology focuses on the search for inner Positive Psychology focuses on the search for inner
strength that may enable a person undergoing a strength that may enable a person undergoing a
traumatic event to find the silver lining around the traumatic event to find the silver lining around the
cloud.cloud.
•The concept of post-trauma growth reflects the The concept of post-trauma growth reflects the
translation of this idea into clinical psychology, when translation of this idea into clinical psychology, when
we offer services to the survivors of traumawe offer services to the survivors of trauma
•
The Psychology of Optimal Experience The Psychology of Optimal Experience
In searching for the meaning of happiness, In searching for the meaning of happiness,
Csikszentmihlyi introduced the concept of Csikszentmihlyi introduced the concept of
“flow”, quite similar to Maslow’s Peak “flow”, quite similar to Maslow’s Peak
ExperienceExperience
It involves being totally absorbed in an activity It involves being totally absorbed in an activity
that requires your full attention and utilizes that requires your full attention and utilizes
your skills to the utmostyour skills to the utmost
You have a feeling you are in a state of “flow”You have a feeling you are in a state of “flow”
There are 8 components of the “flow” (see There are 8 components of the “flow” (see
textbook).textbook).
In searching for the meaning of happiness, In searching for the meaning of happiness,
Csikszentmihlyi introduced the concept of Csikszentmihlyi introduced the concept of
“flow”, quite similar to Maslow’s Peak “flow”, quite similar to Maslow’s Peak
ExperienceExperience
It involves being totally absorbed in an activity It involves being totally absorbed in an activity
that requires your full attention and utilizes that requires your full attention and utilizes
your skills to the utmostyour skills to the utmost
You have a feeling you are in a state of “flow”You have a feeling you are in a state of “flow”
There are 8 components of the “flow” (see There are 8 components of the “flow” (see
textbook).textbook).
Topics in Positive Psychology Topics in Positive Psychology
The pursuit of happiness: David Myers, in The pursuit of happiness: David Myers, in
his studies of happiness, uses the concept his studies of happiness, uses the concept
of of relative deprivation-relative deprivation- a term coined a term coined
originally by researches studying the originally by researches studying the
satisfaction of American soldiers during satisfaction of American soldiers during
World War II (Merton and Kitt, 1950; World War II (Merton and Kitt, 1950;
Stouffer and others, 1949)Stouffer and others, 1949)
Relative DeprivationRelative Deprivation refers to the refers to the
perception that one is less well-off than perception that one is less well-off than
others with whom one compares oneselfothers with whom one compares oneself
The pursuit of happiness: David Myers, in The pursuit of happiness: David Myers, in
his studies of happiness, uses the concept his studies of happiness, uses the concept
of of relative deprivation-relative deprivation- a term coined a term coined
originally by researches studying the originally by researches studying the
satisfaction of American soldiers during satisfaction of American soldiers during
World War II (Merton and Kitt, 1950; World War II (Merton and Kitt, 1950;
Stouffer and others, 1949)Stouffer and others, 1949)
Relative DeprivationRelative Deprivation refers to the refers to the
perception that one is less well-off than perception that one is less well-off than
others with whom one compares oneselfothers with whom one compares oneself
Myers (cont-d) Myers (cont-d)
Frustration is often compounded by the Frustration is often compounded by the
fact that we compare ourselves to others fact that we compare ourselves to others
who are a rung or two above us in their who are a rung or two above us in their
level of income. One possible source of level of income. One possible source of
frustration today is the affluence depicted frustration today is the affluence depicted
in TV programs.in TV programs.
Frustration is often compounded by the Frustration is often compounded by the
fact that we compare ourselves to others fact that we compare ourselves to others
who are a rung or two above us in their who are a rung or two above us in their
level of income. One possible source of level of income. One possible source of
frustration today is the affluence depicted frustration today is the affluence depicted
in TV programs.in TV programs.
Happiness, Where are You? Happiness, Where are You?
Positive psychologists argue that happiness Positive psychologists argue that happiness
cannot be found solely through material cannot be found solely through material
possessions (though some level of material possessions (though some level of material
possessions need to be regarded as basic for possessions need to be regarded as basic for
survival)survival)
Happiness cannot be found in money (after Happiness cannot be found in money (after
you have the basic necessities and some you have the basic necessities and some
more…) because the human mind has a more…) because the human mind has a
tendency to escalate or raise the bar tendency to escalate or raise the bar
whenever a goal is reached- we want more. whenever a goal is reached- we want more.
Positive psychologists argue that happiness Positive psychologists argue that happiness
cannot be found solely through material cannot be found solely through material
possessions (though some level of material possessions (though some level of material
possessions need to be regarded as basic for possessions need to be regarded as basic for
survival)survival)
Happiness cannot be found in money (after Happiness cannot be found in money (after
you have the basic necessities and some you have the basic necessities and some
more…) because the human mind has a more…) because the human mind has a
tendency to escalate or raise the bar tendency to escalate or raise the bar
whenever a goal is reached- we want more. whenever a goal is reached- we want more.
(cont-d) (cont-d)
Some authors suggest that the more Some authors suggest that the more
energy is invested in the acquisition of energy is invested in the acquisition of
material goods, the less energy remains to material goods, the less energy remains to
invest in social connections and other invest in social connections and other
spheres of life that can bring happiness. spheres of life that can bring happiness.
Some authors suggest that the more Some authors suggest that the more
energy is invested in the acquisition of energy is invested in the acquisition of
material goods, the less energy remains to material goods, the less energy remains to
invest in social connections and other invest in social connections and other
spheres of life that can bring happiness. spheres of life that can bring happiness.
The Flow The Flow
The flowThe flow is another central concept of is another central concept of
Positive Psychology, and it refers to an Positive Psychology, and it refers to an
“optimal experience”, in which one is “optimal experience”, in which one is
engaged in an activity (that may vary engaged in an activity (that may vary
from one person to another), and is being from one person to another), and is being
carried out in a natural, almost effortless carried out in a natural, almost effortless
movement from one step to the nextmovement from one step to the next
Happiness is not seen as a specific Happiness is not seen as a specific
destination, but as a process of destination, but as a process of
challenging oneself in a meaningful challenging oneself in a meaningful
activity activity
The flowThe flow is another central concept of is another central concept of
Positive Psychology, and it refers to an Positive Psychology, and it refers to an
“optimal experience”, in which one is “optimal experience”, in which one is
engaged in an activity (that may vary engaged in an activity (that may vary
from one person to another), and is being from one person to another), and is being
carried out in a natural, almost effortless carried out in a natural, almost effortless
movement from one step to the nextmovement from one step to the next
Happiness is not seen as a specific Happiness is not seen as a specific
destination, but as a process of destination, but as a process of
challenging oneself in a meaningful challenging oneself in a meaningful
activity activity
Cont-dCont-d
The activity is challenging and requires The activity is challenging and requires
skill; one’s attention is completely skill; one’s attention is completely
absorbed; the activity has clear goal; one absorbed; the activity has clear goal; one
achieves a sense of personal control; one achieves a sense of personal control; one
loses a sense of time and self-loses a sense of time and self-
consciousnessconsciousness
The activity is challenging and requires The activity is challenging and requires
skill; one’s attention is completely skill; one’s attention is completely
absorbed; the activity has clear goal; one absorbed; the activity has clear goal; one
achieves a sense of personal control; one achieves a sense of personal control; one
loses a sense of time and self-loses a sense of time and self-
consciousnessconsciousness
U. Of Penn Center for Positive PsychologyU. Of Penn Center for Positive Psychology
The following remarks are from The following remarks are from
http://www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu/ppintroa
rticle.pdf
(please read!! very interesting and (please read!! very interesting and
important): “Positive Psychology” : An important): “Positive Psychology” : An
Introduction. Introduction.
The following remarks are from The following remarks are from
http://www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu/ppintroa
rticle.pdf
(please read!! very interesting and (please read!! very interesting and
important): “Positive Psychology” : An important): “Positive Psychology” : An
Introduction. Introduction.
From U. of Penn ArticleFrom U. of Penn Article
“Subjective Well-Being” “Subjective Well-Being”
Edward Diener studies “subjective well-being”- Edward Diener studies “subjective well-being”-
what people think and how they feel about their what people think and how they feel about their
lives, the cognitive and affective conclusions lives, the cognitive and affective conclusions
they reach when they evaluate their lives. they reach when they evaluate their lives.
This term actually reflects what is that people This term actually reflects what is that people
mean by happinessmean by happiness
Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi note that even Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi note that even
though subjective well-being research relies though subjective well-being research relies
primarily on global self-ratings, its findings are primarily on global self-ratings, its findings are
plausible.plausible.
“Subjective Well-Being” “Subjective Well-Being”
Edward Diener studies “subjective well-being”- Edward Diener studies “subjective well-being”-
what people think and how they feel about their what people think and how they feel about their
lives, the cognitive and affective conclusions lives, the cognitive and affective conclusions
they reach when they evaluate their lives. they reach when they evaluate their lives.
This term actually reflects what is that people This term actually reflects what is that people
mean by happinessmean by happiness
Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi note that even Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi note that even
though subjective well-being research relies though subjective well-being research relies
primarily on global self-ratings, its findings are primarily on global self-ratings, its findings are
plausible.plausible.
Temperamental Correlates of Subjective Temperamental Correlates of Subjective
Well-Being Well-Being
Temperamental dimensions were found to be Temperamental dimensions were found to be
correlated with subjective well-being, especially correlated with subjective well-being, especially
optimismoptimism. .
Optimism seems to mediate between external Optimism seems to mediate between external
events and the person’s interpretation of these events and the person’s interpretation of these
eventsevents
Another trait associated with subjective well-Another trait associated with subjective well-
being is being is self-determinationself-determination. . Researchers Ryan Researchers Ryan
and Deci propose that when the three related and Deci propose that when the three related
human needs, for competence, belongingness, human needs, for competence, belongingness,
and autonomy, are satisfied, personal well-being and autonomy, are satisfied, personal well-being
is optimized. is optimized.
Well-Being Well-Being
Temperamental dimensions were found to be Temperamental dimensions were found to be
correlated with subjective well-being, especially correlated with subjective well-being, especially
optimismoptimism. .
Optimism seems to mediate between external Optimism seems to mediate between external
events and the person’s interpretation of these events and the person’s interpretation of these
eventsevents
Another trait associated with subjective well-Another trait associated with subjective well-
being is being is self-determinationself-determination. . Researchers Ryan Researchers Ryan
and Deci propose that when the three related and Deci propose that when the three related
human needs, for competence, belongingness, human needs, for competence, belongingness,
and autonomy, are satisfied, personal well-being and autonomy, are satisfied, personal well-being
is optimized. is optimized.
Myers’ View of HappinessMyers’ View of Happiness
David Myers sees happiness related to David Myers sees happiness related to
funds (a basic level of income to sustain funds (a basic level of income to sustain
oneself), friends (close personal oneself), friends (close personal
relationship) and faith (people who report relationship) and faith (people who report
some type of spiritual/religious some type of spiritual/religious
connection report a higher level of connection report a higher level of
subjective well-being) subjective well-being)
David Myers sees happiness related to David Myers sees happiness related to
funds (a basic level of income to sustain funds (a basic level of income to sustain
oneself), friends (close personal oneself), friends (close personal
relationship) and faith (people who report relationship) and faith (people who report
some type of spiritual/religious some type of spiritual/religious
connection report a higher level of connection report a higher level of
subjective well-being) subjective well-being)
Myers (cont-d) Myers (cont-d)
According to Myers, traditional values According to Myers, traditional values
must contain important elements of truth must contain important elements of truth
if they have survived across generations. if they have survived across generations.
In addition, Myers also notes that the In addition, Myers also notes that the
perception that one has control over one’s perception that one has control over one’s
life is related to happinesslife is related to happiness
According to Myers, traditional values According to Myers, traditional values
must contain important elements of truth must contain important elements of truth
if they have survived across generations. if they have survived across generations.
In addition, Myers also notes that the In addition, Myers also notes that the
perception that one has control over one’s perception that one has control over one’s
life is related to happinesslife is related to happiness
Cerebral Asymmetry and Happiness Cerebral Asymmetry and Happiness
Recent studies of cerebral asymmetry Recent studies of cerebral asymmetry
identified that the processing of positive identified that the processing of positive
emotions occurs in the left hemisphere, and emotions occurs in the left hemisphere, and
negative emotions in the right hemispherenegative emotions in the right hemisphere
Some of us, while in resting, non-emotional Some of us, while in resting, non-emotional
state, show higher right hemispheral state, show higher right hemispheral
activity, and some higher left, again activity, and some higher left, again
suggesting the heritability of positive or suggesting the heritability of positive or
negative emotional responses negative emotional responses
Recent studies of cerebral asymmetry Recent studies of cerebral asymmetry
identified that the processing of positive identified that the processing of positive
emotions occurs in the left hemisphere, and emotions occurs in the left hemisphere, and
negative emotions in the right hemispherenegative emotions in the right hemisphere
Some of us, while in resting, non-emotional Some of us, while in resting, non-emotional
state, show higher right hemispheral state, show higher right hemispheral
activity, and some higher left, again activity, and some higher left, again
suggesting the heritability of positive or suggesting the heritability of positive or
negative emotional responses negative emotional responses
Being Unrealistically OptimisticBeing Unrealistically Optimistic
A bit of “defenses” Might be Good for You! A bit of “defenses” Might be Good for You!
Valliant suggests that mature defenses such as Valliant suggests that mature defenses such as
altruism, sublimation (channeling pain into altruism, sublimation (channeling pain into
some productive), creative activity, humor, some productive), creative activity, humor,
positive anticipation- can help one overcome positive anticipation- can help one overcome
life disappointments.life disappointments.
Shelly Taylor cites studies indicating that Shelly Taylor cites studies indicating that
unrealistically optimistic beliefs about the unrealistically optimistic beliefs about the
future can protect people from illness. future can protect people from illness.
http://www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu/ppintroarticle.
pdf
A bit of “defenses” Might be Good for You! A bit of “defenses” Might be Good for You!
Valliant suggests that mature defenses such as Valliant suggests that mature defenses such as
altruism, sublimation (channeling pain into altruism, sublimation (channeling pain into
some productive), creative activity, humor, some productive), creative activity, humor,
positive anticipation- can help one overcome positive anticipation- can help one overcome
life disappointments.life disappointments.
Shelly Taylor cites studies indicating that Shelly Taylor cites studies indicating that
unrealistically optimistic beliefs about the unrealistically optimistic beliefs about the
future can protect people from illness. future can protect people from illness.
http://www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu/ppintroarticle.
Final Note on Positive PsychologyFinal Note on Positive Psychology
Psychology has been focused on the negative, Psychology has been focused on the negative,
may be because negative emotions may reflect may be because negative emotions may reflect
more urgent problems that need clinical more urgent problems that need clinical
attention.attention.
This would make evolutionary sense, because This would make evolutionary sense, because
immediate problems or dangers may require immediate problems or dangers may require
immediate attention. It has been also suggested immediate attention. It has been also suggested
that people are blinded to the survival value of that people are blinded to the survival value of
positive emotions because they seem “natural”. positive emotions because they seem “natural”.
Psychology has been focused on the negative, Psychology has been focused on the negative,
may be because negative emotions may reflect may be because negative emotions may reflect
more urgent problems that need clinical more urgent problems that need clinical
attention.attention.
This would make evolutionary sense, because This would make evolutionary sense, because
immediate problems or dangers may require immediate problems or dangers may require
immediate attention. It has been also suggested immediate attention. It has been also suggested
that people are blinded to the survival value of that people are blinded to the survival value of
positive emotions because they seem “natural”. positive emotions because they seem “natural”.
Cont-d Cont-d
We take for granted how much love, hope, We take for granted how much love, hope,
enjoyment, and trust are important and allow us to go enjoyment, and trust are important and allow us to go
on living.on living.
These conditions are fundamental to existence, and if These conditions are fundamental to existence, and if
they are present, many obstacles can be overcome. they are present, many obstacles can be overcome.
Albert Camus, the French philosopher wrote that the Albert Camus, the French philosopher wrote that the
foremost question of philosophy is why should not foremost question of philosophy is why should not
one commit suicide. In this connection, one cannot one commit suicide. In this connection, one cannot
answer this question just by curing depression. There answer this question just by curing depression. There
must be positive reasons for living as well. Studying must be positive reasons for living as well. Studying
positive human traits can help improve mental positive human traits can help improve mental
health. health.
We take for granted how much love, hope, We take for granted how much love, hope,
enjoyment, and trust are important and allow us to go enjoyment, and trust are important and allow us to go
on living.on living.
These conditions are fundamental to existence, and if These conditions are fundamental to existence, and if
they are present, many obstacles can be overcome. they are present, many obstacles can be overcome.
Albert Camus, the French philosopher wrote that the Albert Camus, the French philosopher wrote that the
foremost question of philosophy is why should not foremost question of philosophy is why should not
one commit suicide. In this connection, one cannot one commit suicide. In this connection, one cannot
answer this question just by curing depression. There answer this question just by curing depression. There
must be positive reasons for living as well. Studying must be positive reasons for living as well. Studying
positive human traits can help improve mental positive human traits can help improve mental
health. health.
Food for Thought Food for Thought
What is the relationship between What is the relationship between
momentary experience of happiness and a momentary experience of happiness and a
long-lasting experience of content, of well long-lasting experience of content, of well
being?being?
How much delayed gratification is How much delayed gratification is
necessary to increase the chances of long-necessary to increase the chances of long-
term well-being?term well-being?
What is the genetic contribution What is the genetic contribution
(heritability) to positive states of mind? (heritability) to positive states of mind?
What is the relationship between What is the relationship between
momentary experience of happiness and a momentary experience of happiness and a
long-lasting experience of content, of well long-lasting experience of content, of well
being?being?
How much delayed gratification is How much delayed gratification is
necessary to increase the chances of long-necessary to increase the chances of long-
term well-being?term well-being?
What is the genetic contribution What is the genetic contribution
(heritability) to positive states of mind? (heritability) to positive states of mind?
Food (cont-d) Food (cont-d)
Why do most people opt for pleasure Why do most people opt for pleasure
(such in satisfying homeostatic needs) (such in satisfying homeostatic needs)
over enjoyment (when they do something over enjoyment (when they do something
that stretches them beyond what they that stretches them beyond what they
are)? are)?
What should be the relationship between What should be the relationship between
individual well-being and collective well-individual well-being and collective well-
being? being?
Why do most people opt for pleasure Why do most people opt for pleasure
(such in satisfying homeostatic needs) (such in satisfying homeostatic needs)
over enjoyment (when they do something over enjoyment (when they do something
that stretches them beyond what they that stretches them beyond what they
are)? are)?
What should be the relationship between What should be the relationship between
individual well-being and collective well-individual well-being and collective well-
being? being?
More More
How are positive dispositions and How are positive dispositions and
negative dispositions related to one negative dispositions related to one
another? another?
How can positive traits be encouraged in How can positive traits be encouraged in
psychotherapy? psychotherapy?
Is positive psychology descriptive, or Is positive psychology descriptive, or
prescriptive (such as clinical psychology)prescriptive (such as clinical psychology)
How are positive dispositions and How are positive dispositions and
negative dispositions related to one negative dispositions related to one
another? another?
How can positive traits be encouraged in How can positive traits be encouraged in
psychotherapy? psychotherapy?
Is positive psychology descriptive, or Is positive psychology descriptive, or
prescriptive (such as clinical psychology)prescriptive (such as clinical psychology)
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