14-CONTRACEPTION OBS & GYN.pp55555555555555555555tx

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1. CONTRACEPTION OBS & GYN Group 14 Lecturer : Dr Conteh

2. GROUP MEMBERS Alpha Osmanie Barrie 22009 Noah Jalloh 22028 Memunatu Abdul Turay 22080 Marian Muyo Kanu 22051

3. INTRODUCTION Contraception= against conception The preventives methods to help a woman avoid unwanted pregnancies are called contraceptives. A contraceptive is any method, device, medication used to prevent pregnancy. They work by interfering with the normal processes of ovulation, fertilization or implantation of a fertilized uterus.

4. IMPORTANCE To avoid unwanted pregnancies To regulate the timing of pregnancy To plan a family by regulating the interval between pregnancy.

5. TYPES OF CONTRACEPTION Natural Contraception Mechanical Contraception Hormonal Contraception Surgical Contraception

6. Types cont ’ Natural Contraception: It empowers women to control their reproductive health and approach fertility as a normal biological process Mechanical Contraception: This is the use of devices that provide a physical barrier between the sperm and the egg. Hormonal Contraception: This method contains either estrogen or progestin. They are safe and reliable to prevent pregnancy. Surgical Contraception: This is a permanent surgical method in which the fallopian tubes and vas deference are cut and ends tied.

7. CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS Contraceptives can be in two methods. It can either be temporary (spacing method) or permanent (terminal methods). Spacing methods: Barrier, IUDs, Hormonal, Emergency Contraception etc. Terminal methods: Male fertilization, Female fertilization.

8. BARRIER METHOD Barrier methods help prevent pregnancy by blocking the sperm from entering the uterus. Some barrier methods frequently used are as follows: Male condoms Female condoms Diaphragm Spermicides

9. Male condom Most common and effective barrier method when used properly. Latex should only be used in the prevention of pregnancy and spread of STIs. Effectiveness rate is 88%.

10. CONTRAINDICATIONS & SIDE EFFECTS Contraindications: allergy to latex, sensitivity to lubricants or spermicides used in condoms. Side effects: Latex allergy reaction in some users.

11. Female condom Made as an alternative to male condom. It is physically inserted in the vaginal and the effectiveness rate is 79%. Women can use condoms if their partner refuses.

12. Diaphragm This is a latex barrier placed inside vagina during intercourse. It should be fitted by a physician. Typical effectiveness rate is 80%. It is inserted up to 18 hours before intercourse and can be left in for a total of 24 hours.

13. CONTRAINDICATIONS & SIDE EFFECTS Contraindications: History of toxic shock syndrome, frequent UTIs, allergy to latex or silicone. Side effects: Vaginal irritation, increased risk of UTIs.

14. Spermicides These are chemicals that kill sperms in the vaginal. They are in different form such as; jelly, foam, suppository. Some work instantly , others require pre-insertion. Only 76% effective but it should be used with condoms. Contraindication: Allergy to spermicidal agents, frequent UTIs. Side effect: Vaginal irritation, increased risk of UTIs.

15. HORMONAL METHODS It acts by releasing estrogen and progestin to prevent ovulation. It comes in different forms: Oral contraceptives Injections Implants

16. Birth Control Pills Pills can be taken to prevent pregnancy. Pills are safe and effective when taken properly. They are over 99% effective. How does the pill work? Stops ovulation Thins uterine lining Thickens cervical mucus

17. Benefits of birth control pills Prevents pregnancy Eases menstrual cramps Shortens period Regulates period Decreases incidence of ovulation cysts Prevents ovarian and uterine cancer Decrease acne

18. Side effects & Contraindication Breast tenderness Nausea Increase in headaches Moodiness Weight change Contraindication: History of blood clots, stroke, certain cancers, uncontrolled hypertension, smokers over 35.

19. DEPO PROVERA Birth control shot given once every three months to prevent pregnancy. 999.7% effective preventing pregnancy. No daily pill to remember. How does the shot work? Works the same way as the pill Stops ovulation Stops menstrual cycles Thickens cervical mucus

20. Side effects Extremely irregular menstrual bleeding and spotting for 3-6 months. No period after 3-6 Weight change Breast tenderness Mood change

21. IMPLANTS Implants are placed in the body filled with hormone that prevents pregnancy. Physically inserted in simple 15 minutes outpatient procedure. Plastic capsules the size of a paper matchstick inserted under the skin in the arm. 99.95% effectiveness rate. They come in two form; Norplant I which uses six capsules for 5 years, Norplant II which uses 2 capsules for 3 years.

22. Contraindications & side effects Contraindication: History of blood clots, liver disease, breast cancer. Side effects: Irregular bleeding, weight gain, headache, mood changes.

23. INTRAUTERINE DEVICES (IUDs) T shaped objects placed in the uterus to prevent pregnancy. Must be on period during insertion. A natural childbirth required to use IUD. Extremely effective without using hormones.

24. Contraindication & Side effects Contraindication: Current pelvic infection, certain uterine abnormalities, unexplained vaginal bleeding. Side Effects: Cramping, irregular bleeding, risk of expulsion, rare risk of perforation.

25. STERILIZATION Procedure performed on a man or a woman permanently sterilizes. Female= Tubal Ligation Male= Vasectomy

26. TUBAL LIGATION Surgical procedure performed on a woman. Fallopian tubes are cut, tied, cauterized , prevents eggs from reaching sperm. Failure rates vary by procedure, from 0.8% to 3.7%. May experienced heavier periods.

27. VASECTOMY Male sterilization procedure. Ligation of vas deferens tube. Faster and easier recovery than a tubal ligation. Failure rate=0.1%, more effective than female sterilization. During vasectomy a urologist cuts and ligates the ductus deferens. Sperm eventually deteriorate and are phargocytized . A man is sterile, but because testosterone is still produced he retains his sex drive and secondary sex characteristics.

28. Contraindication & Side effects Contraindication: Not recommended for those considering future pregnancy. Side Effects: Surgical risks, pain, infection.

29. REFFERENCES Ncbi Hog Meds WHO Met Hods

30. THANK YOU