14. Orchid.ppt

Horticulture

1. Orchids
(Orchidaceae)
Introduction
The orchids are distinctive plants.
Intricately designed spectacular flowers.
Grown as a pot plant in most parts of the
world due to the epiphytic nature.

2. SPECIES AND HABITAT
25,000 to 30,000 species
700 to 800 genera
Perennial herbs of varying growth habit
Grow in the ground, on rocks, on trees or
shrubs; a few also grow in water like aquatics.
They are not parasites.
Divided into three groups:
Terrestrial, Ephyphytesand Saprophytes.

4. Vegetative structure
2typesofgrowth:
MONOPODIAL andSYMPODIAL
Monopodials
-Donotmakeseparatenewgrowthseachseason
-Donothaverhizome
-singlestemincreasesitsheightthroughoutthe
lifeperiodeg.Aerides,Rhynchostylis,Vanda,
Phalaenopsis,etc.
Insympodialtypes,extensionoftherhizomefrom
thebasalpartmakesseparatenewgrowth.
Eachnewgrowthproducesitsownsetofroots.
Plantsofthisgroupoftenhavemorethanonestem.

5. MONOPODIALS
Aerides Rhynchostylis

6. Vanda
Phalaenopsis
Moth Orchid(Phal)

7. Stems are generally thickened and bulbous and
have earned the name pseudobulbs
eg: Cattleya, Coelogyne, Epidenarum, Laeliaand
Sophronitis.
The roots of epiphytic orchids are very curious,
they are covered by a whitish spongy and pulpy
coat called vellamen.
Rhizomes are found only in sympodialtypes of
orchids and are actually a primary stem, from
which arises the secondary stem.

8. SYMPODIAL
Coelogyne(Coel)

9. Epidenarum (Epi) Laelia

10. Orchid flowers
Flowers of orchids are perfect, terminal, solitary or in a
spike or raceme or panicle
All orchids are made up of seven parts:
i) 3 sepals ii)2 petals
iii) a lip or labellumshowier than the rest
iv) Gynostemium–columnenclosed in trumpet like part
of lip.
v)Pollinia–packets of pollen having anther
vi)Stigma-below the anther –shallow sticky cavity in
which the pollen is placed for fertilization.
vii)Rostellum-small growth -protective barrier to
prevent self pollination.

13. The three inner floral segments are very irregular called
the petals.
One of them termed the lip or labellumis typically very
much modified and enlarged.
It is often the most prominent and distinctive part of the
flower.
In the bud, the lip is the uppermost petal
It becomes the lowermost one through a remarkable
twisting of pedicellateovary, a process known as
RESUPINATION.
Stamens are untied to the styles and stigma forming a
column.
Sepalinetube -The sepals may be free from one another
or sometimes united on occasion forming a definite tube,

14. CLASSIFICATION OF ORCHIDS
Based on growth habit
Based on their habitats
Classification based on Temperature requirement

15. Based on growth habit :
-Monopodials and Sympodials
Based on their habitats, orchids fall under 5 classes
-Terrestrial -Epiphytic
-Saprophytic -Lithophytic
-Subterranean Orchids
Based on Temperature requirement
-Warm orchids
-Intermediate Orchids
-Cool Orchids

16. Based on growth habit
Monopodials
Ex:Phalaenopsis,Vandas,Arachinis,Aerides,Ascocentum
Sympodials
Ex : Dendrobiums,Cattleya,Oncidium,

17. Based on their habitats
Terrestrial (or) Ground Orchids
Grow in soil, Sympodialand perennial
Example : Spathoglottisplicata, Arundinagraminifolia, Phaiustankervilleae,
Cymbidiums,Paphiopedilum
Epiphytic Orchids
Grow well on other plants
Abundant in humid tropical rain forests of India. -Elevation upto3000m.
Example : Vanda, Vanilla, Dendrobium, Cymbidium, Cattleya,
Oncidiumetc.

18. Saprophytic Orchids
Live on dead and decaying organic matter, -Found on the moist forest
floors.
Example : Neottia, Galeola, Listera etc.
LithophyticOrchids
Rarely found and they grow in moist, shaded rocks and crevices of walls.
Example : Cymbidium munronianum, Diplomerisbirsuta
Subterranean Orchids
Underground orchids, -Found in Australia
Example : Rhizanthettaand Cryptanthemis

19. Classification
Forgrowingpurposes,orchidsareusuallydividedinto
threetemperaturegroups.
Warm orchidsIntermediate
Orchids
Cool Orchids
15.5
o
C 13
o
C to 18
o
C 10
o
C to 13
o
C
Phalaenopsis
Vanda
Rhynchostylis
and some
Dendrobium
species
Cattleya
Laelia
Brassavola,
Oncidium
Miltonia, etc
Cymbidium
Paphiopedilum
some species of
Miltonia,
Odontoglossumand
Dendrobium

20. Structure for growing orchids
Aflatrooforchidhouseof3–metreheight
supportedbypillarsandoverlaidwitha
frameworkofroofmadeofsplitbambooor
woodenslotsisideal.
Bamboopolesandroofcoveredwithmattingof
coconutordatepalmleavesarealsoequally
good.
Intemperateclimateforlarge–scaleproduction
underprotectedcoverQuonsetstyle,ridgeand
furrowtypeorgutterconnectedgreenhouses
arepreferred.

25. Environment
Light requirement depends on latitude.
Cypripediumand Phalaenopsis-200-300 foot candles
Vandaand Arandathrive best under 800 foot candles
Maintenance of proper humidity -50 to 70 per cent
The best suitable range is 18
o
C to 30
o
C
A difference of 10
o
C -20
o
C between day and night
temperature is beneficial
Indirect sunlight is ideal for orchids
DAY NEUTRAL and are not influenced by day length
RH : 30% at night and 80% during day time

26. Growing media
Hardwood charcoal
Osmundatree fern fibre.
Sphagnum moss
Mixture of chopped tree fern fibre, pieces of
charcoal and sphagnum moss
Coconut husk, over burnt bricks, clear styrene
pellets.
Solid polyurethane foam
Coarse vermiculite (0.63 cm to 2.5cm)

30. Propagation
Conventionalmethods
Micro propagation method
Tissue culture method
Seed embryo culture
Division of clumps, keikis, back bulbs and tissue culture plants.
Monopodialorchids Sympodialorchids
Stem cuttings Divisions
Flower stalk cuttingsOffshoots
Layering Back bulbs

32. Keiki :
Plant producedasexuallyin some orchids
eg.Dendrobium,EpidendrumandPhalaenopsisorchids.
Is an exactcloneof the mother plant, sometimes
flowering while still attached to the mother.
The wordkeikiisHawaiianfor "baby" or "child", y "the
little one".

33. On Phalaenopsis,
grows from onenodealong the flower stem.
induced by prolonged exposure to high temperature
during the final phase of spike growth.
Sometimes produced at base of the orchid.
On Dendrobium
sprouts along length of cane or from end of cane.
induced by the accumulation of growth hormones at
that point, either naturally, or by the application of
keikipaste.

36. Nutrition
Spray application of cowdungand oilcake
solution, and micronutrients
Use of coated and slow release fertilisers.
Foliar application of NPK 20:10:10 @ 0.2% at
weekly intervals starting from 30 days after
planting.( for Dendrobium)
Growth regulators
Foliar application of GA3 50 ppmat bimonthly
intervals starting from 30 days after planting.

37. Repotting
Orchids need repotting regularly, usually every two to three years:
1. When the plant grows large and overgrows its container.
2. When the potting material deteriorates
3. When the plant has to be split or divided
4. It is better to repot epiphytes every year.
The best time for repotting is when fresh roots emerge at the bases
of the previous year’s growth.
In monopodial climbers, repotting or division has to be done when
new leaf growth shows at the top and there is new root growth.

38. IMPORTANT HYBRIDS FOR CUT FLOWER PRODUCTION
Arachnis -Maggie Oei
Aranthera -James Storie
Aeridochnis -Bogor
Aranda -Christine
Dendrobium -Pompadour Sonia
Dendrobium -Walter Oume
Dendrobium -Tomie
Dendrobium -Spell Bound
Dendrobium -Ceasar
Vanda -Miss Joaquim.
Vanda -Rothschildiana
,
Asconcenda -Yip Sum Wah
Oncidium -Golden Shower'.

39. OrchidssuitableforcutflowerproductioninIndiaOrchidssuitableforcutflowerproductioninIndia
Orchids suitable for cut flower production in India
Tropical orchids
Arachnis Maggie Qei
Aranthera Annie Black James Storii
Aranda AngHeeSang Christine KooiChoo
MandaiFragrance Nooran
Dendrobium Caesor Ekapolred Fatim
JoaqulinThomas King KobraPanda
KaseemGold Mary Mak Sonia
Spell Bound Tomie
Madame Pompadour

40. Vanda
Diana profuse
John club
KultanaGold
Miss Joaquim
Rothschildiana
Wirat
Worwatts
Oncidium
Golden shower
Gower Ramsey
Renanthera
Alsagoff
Peter Evert
Wendy Scott
Mokara
Alex Hawaks
Annie Black
PhilippinarisCharkuon–orange

41. Temperate orchids
Cymbidium
Calfornia‘Cascade’
Christmas Beauty ‘St Fransis’
Christmas ‘Song’
King Arthur ‘Salvador’
Kumamto‘Yellow Bird’
Pendragon‘Sikkim’
Red beauty ‘Crosses’
Show girl ‘Malibu’
Vanquard‘mass
Cattleya
Beauty’
Embers ‘chris’
BLC Udomgold ‘Kanokpom’
‘Alexanderi’

43. DENDROBIUM VARIETIES
PURPLE : Sonia Sonia17 Sonia 28
AND WHITE Earsakul BomJo
PURPLE : Renappa New Wanee
Sabine Red JurieRed
WHITE : Emma White Fairy White
KasemWhite Snow White
PINK : Sakura Pink New pink
YELLOW : SherifaFatimah KasemGold
TongchaiGold


44. Harvest & Yield
Dendrobiumflower fully matures only 3 or 4 days after it opens.
Flowers are harvested when they are fully open
flowers cut prior to their maturity will wilt early.
Immediately after harvest, the lower 0.75cm of the peduncle is cut
off, and the flower is inserted into a fresh tube of water containing
preservative.
Harvesting the spike when 75 per cent of the flowers are open and
remaining buds are unopen.
Yield:
8 -10 spikes/plant/year
Yield:
8 -10 spikes/plant/year
Yield:
8 -10 spikes/plant/year

45. Postharvesthandling
Cymbidium
Stageofharvest:
Almostallflowersonthespikeshouldhave
opened,whentopbudsstartedopening.
Storage:
At1to4
o
Cfortwoweeks.
Lesssensitivetochillinginjury.
Vaselife:
15to21days.
Holding solution -200 ppm8HQC+ 1 % sucrose.

46. Orchids
Sorting And Packing Orchids

47. Dendrobium
Stage of harvest : When all florestsopen
Storage :Flower spikes can be wet stored at 5 to
7
o
C in water for 10 to 14 days.
Vase life : 14 to 21 days
Generally floral preservatives not effective
But improvement seen with holding solution of:
-2 % sucrose + 200 ppm8 HQC.
-Other preservative solutions are
: 4 % sucrose + 30 ppmAgNO
3
: 4%sucrose+30 ppmAgNO
3+225ppm 8HQC

48. Insect pests and diseases
Pests: Snail and Slug: Hand pick and destroy them immediately.
Diseases:
1. Bacterial soft and Brown rot(Erviniaspp.) : Foliar application -
Streptomycin [email protected] g + Copper Oxy Chloride @ 2 g/l.
2.Bacterial Brown spot (Acidovoraxsp.): Foliar application -
Streptomycin [email protected] g + Copper Oxy Chloride @ 2 g/l.
3. Blackrot(Pythiumsp.andPhytothorasp.) : Foliar application
of Metalaxyl2 g / lit. (or) Dimethomorph50% WP 0.5 g / lit.
4. Anthracnose–Foliar application of ThiophanateMethyl 2 g / l
(or) Difenoconazole0.5 ml/l

49. Viral diseases
-Blossom brown necrotic streak
-mosaic flower break
-Cymbidium mosaic
-Cattleyaleaf necrosis
-Odonotoglossumring spot
-Brown spots, streaks or whole flower break
of Cattleyaorchids.
Use of sterilisedknife, potting media, disease free
planting materials and spraying with insecticides
are controlling measures of viral diseases.

50. TOP TEN ORCHIDS

51. 1.CATTLEYA
•Has42species.
•‘Corsageorchids’.
•Showyflowersandarewidelyusedforhybridization.
•Allcolors,exceptblueandblack.
•Flowersoriginatefromapseudobulbandusuallyhavethreebroad
petals.
•Oneofthepetalsformsthelipandfeaturesmanymarkings,specks
andafrillymargin.

52. 2. PHALAENOPSIS
•Has approximately 60 species
•most popular orchids in the trade for the development of artificial
hybrids.
•‘Moth Orchids’ since some of the species resemble moths in flight.
•Some of the species grow in moist and humid forests and others
grow in dry and cool environments.
•THE PLANTS DO NOT POSSESS PSEUDOBULBS and the
flowers stay in bloom for long.

53. 3. PAPHIOPEDILUM
•‘Lady’s slippers’ due to the shape of the pouch like labellumof
the flower.
•The pouch is used to trap insects to help in pollination.
•80 accepted species of the genus.
•They occur among humus layers on the forest floor and some are
epiphytic.
•The colorful orchids Bloom Only Once when the shoot is fully
grown.

54. 4 . CYMBIDIUM
•52 species
•‘Boat orchids’.
•Distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia and Australia.
•Species withlarge flowersgrow at high altitudes.
•These orchids derive their name from the form of the base of
the lip.

55. 5. DENDROBIUM
•1,200 species.
•occur in diverse habitats and derive their name from their
epiphytic nature.
•They grow quickly in summer but remain dormant during winter.

56. 6. ONCIDIUM
•‘Dancing ladies’
•330 species of orchids.
•Flowers are brightly colored -yellow, red, white and pink.
•The petals and lip are ruffled on the edges.
•The lip is larger and partially blocks the smaller petals and sepals.
•They are mostly epiphytes and prefer dry areas.

57. 7. Vanda
•50 species
•Important florally.
•They are mostly epiphytic and produce some magnificent flowers.
•Some of the species produce blue flowerswhich also give it
horticultural importance.

58. 8. EPIDENDRUM
•1,100 species
•‘Star orchids’.
•The genus derivers its name form its epiphytic growth habit.
•Fragrant and flowers are produced only once or after several
years from the same or new inflorescence.
•They are normally found in tropical and subtropical regions.

59. 9. BRASSIA
•Epiphytic and are found in tropical America in wet forests.
•‘Spider orchids’ owing to their unusual shape.
•Shape of the flower is used to mimic the spider to assist in
pollination.
•The wasps sting the lip to grasp their prey and in turn pollinate
the flowers.

60. 10. MILTONIA
•9 epiphytic species and 8 natural hybrids.
•Normally found in Brazilian Atlantic forest.
•The species have large and long lasting flowers.
•These orchids are relatively Easy To Grow so favorite
•They are also used to produce artificial hybrids.
•The flowers are beautiful and delicately fragrant.

61. ORCHIDARIUMS
1.The Agri-Horticultural Society of India 1, Alipore Road,
Kolkata -700 027, India
2.Khonghampat Orchidarium, National Highway-39, 10 kms from
Imphal Centre, Imphal, Manipur, 795001, India
--Read more: https://www.ixigo.com/khonghampat-
orchidarium-imphal-india-ne-1701020
3.National Orchidarium and experimental garden, run by the
botanical survey of India is situated on the way to Shervaroyan
temple. It has a greenhouse and a wide variety of orchids which
includes 30 orchid species that are exclusive. Many endangered
species of orchids are persevered in this Orchidarium. This is
ranked the third largest of all the orchidoriums in India.

62. Aravalli Biodiversity Park, new Delhi
Baguio Orchidarium
Shanum St, Baguio, Benguet, Philippines
BSU Orchidarium and Ornamental garden
Bontoc Rd, La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines