1611031494083_1611031493659_BHRM-II-TOPIC 3A OD PROGRAMMES.ppt

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1. TOPIC 3: OD PROGRAMMES
10/27/25 1

2. 10/27/25 BY Balozi 2

3. OD PROGRAMMES
This part will explain the OD
intervention programmes by mainly
focusing at:
•Structural (Techno-Structural)
•Human Process
•Human resource Management
•Strategic
•Financial
10/27/25 BY CHARLES RHOBI SAMSON 3

4. STRUCTURAL INTERVENTION
OVERVIEW:
•Structural intervention is also known as
Techno structural Intervention.
Techno-Structural interventions are those
change programs focusing on the
technology and/or structure of the
organization.
 Aimed at improving organizational
effectiveness through changes in the tasks,
structural, technological and goal processes
in the organizations.
10/27/25 BY CHARLES RHOBI SAMSON 4

5. STRUCTURAL INTERVENTION Contd….
Focuses on:
Job design,
Division of labor and hierarchy,
Arrangements of equipment and people
etc.
Global Competition
Technological Changes
Environmental Changes
Flexible Design oriented
Highly adaptable
10/27/25 BY CHARLES RHOBI SAMSON 5

6. TYPES OF STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS
1.Structural Design
2.Downsizing
3.Work Design
4.Total Quality Management (TQM)
5.Quality of Work-Life Programs (QWL)
6.Team-based Organization
7.ISO 9000 Series
8.Socio Technical Systems (STS)
9.Self managed Teams
10.Management by Objectives (MBO)
11.Quality Circles
10/27/25 BY CHARLES RHOBI SAMSON 6

7. TYPES OF STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS Contd..
1. Structural Design: is largely associated
with experiments attempted to create
better fit among the technology,
structure and social interactions of a
particular production unit.
2. Downsizing: is a process of reducing
the number of employees within an
organization by eliminating jobs.
This intervention seeks to reduce costs &
bureaucracy through: personnel layoffs,
Organization redesign and Outsourcing.
10/27/25 BY CHARLES RHOBI SAMSON 7

8. TYPES OF STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS
Contd..
3. Work design:
 Work design (also referred to as job
design or task design) is related to the
specification, contents, methods and
relationship of jobs.
Work organized in a way that generate high
level of employee satisfaction/fulfillment
and Productivity
–With Formal Structure
–Supporting changes in goal setting
–Reward systems, work environment
–With best Performance management
practices
10/27/25 BY CHARLES RHOBI SAMSON 8

9. TYPES OF STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS Contd
Work design focuses on:
•Improving job satisfaction,
•Improving through-put,
•Improving quality and to
•Reducing employee problems (e.g., grievances,
absenteeism)
Richard Hackman & Greg Oldham have provided
an OD approach to work design based on
theoretical model of what job characteristics
lead to psychological states that produce high
internal work motivation.
10/27/25 BY CHARLES RHOBI SAMSON 9

10. TYPES OF STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS Contd…..
• He based on five job characteristics- Skill
variety, task identity, task significance,
autonomy and feedback from the job.
4. Total Quality Management (TQM)
•TQM is a combination of a number of
organization improvement techniques and
approaches including the use of quality
circles, statistical quality control and
extensive use of employee participation.
10/27/25 BY CHARLES RHOBI SAMSON 10

11. TYPES OF STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS Contd…..
•TQM…..
•A core definition of total quality
management (TQM) describes a
management approach to long–term
success through customer satisfaction.
•In a TQM effort, all members of an
organization participate in improving
processes, products, services, and the
culture in which they work.
10/27/25 BY CHARLES RHOBI SAMSON 11

12. TYPES OF STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS Contd…..
TQM CHARACTERISTICS
Primary emphasis on customers
It is based on measurement using SQC
Continuous search for sources of defects
with a goal of eliminating them entirely.
Participative Management
Emphasis on teams & team work
Continuous training
10/27/25 BY CHARLES RHOBI SAMSON 12

13. TYPES OF STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS Contd…..
5. Quality of Work-Life Programs (QWL)
Is considered to be a wide application of
organizational improvement efforts. It includes
restructuring of several dimensions of the
organization.
Increased problem solving between management
and the union.
 Increased participation by teams of employees in
shop floor decisions pertaining to production
flow, quality control and safety.
Skill development through skill training, job
rotation, and training in team problem solving.
10/27/25 BY CHARLES RHOBI SAMSON 13

14. TYPES OF STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS
Contd..
The purpose of this team is to help Employees /
Members of the team that are struggling in
some way.
This usually refers to performance but can include
emotional/behavioral/social concerns.
This Intervention can be used effectively to:
Engage and align individuals, or cross-teams, to
collaborate effectively
Bring in high energy and charge up the team to achieve
stretched goals
•Set up a high performance climate in the organisation
Team is a small number of people with complimentary
skills who are committed to a common purpose and an
approach for which they hold themselves mutually
accountable.
6. Team-based Organization
10/27/25 BY CHARLES RHOBI SAMSON
14

15. TYPES OF STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS
Contd..
7. ISO 9000 Series:
What is ISO 9000, and how does it relate to the
practice of Organizational Development?
ISO 9000 is a series of “generic management
system standards” published by the International
Organization for Standardization ®, a federation of
the standards bodies from over 140 countries.
(ISO is not an acronym for the name. Rather it
refers to the Greek word iso, meaning same.)
While most standards issued by ISO are technical
specifications, ISO 9000 describes a process
through which an organization can achieve
“quality”.
10/27/25 BY CHARLES RHOBI SAMSON 15

16. TYPES OF STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS
Contd..
•Thus ISO 9000 Series intervention is about
creating an organization which is customer
centered and which employees sound OD
principles to accomplish that goal.
• Any organization seeking survival must
practice the principles promulgated in the
ISO 9000 standards, whether they seek
certification or not.
•An organization and its suppliers are
interdependent and a mutually beneficial
relationship enhances the ability of both to
create value”
10/27/25 BY CHARLES RHOBI SAMSON 16

17. TYPES OF STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS Contd..
8. Sociotechnical systems (STS) in OD is an
approach to complex organizational work
design that recognizes the interaction, between
people and technology in workplaces.
The term also refers to the interaction between
society's complex infrastructures and human
behaviour.
Is based on joint optimization of the social and
technological systems of organization.
The boundary between the organization & its
environment should be managed to allow
effective exchanges but protection from
external disruptions.
The implementation of STS should be highly
participative.
10/27/25 BY CHARLES RHOBI SAMSON 17

18. TYPES OF STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS Contd..
9.Self managed Teams/autonomous work teams
-- Alternative to traditional assembly line methods.
-- Rather than having a large number of employees
- each do a small operation to assemble a product,
- the employees are organized into small teams,
- each of which is responsible for assembling an
- entire product.
-- These teams are self-managed, and are
- independent of one another.
Providing teams with a grouping of tasks that
comprises a major unit of the total work to be
performed.
10/27/25 BY CHARLES RHOBI SAMSON 18

19. TYPES OF STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS
Contd..
- Training group members in multiple skills,
including team effectiveness skills.
Delegating to the team many aspects of how
the work gets done.
Providing a great deal of information and
feedback for self regulation of quality &
productivity.
10/27/25 BY CHARLES RHOBI SAMSON 19

20. TYPES OF STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS
Contd..
10. Management by Objectives (MBO)
(MBO), also known as management by results
(MBR), is a process of defining objectives within an
organization so that management and employees
agree to them and understand what they need to do
in order to achieve them.
•Management by objectives is a process of goal
setting. It integrates individual goals with
organizational goals.
MBO believes that if people are involved in setting
goals, they will work harder and perform better.
Participation in goal setting process allows
managers to control and monitor performance by
measuring performance and results as against two
objectives which were decided by subordinate also.
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21. TYPES OF STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS
Contd..
•The essence of MBO is participative goal
setting, choosing course of actions and
decision making.
•Ideally, when employees themselves have
been involved with the goal setting and
choosing the course of action to be followed
by them, they are more likely to fulfill their
responsibilities.
The subordinate and supervisor jointly
developed specific goals and targets. These
goals must be specific and measurable.
The actual performance of the individual is
measured against his goals.
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22. TYPES OF STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS
Contd..
Peter Drucker believed MBO was not a
cure-all, but a tool to be utilized.
 It gives organizations a process, with
many practitioners claiming the success
of MBO is dependent on the support
from top management, clearly outlined
objectives, and trained managers who
can implement it.
10/27/25 BY CHARLES RHOBI SAMSON 22

23. TYPES OF STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS
Contd..
11. Quality Circles
It is a form of group problem solving and
goal setting with a primary focus on
maintaining and enhancing product
quality.
Quality circles consists of 7-10 employees
from a unit who meet together regularly to
analyze and make proposals about product
quality.
Leaders are encouraged to create a high
degree of participation within the group.
10/27/25 BY CHARLES RHOBI SAMSON 23

24. OD PROGRAMMES……..
•To be continued…….
10/27/25 BY CHARLES RHOBI SAMSON 24