18th Century Literature - An overview

18th Century English Literature

1. 18 th Century Literature : An Overview

2. Age of Enlightenment Age of Sensibility Neoclassical Age Augustan Age & “The Long 18 th Century” 1660-1780

3. 18 th Century Age of Pope (1700-50) Age of Johnson (1740-1800)

4. Historical Background:- Age of Pope Rise of the political parties The foreign war The succession The spirit of the age Predominance of Prose Political Writing The Clubs and Coffee houses Periodical writing The New Publishing Houses The New Morality

5. Alexander Pope Jonathan Swift Sir Richard Steele Daniel Defoe Joseph Addison Mathew Prior John Gay Edward Young

6. Age of Johnson The Historical Background:- Decline of the party feud Commercial and imperial expansion The French Revolution The Double T endency The New Romanticism The New Learning The New Philosophy Growth of Historical Research The New Realism The Decline of Political Writing The Transition Age

7. Samuel Johnson William Blake James Thomson Samuel Richardson Henry Fielding Oliver Goldsmith Thomas Gray William Collins William Cowper Robert Burns Edward Gibbon Edmund Burke Adam Smith Richard Sheriden

8. Poetry Non Fiction Drama Fiction NOVEL!

9. Features of Non Fiction :- Influenced by Montaigne and Francis Bacon Dealt mostly with morals and manners S erved the purpose of social commentary E veryday life as theme Aim : To amuse while also providing information and advice

10. Daniel Defoe His Journal : The Review ‘Enquiry into the Occasional Conformity of Dissenters’ (1698) The True-Born Englishman(1701) ‘Shortest way with Dissenters’ (1702) Jonathan Swift A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books ‘ A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue ’ (1712) The Journal to Stella (1766-68 ) A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People from Being a Burthen to their Parents or Country (1729)

11. Dr Samuel Johnson(1704-84) Reactionary Essay on Boswell’s life of Johnson Maker of the great Dictionary (1755) The Vanity of Human Wishes (1749) Periodical essays for The Rambler Rassels , Prince of Abyssinia (1759)

12. Bishop Joseph Butler(1692-1752) Adam Smith(1723-90) Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed (1736) Charge Delivered to the Clergy(1751) Theory of moral sentiments (1759 ) An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776)

13. Anthony Ashley Cooper (1671-1713) Work : Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions and Time George Berkeley (1685-1753) Work: Treatise concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710)

14. Periodical Essays Joseph Addison (1672-1719) Entertaining and Educational To educate and moralize people ‘ The Spectator ’ ‘ The Tatler ’ Social commentary , Satire Richard Steele (1672-1729) Eliza Haywood ‘ The Female Spectator ’ ( Feminine issues) "prolific even by the standards of a prolific age" ( Blouch , intro 7) Translated Virgil’s ‘Georgics’ The Christian Hero (1701 )

15. Edmund Burke (1729-97) ‘ On American Taxation ’ (1774) ‘ Conciliation with America ’ (1775) Edward Gibbon (1737 - 94) Historian The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire - P ublished in six volumes between 1776 and 1788.

16. Features of Poetry:- Satire. Public and literary figures were targeted ‘Graveyard School ’ : obsessed with decay and death Highly self-conscious, crafted and metrical, but used simple language Less satiric poets used wit and gentle irony Deep sense of humanism in Wartons , Goldsmith and Pope Pastoral Influence in Wartons , Goldsmith and Gray Infulence of Classical authors and learning : ‘Neo Classism’

17. Alexander Pope(1688-1744) The Rape of the Lock Epistle to Dr Arthubnot The Dunciard Essay on Man Windsor Forest The Heroic Couplet

18. Thomas Gray (1716-71) Graveyard school of poetry : Death, Decaying and Mourning ‘Elegy written in a country churchyard ‘

19. James Thomson(1700-48) Epic poem : ’The Seasons ’ (1726-30) Spring Summer Autumn Winter ‘ Castle of Indolence ’ ( 1748)

20. Christopher Smart (1722-71 ) ‘’Kit Smart, ‘Kitty Smart’, ‘Jack Smart’ A Song to David (1763) Jubilate Agno Thomas Percy (1729-1811) Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765) 11/23/2014 The Legend of King Arthur Barbara Allen's Cruelty King Arthur's Death Edward , Edward Sir Lancelot Du Lake The Bonny Earl of Murray Sweet William's Ghost The Boy and the Mantle The Marriage of Sir Gawaine King Ryence's Challenge

21. John Dyer (1699-1757) ‘The Fleece’ ‘ Grongar Hill’ (1726) Robert Burns(1759-96) O my Luve's like a red, red rose That’s newly sprung in June; O my Luve's like the melodie That’s sweetly play'd in tune.

22. Features of Drama :- Restoration comedies lost favor Satires- Political ones Sentimental Comedy, Domestic Comedy More emphasis on plot Wit continues to be the key element

23. Henry Fielding Social Satire :- The Careless Husband (1732) The Universal Gallant (1735) Mock Doctor (1732) The Historical Register for 1736 (1737) Political Satire :- The Tragedy of Tragedies; or, the Life and Death of Tom Thumb the Great (1730)

24. RB Sheridan “ Comedy of Character” The School for Scandal (1777) The Critic (1779) The Duenna (1775) The Rivals (1775)

25. Richard Steele The Funeral (1701) The Lying Lover(1703) The Tender Husband(1705) Colley Cibber (1671-1757) Love’s Last Shift (1696) Careless Husband (1704)

26. Oliver Goldsmith ‘ The Good Natur’d man ‘She Stoops to Conquer’ (Class tensions) John Gay ‘ The Beggar's Opera’ (1728 ) ‘ Achillies ’ Farce

27. Features of Fiction :- Emphasis on sentiments and manners Satiric exploration of human follies and vices Rise of Picaresque tradition (habits and adventures of a Picaro or rogue) Comic effects by idiosyncratic character (unusual character) The origins of Gothic sensibility derived from medievalism Social commentaries-popular-virtues and moral failings

28. Structure experimentation by Laurence Sterne in ‘ The Life and Opinions of Trisham Shandy ’

29. Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe(1719) Memoirs of a Cavalier (1720) Captain Singleton (1720 ) Journal of a Plague Year (1722 ) Moll Flanders (1724) Roxana (1724)

30. Laurance Sterne (1713-68) ‘The Life and Opinions of Trisham Shandy ’ (1759-67) Henry Mackenzie(1745-1831 ) ‘Man of Feeling’ (1771) ‘Man of the World’ (1773) Samuel Richardson (1689-1761) ‘Pamela’ (1740) ‘Clarissa’ (1747-48) Horace Walpole (1717-97) ‘ Castle of Otrando ’ (1764) Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) ‘The Battle of the Books’ (1696-98) ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ (1726) Henry Fielding ‘ Shamela ’ (1741) ‘Tom Jones’ (1749 )

31. Tobais Smolett ‘The Adventures of Roderick Random’ (1748) ‘ The Adventures of Ferdinand ‘’Fathom (1753) ‘The Expedition of Humphrey Clinker (1771) Oliver Goldsmith ‘The Vikar of Wakefield’ (1766) Eliza Haywood ‘The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless (1751)’ Sarah Fielding ‘David Simple’ (1744) ‘The Governess’ (1749)

32. References :- Albert, Edward.   History of English Literature . Nayar,Pramod K. A Short History of English Literature

33. Thank you !  - Ashikha N