1DIABETES Introduction Types Symptoms Causes Prevention.pptx

Diabetes describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (sugar),
Due to poor insulin production, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both.

1. DIABETES Presented to Prof. m. P. Singh coordinator Center of biotechnology University of allahabad Presented by Prashant shukla M. S c . biotechnology Semester 3 rd Center of biotechnology University of allahabad

2. CONTENT Introduction Types Symptoms Causes Prevention References IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th edition 2021

3. Introduction Diabetes describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (sugar ), Due to poor insulin production, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both . Insulin is secreted by B-cells of pancreas to control blood sugar levels. Blurry visions, excess thirst, fatigue, frequent urination, hunger, weight loss are some of the symptoms commonly seen in diabetic patients. Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that helps glucose get into your cells to be used for energy.

4. Introduction If you have diabetes, your body doesn’t make enough—or any—insulin, or doesn’t use insulin properly. Glucose then stays in your blood and doesn’t reach your cells.. Diabetes raises the risk for damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart. Diabetes is also linked to some types of cancer. 

5. TYPES The most common types of diabetes are: - Type 1: - Type 1 diabetes is An autoimmune disease. The immune system attacks and destroys cells in the pancreas, where insulin is made. Diagnosed in children and young adults, although it can appear at any age. Need to take insulin every day to stay alive . Type 2: - Type 2 diabetes occurs when your body becomes resistant to insulin, and sugar builds up in your blood. It’s the most common type—(about 90% to 95 % . I f you have risk factors, such as overweight or obesity, and a family history of the disease. Develop at any age, even during childhood .

6. TYPES Gestational diabetes: - Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar during pregnancy. Insulin-blocking hormones produced by the placenta cause this type of diabetes. Most of the time, this type of diabetes goes away after the baby is born. Higher chance of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Sometimes diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy is type 2 diabetes. Prediabetes B lood glucose levels that are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. H igher risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the future. Also have a higher risk for heart disease than people with normal glucose levels.

7. SYMPTOMS

8. Diabetes symptoms depend on how high your blood sugar is. Some people, especially if they have prediabetes , gestational diabetes or type 2 diabetes, may not have symptoms . In type 1 diabetes, symptoms tend to come on quickly and be more severe. Some of the symptoms of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes are : Feeling more thirsty than usual. Urinating often. Losing weight without trying. Presence of ketones in the urine. Feeling tired and weak. Feeling irritable or having other mood changes. Having blurry vision. Having slow-healing sores. Getting a lot of infections, such as gum, skin and vaginal infections.

9. CAUSES Insulin resistance: Type 2 diabetes mainly results from insulin resistance. Insulin resistance happens when cells in your muscles, fat and liver don’t respond as they should to insulin. Several factors and conditions contribute to varying degrees of insulin resistance, including obesity, lack of physical activity, diet, hormonal imbalances, genetics and certain medications. Autoimmune disease: Type 1 diabetes and LADA happen when your immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in your pancreas. Hormonal imbalances: During pregnancy, the placenta releases hormones that cause insulin resistance. You may develop gestational diabetes if your pancreas can’t produce enough insulin to overcome the insulin resistance. Other hormone-related conditions like acromegaly and Cushing syndrome can also cause Type 2 diabetes. Pancreatic damage: Physical damage to your pancreas — from a condition, surgery or injury — can impact its ability to make insulin, resulting in Type 3c diabetes. Genetic mutations: Certain genetic mutations can cause MODY and neonatal diabetes .

10. DIAGNOSIS A1C test. This blood test, which doesn't require not eating for a period of time (fasting), shows your average blood sugar level for the past 2 to 3 months. It measures the percentage of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. It's also called a glycated hemoglobin test . The higher your blood sugar levels, the more hemoglobin you'll have with sugar attached. Random blood sugar test. A blood sample will be taken at a random time. No matter when you last ate. Fasting blood sugar test. A blood sample will be taken after you haven't eaten anything the night before (fast). Glucose tolerance test. For this test, you fast overnight. Then, the fasting blood sugar level is measured. Then you drink a sugary liquid, and blood sugar levels are tested regularly for the next two hours. A blood sugar level less than 140 mg/ dL (7.8 mmol /L) is normal. A reading of more than 200 mg/ dL (11.1 mmol /L) after two hours means you have diabetes. A reading between 140 and 199 mg/ dL (7.8 mmol /L and 11.0 mmol /L) means you have prediabetes .

11. MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT Blood sugar monitoring: Monitoring your blood sugar (glucose) is key to determining how well your current treatment plan is working. It gives you information on how to manage your diabetes on a daily — and sometimes even hourly — basis. You can monitor your levels with frequent checks with a glucose meter and finger stick and/or with a continuous glucose monitor (CGM). Oral diabetes medications: Oral diabetes medications (taken by mouth) help manage blood sugar levels in people who have diabetes but still produce some insulin — mainly people with Type 2 diabetes and prediabetes . People with gestational diabetes may also need oral medication. There are several different types. Metformin is the most common . Exercise: Physical activity increases insulin sensitivity (and helps reduce insulin resistance), so regular exercise is an important part of management for all people with diabetes

12. MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT Insulin: People with Type 1 diabetes need to inject synthetic insulin to live and manage diabetes. Some people with Type 2 diabetes also require insulin. There are several different types of synthetic insulin. They each start to work at different speeds and last in your body for different lengths of time. The four main ways you can take insulin include injectable insulin with a syringe (shot), insulin pens, insulin pumps and rapid-acting inhaled insulin. Diet: Meal planning and choosing a healthy diet for you are key aspects of diabetes management, as food greatly impacts blood sugar. If you take insulin, counting carbs in the food and drinks you consume is a large part of management. The amount of carbs you eat determines how much insulin you need at meals. Healthy eating habits can also help you manage your weight and reduce your heart disease risk.

13. MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT Various types of insulin are commonly used by people with type 1 diabetes . They differ in how quickly they start to work and how long their effects last : Rapid-acting insulin : starts to work within 15 minutes and its effects last for 2 to 4 hours Short-acting insulin : starts to work within 30 minutes and lasts 3 to 6 hours Intermediate-acting insulin : starts to work within 2 to 4 hours and lasts 12 to 18 hours Long-acting insulin : starts to work 2 hours after injection and lasts up to 24 hours Ultra-long acting insulin : starts to work 6 hours after injection and lasts 36 hours or more Premixed insulin : starts working within 15 to 30 minutes (depending on whether a rapid-acting or short-acting insulin is part of the mix) and lasts 10 to 16 hours

14. MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT Diet and exercise can help some people manage type 2 diabetes. If lifestyle changes aren’t enough to lower your blood sugar, you’ll need to take medication. These drugs lower your blood sugar in a variety of ways: Drug How it works Examples alpha-glucosidase inhibitors slow your body’s breakdown of sugars and starchy foods acarbose  (Precose) and miglitol biguanides reduce the amount of  glucose  your liver makes metformin (Glucophage, Riomet ) DPP-4 inhibitors improve your blood sugar without making it drop too low alogliptin (Nesina), linagliptin (Tradjenta), saxagliptin (Onglyza), and  sitagliptin  (Januvia) glucagon-like peptides stimulate your pancreas to produce more insulin; slow stomach emptying semaglutide (Ozempic), dulaglutide (Trulicity), exenatide (Byetta), and liraglutide (Victoza) meglitinides stimulate your pancreas to release more insulin nateglinide and repaglinide SGLT2 inhibitors release more glucose into the urine canagliflozin (Invokana), dapagliflozin (Farxiga), and empagliflozin (Jardiance) sulfonylureas stimulate your pancreas to release more insulin glyburide  (Glynase),  glipizide  (Glucotrol), and  glimepiride  (Amaryl) thiazolidinediones help insulin work better pioglitazone ( Actos ) and rosiglitazone

15. PREVENTION You can’t prevent autoimmune and genetic forms of diabetes. But there are some steps you can take to lower your risk for developing prediabetes , Type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes, including : Eat a healthy diet, such as the Mediterranean diet. Get physically active. Aim for 30 minutes a day at least five days a week. Work to achieve a weight that’s healthy for you. Manage your stress. Limit alcohol intake. Get adequate sleep (typically 7 to 9 hours) and seek treatment for sleep disorders. Quit smoking. Take medications as directed by your healthcare provider to manage existing risk factors for heart disease. It’s important to note that there are some diabetes risk factors you can’t change, such as your genetics/family history, age and race. Know that Type 2 diabetes is a complex condition that involves many contributing factors.

16. IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th edition 2021

17. REFERENCE https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371451 https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes https://diabetesatlas.org/data/en / ( IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th edition 2021 ) https ://www.who.int/india/health-topics/mobile-technology-for-preventing-ncds

18. Laughter is the best medicine - unless you're diabetic, then insulin comes pretty high on the list. - Jasper Carrott THANKYOU. . . .