1PPT Sanskrit Golden Age- Gramarrians-Doctors.ppt

Sanskrit

1. Shaunaka (Atharva Ved), Grammarian
1.A celebrated and earliest Sanskrit grammarian,
2.Author of the Ṛ
gveda-Prātiśākhya
,
3.Author of the B
ṛihad-devatā
,
4.Author of the Cara
ṇa-vyūha and other works.
5.Claimed as teacher of Katyayana and of Ashvalayana,
6.united the Bashkala and Shakala Shakhas of the R
igveda
.
7.In legend, he is sometimes identified with Gritsamada, a Vedic
R
ishi. According to the
Vishnu Purana, Shaunaka was the son
of Gritsamada, and invented the system of the four levels of
human life.

2. Shaunaka (Atharva Ved), Grammarian
8.Shaunaka had a prominent role in
the epic Mahābhārata.
9.The epic Mahābhārata was
narrated to Shaunaka by a story
teller named Ugrasrava Sauti during
a conclave of sages headed by
Shaunaka in a forest named
Naimisha.

3. Ancient Sanskrit Grammarians
(Alphabetical
Order)
•Katyayana
•Patañjali
•Pingala
•Pā
ṇini
•Śāka
ṭāyana
•Shaunaka
•Yaska
(Chronological
Order)
•Shaunaka
•Śāka
ṭāyana
•Yaska
•Katyayana
•Pā
ṇini
•Pingala
•Patañjali

4. Sakatayana - 8th Cent BC
1.His work is referred by scholars such as
Yaska (around 7th c. BCE),
Pā
ṇini
(circa 5th c. BCE), and
other Sanskrit grammarians,
2.His work is lost to us today.
3.He claimed that all nouns are ultimately derived
from some verbal root.
4.This process is reflected in the Sanskrit grammar
as the system of krit-pratyayas or verbal affixes.
5.His text may have been called the Lak
ṣaṇa Śāstra
,
6.He also describes the process of determining
grammatical gender in animate and inanimate
creation.

5. Yāska, (6th-5th centuries B.C
Nirukta or Etymology
1.Author of famous text Nirukta,
2.one of the Vedangas
3.deals with etymology, lexical category and the
semantics of words.
4.succeeded Śāka
ṭāyana
, an old grammarian and
expositor of the Vedas,
5.He is sometimes referred to as Yāska ācārya
(ācārya = teacher).
6.The Nirukta attempts to explain how certain
words get to have their meanings, in the context
of interpreting the Vedic texts.

6. Yāska, (6th-5th centuries B.C
Nirukta or Etymology
6.It includes a system of rules for forming words from roots
and affixes, and a glossary of irregular words.
7.formed the basis for later lexicons and dictionaries.
8.It consists of three parts, viz.:
(i) Naigha
ntuka
, a collection of synonyms;
(ii) Naigama, a collection of words peculiar to the
Vedas,
(iii) Daivata, words relating to deities and sacrifices.
9.The nirukta was one of the six vedangas or compulsory
ritual subjects in syllabus of Sanskrit scholarship in ancient
India.
10.Words as Carriers of Meaning: Atomism vs Holism debate
11.This debate continued in various forms for twelve centuries
involving different philosophers from the Nyaya, Mimamsa
and Buddhist schools.

7. Patanjali – Yoga Sutra
Yoga is the restraint of the thought-waves of the mind.
 
   “
When you are inspired by some great
purpose, some extraordinary project, all your
thoughts break their bonds: Your mind
transcends limitations, your consciousness
expands in every direction, and you find yourself
in a new, great, and wonderful world. Dormant
forces, faculties and talents become alive, and
you discover yourself to be a greater person by
far than you ever dreamed yourself to be.”
“Peace can be reached through meditation on the
knowledge which dreams give. Peace can also be
reached through concentration upon that which is
dearest to the heart.”
“In deep meditation the flow of concentration is
continuous like the flow of oil.”

8. Patanjali – Yoga Sutra
“Progress in mediation comes swiftly for those
who try their hardest.”
“I shut my eyes in order to see.”

9. Patanjali – Yoga Sutra
Patanjali is
1.the compiler of the Yoga Sutras, an important
collection of aphorisms on Yoga practice,
2.the author of the Mahābhā
ṣya
, a major
commentary on Panini's Ashtadhyayi.
3.The author of Caraka-prati-
saMskritah
(now
lost) which is apparently a revision (prati-
s
aMskritaH
) of the medical treatise by
Charaka.
Pingala and Katyayan
were experts in
Grammar and Mathematics

10. Patanjali – Yoga Sutra
1.Yoga
involves inner contemplation, a
rigorous system of meditation
practice, ethics, metaphysics, and
devotion to the one common soul,
God, or Brahman.
2.Mahābhā
ṣya
,
first foregrounded the notion of
meaning as referring to
categorization, remains an important
treatise in Sanskrit linguistic
philosophy.

11. Patanjali – Incarnation of Vishnu
Patañjali is an incarnation of Ādi S'esha who is the
first ego-expansion of Vishnu, Sankarshana.
Sankarshana, the manifestation of Vishnu His
primeval energies and opulences, is part of the
so-called catur vyūha, the fourfold
manifestation of Vishnu.
Patañjali is the incarnation of God defending the ego
of yoga.

12. Patanjali – His Love for Yoga
desiring to teach yoga to the world, he fell (pat-)
from heaven into the open palms (-añjali) of a
woman, hence the name Patañjali.
is respectfully referred to as Patanjali Maharishi,
or great sage.

13. Patanjali – Birth
born to Atri (First of the Saptha Rishis) and his
wife Anusuya (this would make him go back to
the time of the creation by Brahma).
According to this tradition, Anasuya had to go
through a stern test of her chastity when the
Trimurti (Brahma, Vishnu, Siva) themselves
came as Bhikshuks and asked her for Bhiksha.
She passed their test by accepting them as her
children and fed them while naked.
She got the boon where all the 3 Murtis will be
born to them.
They were SomaSkandan or Patanjali,
Dattatreya, and Durvasa.

14. Patanjali – Birth – Tamil Tradition
Tamil Shaivite tradition
Patanjali learned Yoga along with
seven other disciples from the great
Yogic Guru Nandhi Deva, as
stated in Tirumular's
Tirumandiram (Tantra 1).
Tamil Shaivite Legend
Ancient Kali Kautuvam also describes how Patanjali
and Vyagrapada gathered along with the gods in
Thillai near Chidambaram to watch Shiva and Kali
dance and perform the 108 mystic Karanas, which
formed the foundation for the system of Natya Yoga.

15. Patanjali – Birth – Tamil Tradition
Tamil tradition gives his birth place in South Kailash,
possibly the modern day Thirumoorthy hills
near Coimbatore.
Some other traditions feel that his being born in
Bharatavarsha - the part of the ancient world
corresponding to South Asia - is beneath his
godlike status, and that he must have been born
in the Jambudvipa, the mythical center of the
universe.
Patanjali as Siddha is also mentioned by the
goldsmith-sage Bogar.
Tamil tradition also holds that Patanjali was a
master of dance.

16. Yoga Traditions
The Yoga tradition is very ancient.
Vedas,
Upanishads - Yogatattva,
Mohan Jo Daro, Harappa,
Bhagwad Gita
Subject of the upanishad, Yogatattva.
the Gita identifies three kinds of yoga,
Karma Yoga
Bhakti Yoga
Jnana Yoga

17. Yoga Sutras
The Yoga Sūtras codifies the royal or best (rAja)
yoga practices,
presents as a eight-limbed system (aShTA
nga
).
The philosophic tradition - Samkhya school.
The focus is on the mind;
the second sutra defines Yoga - it is the cessation of
all mental fluctuations, all wandering thoughts
cease and the mind is focused on a single
thought (ekAgratA).
The eight limbs or the Ashtanga Yoga propounded
here are

18. Yoga Sutras – Mind Control
The eight limbs or the Ashtanga Yoga propounded
here are
External
1. Yama, ethics, restraint &
ahimsa,
2. Niyama, cleanliness, ascetism,
etc.
3. Asana, posture
4. PrANAyama, breath-control
5. PratyahAra, sense-withdrawal
Internal
6. DhAraNa, concentration
7. Dhyana meditation, and
8. SamAdhi, full absorption.
Hatha yoga focus on more complex asanas or body postures.

19. Yoga Sutras
1.Yama - non-violence, truthfulness, brahmacharya,
non-accumulating/non-coveting
2.Niyama - Tapas (Discipline)- Svadhyaya (Self Study) –
Ishvara Pranidhana (Surrender to God/Higher Self)
- Contentment/Acceptance
3.Asana - Discipline of the body
4.Pranayama - Breath Control
5.Pratyhara - withdrawal of all senses
6.Dharana - Concentration/Expand awareness beyond oneself
7.Dhyana – Meditation
8.Samadhi - Absorption/Universal Consciousness where
All is One, One is All

20. Yoga Sutras
A