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1. 1 What are Wastes? Basel Convention Definition of Wastes “substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of the law” Disposal means “any operation which may lead to resource recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternative uses (Annex IVB of the Basel convention)”

2. Introduction Solid wastes are all the discarded solid materials from municipal, industrial, and agricultural activities. The objective of solid wastes management (SWM) are to control, collect, process, utilize and dispose of solid wastes in an economical way consistent with the public health protection.   Background While most of the focus in waste management is on municipal solid waste management, it is important to note that MSW is a small fraction of the total amount of waste generated. The Resource Conservation AND Recovery Act (RCRA) delineate two categories of waste: hazardous and nonhazerdous waste.

3. 4 Kinds of Wastes Solid wastes: domestic, commercial and industrial wastes especially common as co-disposal of wastes Examples: plastics, styrofoam containers, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash Liquid Wastes: wastes in liquid form Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds, manufacturing industries and other sources

4. Waste- Definition & Classification Any material which is not needed by the owner, producer or processor. Classification Domestic waste Factory waste Waste from oil factory E-waste Construction waste Agricultural waste Food processing waste Bio-medical waste Nuclear waste

5. 6 Classification of Wastes according to their Properties Bio-degradable can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others) Non-biodegradable cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, styrofoam containers and others)

6. Kinds of Solid Waste Solid Waste is generally made of objects or particles that accumulate on the site where they are produced. Typically categorized by the sector of the economy responsible for producing them. Mining Wastes Waste Material Left on Surface Milling Tailings Waste or Tailings Drainage Agricultural Waste Includes waste from raising animals as well as crop and tree harvesting. 90% is used as fertilizer or other forms of soil enhancement.

7. Kinds of Solid Waste Industrial Solid Waste - Solid waste other than mining. Estimated 180-540 million tons annually. Demolition Waste Sludge Combustion Ash Municipal Solid Waste All the materials people in a region no longer want. 230 million tons annually. In modern society, many products are discarded when they are broken or worn out, while others only have a temporary use. Those that have only temporary uses make up the majority of solid waste. Unites States produces about 230 million tons of municipal solid waste annually. Equates to 2 kg of trash person / day. Per capita waste has increased 70% since 1960.

8. Summary of definitions (following the above listed laws):  Municipal Waste (law 38): All wastes, solid and/or liquid resulting from population, residential and non residential buildings, as well as transport vehicles. Special waste: Special waste is considered as waste that has to be disposed separately or at least collected separately from residential waste. Waste Collector (law 38): Any person other than those related to the body/authority responsible for public cleanliness, who collects wastes from the sources listed in the definition above, either for his own account, or on the behalf of a contractor, with the purpose of disposal.

9. Contractor (law 38):  Any body delegated by the authority responsible for public cleanliness to collect and transport wastes generated as listed above in bullet point 1 Waste Management (law 4):    The processes of collection, transport, recycling and disposal of wastes Waste Disposal (law4): The processes not resulting in recovery, reuse or recycling of wastes, such as land filling, deep well injection, disposal in surface waster bodies, Physico -chemical treatments, permanent storage or incineration.  Waste Recycling (law4):  The processes resulting in recovery, reuse or recycling of wastes, such as use a fuel, metal recovery, organic material recovery, soil remediation, recovery of used oils.

10. 11 Classification of Wastes according to their Effects on Human Health and the Environment Hazardous wastes Substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically that are shipped, transported to or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal in, or in transit through, any part of the territory of the Philippines Non-hazardous Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically that are shipped, transported to or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal in, or in transit through, any part of the territory of the Philippines

11. 12 Sources of Wastes Households Commerce and Industry

12. 13 Sources of Wastes Agriculture Fisheries

13. Sources and classification     Solid waste is a source of pollution that comes in importance after water Pollution and air pollution. Sources of solid wastes in a community are, in general, related to land use and zoning. The principal sources of solid waste are domestic (Residential), commercial, industrial, and agricultural activities. Although any number of source classifications can be developed, the following categories are the most important:                               (1)  Residential, Commercial, Institutional.                               (2)  Industrial.                               (3)  Agricultural.                               (4)  Hazardous waste  

14.   Solid wastes are classified as: Garbage: it is produced during the preparation of meat, fruit, and vegetables. Rubbish: it is combustible or non- combustible solid waste. Combustible wastes include paper, wood, scrap, rubber and leather. Non- combustible wastes include metals, glass,ceramics etc. Pathological wastes: like dead animals and human waste. Industrial wastes: Chemicals, paints metal ore processing, sludge and flyash . Agricultural wastes: Farm animal and crop residues.

15. Solid waste management: Solid waste management may be defined as the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is accord with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental considerations, and that is also responsive to public attitudes. The first objective of solid waste management is to remove discarded materials from inhabited places in a timely manner to prevent the spread of diseases, to minimize the likelihood of fires, and to reduce aesthetic insults arising from putrefying organic matter.

16. Functional Elements of a Waste Management System: The activities involved in the solid waste management have grouped into six functional  elements: 1-   Waste generation. 2-   On-site handling, storage and processing. 3-   Collection. 4-   Transfer and transport. 5-   Processing and recovery. 6-   Disposal.    The interrelationship between the functional elements is shown in Fig. (1)

17. Solid waste generation: Solid wastes include all solid or semisolid material that has no longer considered of sufficient value to be retained. Estimation of solid waste quantities: The quantity and general composition of the waste material that is generated is of critical importance in the design and operation of solid waste management. The load-count Analysis: In this method the quantity and composition of solid wastes are determined by recording the estimated volume and general composition of each load of waste delivered to a landfill or transfer station during a specified period of time. The total mass and mass distribution by composition is determined using average density data for each waste category (table 1).

18. Mass volume analysis is another method that is similar to the above method with the added feature that the mass of each load is also recorded. Unless the density of each waste category is determined separately, the mass distribution by composition must be derived using average density values Mass volume analysis is another method that is similar to the above method with the added feature that the mass of each load is also recorded. Unless the density of each waste category is determined separately, the mass distribution by composition must be derived using average density values The factors that influence generation rate of municipal wastes include: geographic location, season of the year, collection frequency, use of kitchen waste grinders, characteristics of populace, extent of salvaging and recycling, public attitude and legislation.

19. On-site handling:   On-site handling refers to the activities associated with the handling of solid wastes until they are placed in the containers used for their storage before collection. It may also be required to move loaded containers to the collection point and to return the empty containers to the point where they are stored between collections. On-site storage:  The factors that mast be considered in the on-site storage of solid wastes include 1- Type of containers. 2- The container location. 3- Public health and aesthetics. 4- The collection method.    Containers:   There are different types and capacities of containers commonly used for on-site storage of solid wastes. But because of increasing costs (labor, workers compensation, fuel and equipment costs) there is a strong movement toward the use of large containers that can be emptied mechanically using a vehicle equipped with an articulated pick-up mechanism.

20. Container locations: In newer residential areas, containers are placed by the side or rear of the house. Fig. (2) In old residential areas containers are placed in alleys. In high rise apartments storage containers are located in a basement or ground-floor service area.   Fig. (2): Typical storage location for on-site containers for an apartment complex     processing of solid wastes: On-site On site processing methods are used to recover usable materials from solid wastes, to reduce its volume or to alter its physical form. The most common on site processing operations include manual sorting, compaction and incineration.

21.   3-Collection solid wastes:      Information of collection is presented in four parts: 1-     The types of collection services. 2-     The types of collection systems. 3-     An analysis of collection system. 4-     The general methodology involved in setting up collection routs.     3-1  Collection services:  For municipal solid wastes, the most common collection services are curb, alley and backyard collection. In future the use of large container that emptied mechanically by using a vehicle equipped with an articulated pickup mechanism will be the most common method.  The collection services provided to large apartment buildings, residential complexes, commercial and industrial activities typically in centered around the use of large movable and stationary containers and large stationary compactors. Compactors are of the type that can be used to compress material directly into large containers or to form bales that are then placed in large containers.

22. Types of collection systems :  Based on the mode of operation, collection systems are classified into two categories: Hauled- container system (HCS). Stationary container system (SCS). Hauled- container systems (HCS): It is the collection systems in which the containers used for the storage wastes are hauled to the processing, transfer or disposal site, emptied and returned to the original point or to some other location.  There are two types of hauled container system: 1) tilt -frame container, 2) trash-trailer. Tilt-frame hauled container system has become widespread because of large volume that can be hauled but trash trailer is better for the collection of especially heavy rubbish. The application of both tilt -frame container and trash-trailer are similar, where, the collector is responsible for driving the vehicles, loading full containers, and unloading empty containers, and emptying the contents of the container at the disposal site.

23. Stationary container systems (SCS): It is the collection systems in which the containers used for the storage of wastes remain at the point of waste generation except when moved for collection. There are two types of stationary container systems: 1) self-loading collection vehicles equipped with compactors. 2) Manually loaded vehicles. Trips to the disposal site, transfer station or processing station are made after the content of the collection vehicle is full. Examples of typical collection vehicles are shown in fig. (3).   Fig. (3): Various trucks for municipal solid waste and recyclable collection

24. The operational tasks for the hauled container and stationary container systems are shown schematically in Fig (4).

25. Figure (4): Definition sketch for waste collection systems

26. Analysis of collection system: By separating the collection activities into unit operations, it is possible to develop design data and relationships that can be used to establish vehicles and labor requirements for the various collection systems. The activities involved in the collection of solid wastes can be resolved into four unit operations: pick-up, haul, at-site, and off-routs. So, the time required per trip, which also correspond to the time required per container, is equal to the sum of pick-up, at-site and haul times.

27. Collection routs:       Once the equipments and labor requirements have been determined, collection rout must be laid out to use the work force and the equipments effectively. The lay out of the collection routs are a four-step processes.   First : prepare location maps with the data of the pick-up points, their locations, number of containers, collection frequency, if SCS system is used, and the estimated quantity of wastes to be collected at each pick-up collection. Second: Prepare data summaries; estimate the quantity of wastes to be collected from pick-up location. If SCS system is used, the number of locations that will be serviced during each pick-up cycle must be determined. Third: Lay-out preliminary collection routes starting from the dispatch station and ending at a location near to the disposal site. Fourth: Develop balance routes. Determine the labor requirements per day and check against the available work times per day.  

28. Transfer and Transport:  -    Transfer and transport refers to the mean, facilities, and appurtenances used to affect the   transfer of wastes from one location to another .   -Small collection vehicles are transferred to larger vehicles that are used to transport the    waste over extended distances to disposal sites.    -  It is very important to calculate the traveling period between the collection areas to the final     disposal area.    -  Depending on the method used to load the transport vehicles, transfer station may be classified into three types:    Direct Discharge: The wastes in the collection vehicles are emptied directly into the vehicle to be used to transport them to a place of final disposal area. Used normally in the small communities.

29. Storage Discharge: the wastes are emptied into storage area from which they are loaded into transport vehicles by auxiliary equipments. Then will be transfer to the final disposal sites. It is useful for the large communities. Combined of storage and direct Discharge: in some transfer station both methods are used to serve a broad range of users. In addition, it houses a material salvage operation.      -  Health, safety, and environmental requirements are needed in the transportation of solid waste.

30. 4. Collections and Storage of MSW In India most of the urban areas are lacking in MSW storage at the source, significantly. For both decomposable and non-decomposable waste common bins are used to collect the waste without any segregation, and disposed off at a community disposal centre. Two types of storage bins are used- movable bins and fixed bins. The fixed bins are more durable but their positions cannot be changed once they have been constructed, while the movable bins are flexible in transportation but lacking in durability . Collection of MSW is the responsibility of corporations/municipalities. In most of the cities the predominant system of collection (through the communal bins) at various points along the roads, and sometimes this leads to the creation of unauthorized open collection points.

31. House-to-house collection is just starting in many megacities such as Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Madras and Hyderabad with the help of NGOs. Some urban areas are using the welfare associations, on specified monthly payment, to arrange collection. Private contractors for secondary transportation from the communal bins or collection points to the disposal sites, have been employed by many municipalities while other haveemployed NGOs and citizen’s committees to supervise segregation and collection from the generation source to collection points located at intermediate points between sources and dumpsites. The average collection efficiency for MSW in Indian cities and states is about 72%, which shows that the collection efficiency is high in the states, where private contractors and NGOs are employed for the collection and transportation of MSW.

32. Most of the states are unable to provide waste collection services to all cities. In low-income states MSW collection and disposal services are very poor. In these states many practices are often illegal and the people are unwilling or unable to pay for the services. Citizens throw away the waste near or around their houses at different times. It makes the collection and transportation of waste very difficult. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has found that manual collection comprises 50%, while collection using trucks comprises only 49% [23], in a survey of 299 class-I cities in India.

33. Treatments and Disposal of MSW India is facing the lacking of resources or the technical expertise necessary to deal with the disposal of MSW. The disposal method trend adopted in India has been shown in Fig. 11[42]. For the years 2001 and 2005, waste dumps or open burning continue to be the principal method of waste disposal. These methods causes several accidents are continuous source of emission of harmful gases and highly toxic liquid leachate .

34. Composting Composting has a long tradition particularly in rural India [43]. Composting is difficult process because the waste arrives in a mixed form and contains a lot of non-organic material. When mixed waste is composted, the end product is of poor quality. The presence of plastic objects in the waste stream is especially problematic, since these materials do not get recycled or have a secondary market. In the absence of segregation, even the best waste management system or plant will be rendered useless. The first large-scale aerobic composting plant in the country was set up in Mumbai in 1992 to handle 500 t/ day of MSW by Excel Industries Ltd.

35. Recycling:   After source reduction, the recovery of materials for recycling and composting is the next important component of integrated SWM program.   Definition : Resource recovery : means that the materials have not only been removed from the municipal waste stream, but also, purchased by an end user. The materials are recovered or recycled. Recycling include activities such as refilling bottles for reuse and remanufacturing products for resale to consumers but it is better to use  the term recycling only when materials are collected and used as raw materials for new products. The process of recycling includes collecting recyclables, separating them by type, processing them into new forms that are sold to manufacturers, and finally, purchasing and using goods made by reprocessed materials. Example for products that can be recycled and typical applications of the raw materials that are so produced, are illustrated in fig. (5)

36. Fig (5): Recyclable in the waste stream (Source: U.S. EPA, 1989)

37. The goals of M.S.W.M can be summarized as follows: -To protect environmental health. -To promote the quality of the urban environment. -To support the efficiency and productivity of the economy. -To generate employment and income. To achieve the above goals, it is necessary to establish sustainable system of S.W.M. The principal of sustainable waste management strategies are to: -         Minimize waste generation. -         Maximize waste recycling and reuse. -         Ensure the safe and environmentally sound disposal of waste.