2.1.-Plant-and-Animal-REPRODUCTION.pptx nd its funutions

plant and animal reproduction

1. Do This Write on the board words/phrases that differentiates animals from plants.

2. Where each word belong? Words will be posted and you have to identify to where it belongs? Plants or Animals?

3. pollination PLANTS

4. ZYGOTE ANIMALS

5. GONADS ANIMALS

6. SEED PLANTS

7. STAMEN & CARPELS PLANTS

8. PLANTS Pollination Seed Stamens Carpels ANIMALS Zygote Gonads

9. Plant & animal reproduction

10. STEM_BIO11/12-IVa-h-1 Compare and contrast the following processes in plants and animals: reproduction, development, nutrition, gas exchange, transport/circulation, regulation of body fluids, chemical and nervous control, immune systems, and sensory and motor mechanisms

11. STEM_BIO11/12-IVa-h-1 Compare and contrast the following processes in plants and animals: reproduction, development, nutrition, gas exchange, transport/circulation, regulation of body fluids, chemical and nervous control, immune systems, and sensory and motor mechanisms

12. At the end of the lesson, learners shall be able to: K – differentiate the two modes of plant and animal reproduction (asexual and sexual) S – list down the parts of the reproductive organs of plants and animals A – recognize the advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction in plants and animals

13. PLANT REPRODUCTION The propagation of flowering plants by sexual and asexual reproduction forms the basis of agriculture.

14. PLANT REPRODUCTION The propagation of flowering plants by sexual and asexual reproduction forms the basis of agriculture.

15. FLOWER STRUCTURE Flowers , the reproductive shoots of the angiosperm sporophyte , are typically composed of four whorls of highly modified leaves called floral organs , which are separated by very short internodes. They are called determinate shoots , meaning that they stop growing after the flower and fruit are formed .

16. FLORAL ORGANS The floral organs – sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels (pistils) – are attached to a part of the stem called the receptacle .

17. FLORAL ORGANS Stamens and carpels are reproductive organs Sepals and Petals are sterile

18. FLORAL ORGANS Sepals – enclose and protect the floral bud before it opens, are usually green and more leaflike in appearance than the other floral organs.

19. FLORAL ORGANS Petals – more brightly colored than sepals and attract the flower to insects and other pollinators

20. FLORAL ORGANS Stamen consists of a stalk called the filament and a terminal structure called the anther ; within the anther are chambers called pollen sacs , in which pollen is produced.

21. FLORAL ORGANS Carpel has an ovary at its base and a long, slender neck called the style . At the top of the style is the sticky structure called the stigma that serves as a landing platform for pollen

22. FLORAL ORGANS Within the ovary are one or more ovules , with the number depending on the species. The term pistil is sometimes used to refer to a single carpel or to group of fused carpels .

23. FLOWER STRUCTURE Flowers are typically composed of four whorls of highly modified leaves called floral organs. Sepals Petals Stamens Carpels

24. Types of flowers based on the presence of the whorls: Complete - is a plant biology term that is used to describe a flower that is built with four parts which include the sepals, petals, carpels, and stamens. Incomplete - if any of the sepals, petals, carpels, and stamens, which are integral in forming a flower, is missing, a flower is called an incomplete flower.

25. Types of flowers based on the presence of the reproductive whorls: Perfect/Bisexual – is one in which both male and female reproductive structures are present. Both androecium (whorl of stamens) and gynoecium (whorl of carpels or pistil) are located on the same flower. Example: Roses Imperfect/Unisexual – flower that does not have both male and female structures. Examples: squashes, cucumbers, corn, and grasses staminate flower (male) carpellate/pistillate flower (female)

26. GAMETOPHYTE DEVELOPMENT Anthers and ovules bear sporangia , structures where spores are produced by meiosis and gametophytes develop . Pollen grains, each consisting of a mature male gametophyte surrounded by a spore wall, are formed within pollen sacs (microsporangia) of anthers . An egg-producing female gametophyte , or embryo sac, forms within each ovule .

27. POLLINATION In angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma . If pollination is successful , a pollen grain produces a structure called a pollen tube , which grows and digests its way down into the ovary via the style and discharges sperm in the vicinity of the embryo sac , resulting in fertilization of the egg . The zygote gives rise to an embryo , and as the embryo grows , the ovule that contains it develops into a seed .

28. POLLINATION The entire ovary , meanwhile, develops into a fruit containing one or more seeds, depending on the species. Fruits , which disperse by dropping to the ground or being carried by wind or animals, help spread seeds some distance from their source plants. When light, soil, and temperature conditions are suitable, seeds germinate and the embryo carried in the seed grows and develops into a seedling .

29. POLLINATION The entire ovary , meanwhile, develops into a fruit containing one or more seeds, depending on the species. Fruits , which disperse by dropping to the ground or being carried by wind or animals, help spread seeds some distance from their source plants. When light, soil, and temperature conditions are suitable, seeds germinate and the embryo carried in the seed grows and develops into a seedling .

30. DOUBLE FERTILIZATION

31. DOUBLE FERTILIZATION

32. DOUBLE FERTILIZATION

33. from OVULE to SEED After double fertilization , each ovule develops into a seed , and the ovary develops into a fruit enclosing the seed (s). As the embryo develops from the zygote , the seed stockpiles proteins, oils, and starch to varying extents, depending on the species. This is why seeds are such major sugar sinks. Initially, these nutrients are stored in the endosperm, but later in seed development in many species.

34. from OVARY to FRUIT While the seeds are developing from ovules, the ovary of the flower is developing into a fruit , which protects the enclosed seeds and, when mature, aids in their dispersal by wind or animals. Fertilization triggers hormonal changes that cause the ovary to begin its transformation into a fruit . If the flower has not been pollinated , fruit usually does not develop , and the entire flower withers and falls away.

35. ANIMAL REPRODUCTION Just like the plants, animals reproduce with two principal modes : asexual (without sex) and sexual (fusion of gametes) reproduction. Asexual reproduction is the creation of new individuals whose genes all come from one parent without the fusion of egg and sperm. Sexual reproduction is the creation of offspring by the fusion of haploid gametes to form a zygote (fertilized egg), which is diploid.

36. ANIMAL REPRODUCTION The female gamete , the unfertilized egg (also called an ovum), is a relatively large cell and not motile. The male gamete , the sperm , is generally a much smaller, motile cell.

37. ASEXUAL Reproduction Four Mechanisms:

38. SEXUAL Reproduction Two Mechanisms:

39. Reproductive Variations Some animals show unique and tremendous diversity in their methods of reproduction. Even members of the same class may differ markedly in their reproductive process.

40. Reproductive Variations Metagenesis – also known as ‘transformation development’ , refers to an alternation of asexual and sexual generations . Example: hydrozoan Obelia, a polyp generation gives rise by budding to a generation of medusas. The motile medusas produce gametes and reproduce sexually, giving rise to new generation of polyps. Thus, there is alternation of generations – polyp, medusa, polyp, medusa, and so on. Both generations consist of diploid organisms.

41. Reproductive Variations Metagenesis

42. Reproductive Variations Parthenogenesis – also known as ‘virgin development’ , is a form of reproduction in which an unfertilized egg develops into an adult animal . This occurs for several generations, after which males develop, produce sperm, and mate with females to fertilize their eggs. In some species, parthenogenesis is advantageous in maintaining social order; in others, it appears to be an adaptation for survival in times of stressor when there is a serious decrease in population.

43. Reproductive Variations Parthenogenesis Example: Honeybees. The queen honeybee is inseminated by a male during the “nuptial flight”. The sperm she receives are stored in a little pouch connected with her genital tract but closed off by a muscular valve. As the queen lays eggs, she can either open this valve, permitting the sperm to escape and fertilize the eggs, or keep the valve closed, so that the eggs develop without fertilization. Generally, fertilization occurs in the fall, and the fertilized eggs are quiescent during the winter. The fertilized eggs become females (queens and workers); the unfertilized eggs become males (drones).

44. Reproductive Variations Hermaphroditism – means that a single organism produces both eggs and sperm . Although this form of reproduction is still classified as sexual, (since both eggs and sperms are involved), it is an exception to the important generalization that sexual reproduction involves two different individuals.

45. Reproductive Variations Hermaphroditism Example: Earthworm. Most hermaphrodites do not reproduce by self- fertilization. Rather, as in earthworms, two animals copulate, and each inseminates the other.

46. Human Reproduction

47. Female Reproductive Organs Ovaries – Produce both the egg cell and the sex hormones. Enclosed in a tough protective capsule and contains many follicles. Egg cell is expelled from the follicle in the process of ovulation.

48. Female Reproductive Organs Oviducts & Uterus – Egg cell is released into the abdominal activity near the opening of the oviduct, or fallopian tube. The uterus is a thick, muscular organ that can expand during pregnancy to accommodate a fetus.

49. Female Reproductive Organs Oviducts & Uterus – The inner lining of the uterus, the endometrium , is richly supplied with blood vessels. The neck of the uterus is the cervix , which opens into the vagina .

50. Female Reproductive Organs Vagina – a thin-walled chamber that is the repository for sperm during copulation and that serves as the birth canal through which a baby is born.

51. Female Reproductive Organs Vulva – is a collective term for the external female genitalia. Vestibule, labia minora, labia majora, clitoris, and Bartholin’s glands are all located in this area having their special functions.

52. Male Reproductive Organs Testes – consist of many highly coiled tubes (seminiferous tubules – where sperm form) surrounded by several layers of connective tissue.

53. Male Reproductive Organs Testes – The Leydig cells that are scattered between the seminiferous tubules produce testosterone and other androgens.

54. Male Reproductive Organs Testes – The production of normal `sperm cannot occur at the normal body temperatures of most mammals, and the testes of humans and many other mammals are held outside the abdominal cavity in the scrotum.

55. Male Reproductive Organs Ducts – from seminiferous tubules, the sperm pass into the epididymis. During ejaculation, the sperm are propelled from the epididymis through the muscular vas deferens.

56. Male Reproductive Organs Ducts – These two ducts (one from each epididymis) run from the scrotum around and behind the urinary bladder, where each joins a duct from the seminal vesicle, forming a short ejaculatory duct.

57. Male Reproductive Organs Ducts – The ejaculatory ducts open into the urethra, the tube that drains both the excretory system and reproductive system of male. The urethra runs through the penis and opens to the outside at the tip of the penis.

58. Male Reproductive Organs Glands – three sets of accessory glands – the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands – add secretions to the semen, the fluid that is ejaculated.

59. Male Reproductive Organs Semen – males usually ejaculates 2-5 ml of semen, and each milliliter may contain 50-130 million of sperm.

60. Male Reproductive Organs Semen – Prostaglandins in the semen cause thinning of the mucus at the opening of the uterus and stimulate contractions of the uterine muscles, which help semen move up to the uterus.

61. Male Reproductive Organs Penis – is composed of three cylinders of spongy erectile tissue derived from modified veins and capillaries. During sexual arousal, the erectile tissue fills with blood from the arteries.

62. Male Reproductive Organs Penis – As this tissue fills, the increasing pressure seals off the veins that drain the penis, causing it to engorge with blood. The resulting erection is essential to insertion of the penis into the vagina.

63. Reproductive Organs Mammary Glands – present in both sexes but normally function only in women. They are not part of the reproductive system but are important to mammalian reproduction. Within the glands, small sacs of epithelial tissue secrete milk which drains into a series of ducts opening at the nipple.

64. Analysis: Why is it that animals and plants have different way of reproducing? How is this difference important to these organisms?

65. Quiz (in your quiz notebook)

66. Quiz (in your quiz notebook)

67. Quiz (in your quiz notebook)

68. OUTPUT: (by group) In a 1/8 illustration board, make a model of a flower structure. You can choose a flower of your own, just make sure that your chosen flower is different from the other group.

69. OUTPUT: (by group) In your model, you have to label the parts of that flower. Then, you have to identify the type of flower is that *based on the presence of whorls and *based on the presence of reproductive whorls.

70. OUTPUT: (by group) You have to cover your output with an acetate. Rubrics: Originality of the flower – 20 pts. Labelling – 25 pts. Creativity – 5 pts. TOTAL – 50 pts.

71. questions?