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pharma

1. Principle Of Pharmacology

2. PHARMACOLOGY: (Greek “ Pharmacon ” – drug, “logos” - teaching) The science that studies the interaction of the chemical substances with live organisms, drugs administration for treatment and prophylaxis of various diseases and pathological processes:

3. Basic term; Drug : any chemical that can affect living processes Clinical Pharmacology: study of drugs in humans (patient and volunteers) Therapeutics: use of drugs to diagnose, prevent and treat illness ,

4. Pharmacodynamics: the study of the biochemical and physical effect of drugs and the mechanisms of drug actions in living organisms. Pharmacokinetics: deals with handling of drugs by the body (refers to the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drug in a living organism.

5. Toxicology: represents the study of undesirable effects of drugs in living organisms. Pharmacognosy : deals with natural drugs (that is-plants, animals or minerals and their products Receptors – the places where drugs bind to tissue Affinity: is the ability of the drug to form a combinationwith the receptor.

6. Efficacy : is the ability of the drug to produce a response. Agonists : is a drug that has affinity and efficacy. Antagonists : is a drug that has affinity without efficacy. Partial agonists: is a drug that has affinity and some efficacy . Additive effect : when the combined effect of two drugs is the sum of individual action

7. Drug dependence: is a state arising from repeated or continuous administration of drugs Tolerance: It develops when the dose is increased to get the effect of a previously administrated smaller dose Drug allergy: is immunological reaction to a drug Drug interaction: occur when administration of one drug before or after alter effect of one or both drug

8. Drug misuse: Is the improper use of common medications Half-life: Is the time needed for elimination of 50% of the drug concentration in the plasma. Plasma half-life (t1/2) & steady state concentration: The steady state concentration is occurred when the drug absorption is equal drug elimination from body

9. Factors affecting t1/2 Rate of excretion (inversely proportional, short t1/2) Rate of metabolism (inversely proportional, short t1/2) Storage of drugs in tissues (longer t1/2) Protein binding (longer t1/2)

10. Drug : small molecules that when introduced into the body, it alters the body’s function by interaction with the molecula of thre cells.

11. Characteristic of drugs: 3 essential points are important in drugs 1-Molecular Shape: The drugs interact with specific sites within the target tissue called receptors.so the shape should be fit with receptor 2-Molecular size: The majority of drugs have molecular weight range from 100 to 1000 which enables them for convenient administration and efficient absorption and distribution. 3-Chemical nature: drugs are either highly active or inert. Many drugs are either weak acids or weak bases.

12. Names of Drugs: Official (scientific)name Chemical name. Trade mark or brand name

13. Medical mistakes in clinics Overdosing Administration of drugs to patients with allergy Mixing up names of the drugs

14. ONSET – the period between the moment of drug introduction to the organism and the beginning of its action DURATION OF DRUG ACTION – the period then specific effects of the drug are maintained WIDENESS of therapeutic action (therapeutic window) – the distance between minimum therapeutic and minimum toxic doses of drug

15. SOURCES OF DRUGS: Plant Origin; Belladonna ( Atropa belladonna): Atropine group. Animal Sources: From Human Being. From Microorganisms ex Penicillin from (Fungus).

16. Therapeutic Index (TI) : ratio between the lethal dose and effective dose Lethal Dose (LD): the dose of a drug at which it is lethal in 50% of laboratory animals tested Effective Dose (ED): the dose of a drug which is therapeutically effective in 50% of laboratory animals tested