2. An Overview of Health Psychology.pptx

Health Psychology and Details

1. An Overview of Health Psychology Sarafino , E. P., & Smith, T. W. (2012). Health Psychology: Biopsychosocial interactions. Asia: John Wiley & Sons.

2. What is health State of feeling well and not being sick.

3. Illness and wellness continuum Health and sickness are not entirely separate concepts, they are overlap. Health means a positive state of physical, mental, and social well being; not simply the absence of injury or disease, that varies over time along a continuum. At the other end of continuum, the dominant state is illness or injury, in which destructive processes produce characteristic signs, symptoms, or disabilities.

4. Illness today and in the past During 17 th , 18 th , and 19 th century, there were two types of illness. Dietary diseases results from malnutrition, for example, beriberi is caused by lack of vitamin B1 and is characterized by anemia and paralysis . Infectious diseases are acute illnesses caused by harmful matter or microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses in the body. In most of the world today, infectious diseases continue be the main cause of health.

5. Early cultures Physical and mental illness are caused by mystical forces, such as evil spirits. Researchers found ancient skulls in several areas of the world with coin-size circular holes in them that could not have been battle wounds. These were probably made with sharp stone tools in procedure called Trephination.

6. Ancient Greece and Rome The philosophers of ancient Greece produced the earliest written ideas about physiology, disease processes, and the mind. Hippocrates (the father of medicine) proposed humoral theory of illness. According to the theory, the body contains four fluids called humors. When the mixture of these humors is harmonious or balanced, we are in state of health. Disease occurs when the mixture is faulty. Hippocrates recommended eating a good diet and avoiding excesses to help achieve humoral balance.

7. Plato was the first to propose that the mind and body are separate entities. Galen believed in humoral theory and mind/body split, he made many innovation. Illnesses can be localized, with pathology in specific parts of the body, and that different diseases have different effects.

8. The middle ages The influence of the Church in slowing the development of medical knowledge during the middle ages was enormous. People’s ideas about the cause of illness took on pronounced religious overtones, and the belief in demons became strong again. Sickness was seen as God’s punishment for doing evil things, Church came to control practice of medicine and priests became involving in treating the ill, often by torturing the body to drive out evil spirits.

9. Thomas Aquinas rejected the view that the mind and body are separate and saw them as interrelated.

10. The renaissance and after Rene Discartes had greatest influence on scientific thought. He considered body and mind as separate entities like Greeks, but gave three important innovations. Body as a machine Mind and body although separate could communicate Animal had no soul and human’s soul leaves the body at death.

11. In 18 th and 19 th centuries knowledge in science and medicine grow quickly, helped greatly by improvement in the microscope and the use of dissection in autopsies.

12. Biomedical model All diseases or physical processes can be explained by disturbances in physiological processes, which result from injury, biochemical imbalances, bacterial or viral infections. It assumes that disease is an affliction of the body and is separate from the psychological and social processes of the mind.

13. Seeing a need: Psychology’s role in health Problems in health care system The person in health and illness Lifestyle and illness Personality and illness

14. How the role of psychology emerged? Freud claimed that some patients showed physical symptoms with no detectable organic disorder. These symptoms converted from unconscious emotional conflicts (conversion hysteria)

15. Psychosomatic medicine Psychosomatic means that the mind and body are both involved.

16. Behavioral medicine and health psychology Two new fields emerged in the 1970s to study the role of psychology and illness. Behavioral medicine Health psychology

17. Behavioral medicine The field of behavioral medicine formed an organization called the Society of Behavioral Medicine. This field has two defining characteristics. Interdisciplinary, coming from wide variety of fields, including psychology, sociology, and various areas of medicine. It grew out of the perspective in psychology called behaviorism which proposes that people’s behavior results from two types of learning (classical and operant conditioning)

18. Health psychology The division of health psychology was introduced in 1978 in American Psychological Association.

19. Goals of health psychology To promote and maintain health To prevent and treat illness To identify the causes and diagnostic correlates of health, illness, and related dysfunction To identify heath care systems and health policy

20. Health psychology as a profession Health psychologist can work in clinics, hospitals, academic departments of colleges and universities. The direct help health psychologist provide is patient’s psychological adjustment to and management of health problems. Indirect help could be through the researches on different areas which are important for health and illness.

21. Current perspective on health and illness BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL

22. Relating health psychology to other science fields Health psychology is greatly enriched by information from many other principles, Psychology (clinical and social areas) Medicine (psychiatrics and pediatrics) Allied field (nursing, nutrition, pharmacology, biology, and social work)

23. Related fields Epidemiology, the scientific study of the distribution and frequency of the disease and injury (mortality, morbidity, prevalence, incidence, epidemic) Public health, field concerned with protecting, maintaining, and improving health through organized effort in the community. Sociology, focuses on human’s social life (medical sociology) Anthropology, study of the human cultures (medical anthroplogy )