2. Classification and importance of leguminous crops

Classes and importance of leguminous crops

1. ClassificationofLegumes

2. Legumes(Pulses)
•Latinword“legere”=togather
•familyLeguminosae(Fabaceae)
•consistof :
-750genera
-19,000speciesofherbs,shrubs,
trees,andclimbers

3. •Four(4)subfamilies:
▫Papilionoideae
▫Caesalpinoideae
▫Mimosaideae
▫Zwartzioideae(smallsubfamilyofabout
80speciesandrelativelyunimportant
economically)

4. 3 Subfamilies:
Mimosaceae
Caesalpiniaceae
Papilionoidae

5. Characteristics
a)pod-bearingplants;

6. b)Dicots–leafveinsarenetted;

7. •leavesdividedintoleaflets
trifoliate
pinnate

8. Leafshapes&arrangements

9. 1.oblong;
2.cuneate;
3.cordate;
4.linear;
5.lanceolate;
6.ovate;
7.oval
Fig.Differentleafshapesoflegumes

10. 8.bi-pinnate;
9.pinnate;
10.palmate;
11.simple;
12.trifoliate;
Fig.Differentleafshapesoflegumes

11. 13.branchofPisum
showing(a) five-
branchedtendriland
(b)stipule;
14.(c)bi-pinnateleaf
showingpositionof
pulvinus;
15.Acacia seedling
showing(d)simple
phyllodes, and(e)true
compoundleaves
Fig. .Someleaf arrangementsoflegumes

12. c)havenodulesonroots;
soybean

13. •Butnotallproducenodules
Ex. Subfamiliesof: Caesalpinia,Cassia,
andBauhinia
•Highestincidenceofnodulationappearsin
PapilionoideaefollowedbyMimosoideae

14. Bauhiniasp

15. c)Distinctiveflowers
and pods
-Flowersarebilaterally
symmetrical
-Seedsrichinoil(up
to50%)and protein
(e.g.15-50%)

16. •Bestidentifiedby theirreproductivestructures
1.frontviewofflowerofPisum sativum
(pea);
2.petalsofP.sativum;
3.flowerofPsophocarpustetragonolobus
(wingedbean);
4.flowerofP.tetragonolobusin
longitudinal section.a-posterioror
standardpetal;b-lateral petal;c-keel
petals(carina); d-sepals;e-stigma;
f-style;g-anther;h-filament;i-ovarywall;
jovule
Figure 2-1.SubfamilyPapilionoideae

17. Legume–Papilionoidflower

18. Legume–Papilionoidflower
Bannerpetal

19. Legume–Papilionoidflower
Bannerpetal
wing

20. Legume–Papilionoidflower
Bannerpetal
keel
wing

21. Legume–Papilionoidflower
Bannerpetal
keel
wing
Stamens:9+ 1

22. Legume–Papilionoidflower
Bannerpetal
keel
wing
Stamens:9+ 1

23. Figure_.SubfamilyCaesalpinoideae.
1.budofCassiasp.;
2.flowerofCassiasp.;
3.longitudinalsection ofDelonixregia
(FlameoftheForestorPoinciana)
a-petal;
c-stigma;
e-filament;
b-sepal;
d-style;
f-anther;
g-antherofstaminoid;
h-posteriororstandard petal;
i-ovarywall;
jovule.

24. Delonixregia
Cassiaacutifolia
Cassiaalata(Akapulko/asunting)

25. Figure_.SubfamilyMimosoideae
1.FloretofAdenanthera pavonina;
2.inflorescence(globosehead)of
Leucaenaleucocephalainlongitudinal
sectionshowingarrangementofflorets
ontorus;
3.floretofL.leucocephala(sideview);
4.(topview).a-petal;
b-sepal;c-stigma;d-anther;
e-filament;f-style;g-ovary

26. 1.Strongylodonlucidus;
2.Tamarindusindica;
3.Acaciafarnesiana;
4.Parkinsoniaaculeata;
5.Prosopispallida;
6.Lablabpurpureus;
7.Pisum sativum;
8.Psophocarpustetragonolobus;
9.Arachishypogaea;
10.Cicer arietinum;
11.Leucaenaleucocephala
Figure_.Legumepods

28. Legumeexamples
Foods
▫Peanuts
▫Mungbean
▫Soybeans
▫Cowpeas
▫Wingedbean
▫Peas
▫kidneybeans
▫greenbeans
▫favabeans
▫limabeans
▫chick-peas(Garbanzo
beans)
▫black-eyedpeas
▫lentils
Forage
▫alfalfa
▫redclover
▫whiteclover
▫sweetclovers
▫vetches
Trees
•Ipil-ipil
•madrede cacao
•Acasia
•narra

29. Peanuts

30. Adjukibean,Phaseolusmungo

31. soybean

32. Beans,Beans,Beans
variedinseed
sizeandcolor
Kidneybean Blackbean Pintobean

33. Kidneybeans

34. lentils

35. Cowpea (VignaunguiculataL.)

36. peas

37. FavaBeans

38. Limabeans

39. GrainLegumes
Vignaumbellata–Ricebean-Tahuri

40. Mungbean–Vignaradiata.Wilzeck

41. Tamarindus
indica,
tamarind

42. Importantuses:
•Humanfood
•Animalfeed
•Fuelwood
•Soilimprovingcomponentsofagricultural
&agroforestrysystems
▫Intercrop
▫Rotationcrop
▫Relaycrop

43. ▫Trapcrop
▫Greenmanurecrop
▫Covercrop
▫Hedgerowcrop
▫SustainsoilfertilitybecauseofitsN-
fixingability

44. Soybeanproducts

45. Nutritionalvalue
•Legumesrichinprotein(20-30%)N
•containsomefatsbutusuallyless
starchesthancerealgrains
•Hasmoreaminoacidcomposition
whichdifferfromcerealgrains

46. Nutritionalvalue
•Highfiberlevels
•Isoflavones–lowercholesterollevels
•Seedsofalmostalllegumesaretoxicif
eatenuncookedduetoproteinsor
peptidesthatinhibitdigestiveenzymes
(Alkaloids,cyanogens)

47. APoisonousLegume
Abrusprecatorius–PrecatoryBean
Abrin–toxin,oneofmost
toxicsubstancesknown
1crushedseedcanbe
fatalifingested

48. feeds

49. Forage Legumes
Alfalfa–Medicagosativa
-kingofforagecrops
beingassociatedwith
horsehusbandry
Clovers–Trifolium
SweetClovers-Melilotus

50. Ipil-ipil
Foragroforesty,fertilizer,
fuel,landscape,&timber
narra

51. Forcroppingsystems
Fig._.Corn-legumeintercropping
Croprotation

52. Importantpoints
•Legumesfixnitrogen
•Legumesrichinprotein
•Legumeseasilystoredandharvested

53. Nitrogenfixation
•Rootsformassociationswithbacteriathat
fixatmosphericnitrogen
•Rhizobiumspeciesliveinrootnodules
•provide“free”fertilizer(N)
•AtmosphericNcan’tbeusedunless
absorbedintheformof:
-nitrate(NO3
-
)or
-ammonium(NH4
+
)

54. •Assignment:
1.ReadNitrogenCycleandNitrogen
FixationinLegumes

55. Mungo-24%protein&richin
vitamins(e.g.thiamine,ascorbicacid
&mineralsaltsesp.calciumand
sodium)
•feeds,ornamentals,timber,fuel,
medicine,greenmanure
•componentsoffarming/cropping
systems
•restoressoilfertility

56. •ConstraintstoFoodLegumeProduction:
1.Social&economicfactors
-poverty,tradition,fashion,socialstatus,
ignoranceorlackofexperience;
-lackofdemand/poorprices;
-onlyasubsidiarycrop(lesspriority)

57. 2. Physicalandbiologicalfactors
-adaptation(growninmarginalareas)
-agronomic/management(lackofavailable
improvedcultivars)
-poorlandpreparation(competitionofweeds)

58. -growing cropatinappropriateseasonofthe
year(especiallyif fittedintocereal-based
croppingsystem
-pestanddiseases
-biologicalN-fixation
-flowersheddingandembryoabscission

59. Characteristics:
1.pod-dehiscent(splitsintotwo)
-indehiscent(calledloments)
-othershavesingleseed
ex.Wingedseedofnarra,dispersedby
wind

60. 2.AbilitytofixNorconvertatmospheric
Nintousableform
-throughsymbioticrelationship
(bet.legumeandbacteria)
-hostspecific

61. Cross
Inoculation
Group
RhizobiumspeciesLegumes
included
Hostgenera
AlfalfagroupR. melitoti Alfalfa/sweet
clover
Medicago/Melilotus
ClovergroupR. trifolii clovers Trifolium
Pea group R. leguminosarum pea Pisum
vetch Vicia
Sweetpea Lathyrus
BeangroupR. phaseoli Beans Phaseolus
LupinegroupR. lupini Lupines Lupinus
Soybean
group
R. japonicum Soybean Glycine
Table .HostspecificityofRhizobium-legumeassociations

62. Cross
Inoculation
Group
Rhizobium
species
Legumes
included
Hostgenera
Cowpea
group
R.sp cowpea Vigna
LespedezaLespedeza
CrotolariaCrotolaria
Kudzu Pueraria
Peanut Arachis
LimabeansPhaseolus

63. •Symbioticrelationshipbetween
macrosymbiont(usuallyalegume)anda
microsymbiont(Rhizobium)
•Nodules–siteofNfixation
Butsomelegumesfailtonodulatedueto:
1.unsuitablecondition
2.absenseofendophyte(microsymbiont)

64. Table_.Legumespeciesandtheamountof
atmosphericNfixed/assimilatedper hectare
LegumeSpeciesAmontofNfixed
(kg/ha/year)
alfalfa 50-350
peas 30-140
peanuts 88
soybean 100
Foragelegume 10-550

65. BiologicalN fixation:
-microbesfixes150-250lbsofN/acre/yr
-Bacteriatrapatm.Nandtransformedto
NH3;
-NH3combineswithorganiccompoundsto
formaminoacidsandproteins;
-InturnplantsuppliesCHOandenergyfor
theirmetabolism

66. •BiologicalNfixationpathway:
N=N(atmosphericN)
nitrogenaseenzyme
+2H
NH=NH(diamide)
+2H
NH2=NH2(hydrazine)
+2H
2NH3(ammonia)
+alpha-ketoglutaricacid
aminoacids
+otheraminoacids
proteins