2.frame

automobile

1. F R A M E

2. CONTENTS Frame Construction of frames Classification of frames Types of frames Frame loads Frame materials

3. FRAME A frame is the main structure of the chassis of a motor vehicle. All other components fasten to it.

4. Construction of a frame

5. Classification of frames Conventional frame I ntegral frame Semi-integral frame

6. Conventional frame

7. Integral (or) unitized frame

8. Semi-integral frame

9. Types of frames Ladder Frame Backbone Frame X-frame Perimeter Frame Platform Frame Unibody (or) Unit body Sub Frame

10. 1.Ladder Frame The ladder frame is the simplest and oldest of all designs. It consists of two symmetrical rails, or beams, and cross member connecting them. Originally seen on almost all vehicles, the ladder frame was gradually phased out on cars around the 1940s and is now seen mainly on trucks. This design offers good beam resistance because of its continuous rails from front to rear, but poor resistance to torsion. Also, the vehicle's overall height will be higher due to the floor pan sitting above the frame instead of inside it

11. 2.Backbone frame Backbone frame is a type of an automobile construction frame that is similar to the body-on-frame design. Instead of a two-dimensional ladder type structure, it consists of a strong tubular backbone (usually rectangular in cross section) that connects the front and rear suspension attachment areas. A body is then placed on this structure.

12. Backbone frame

13. 3.X-frame This is the design used for the full-size American models of General Motors. In which the rails from alongside the engine seemed to cross in the passenger compartment, each continuing to the opposite end of the cross member at the extreme rear of the vehicle. It was specifically chosen to decrease the overall height of the vehicles, and to increase in the space for transmission. The X-frame was claimed to improve on previous designs, but it lacked side rails and thus did not provide adequate side-impact and collision protection. So This design was replaced by perimeter frames.

14. X-frame

15. 4.Perimeter frame Similar to a ladder frame, but the middle sections of the frame rails sit outboard of the front and rear rails. This was done to allow for a lower floor pan, and therefore lower overall vehicle in passenger cars. In addition to the perimeter frame allows lower seating positions when that is desirable, and offers better safety in the event of a side impact. However, the design lacks stiffness, because the transition areas from front to center and center to rear reduce beam and torsional resistance.

16. Perimeter frame

17. 5.Platform Frame This is a modification of the perimeter frame in which the passenger compartment floor and often the luggage compartment floor were permanently attached to the frame, for extra strength. Neither floor pieces were sheet metal straight off the roll, but had been stamped with ridges and hollows for extra strength. This was used by the Germans on the Volkswagen Beetle and the Mercedes-Benz " Ponton " cars of the 1950s and 1960s, where it was called in English-language advertisements as the "frame floor".

18. Platform Frame

19. 6.Unibody In an unibody (also unit body , unitary construction , or unitized construction ) design. the frame and body are constructed as a single unit. This became the preferred construction for mass market automobiles and crossovers especially in the wake of the two energy crises of the 1970s and the mid-2000s oil price increases.

20. 7.Sub frame A subframe is a structural component of a vehicle. Such as an automobile or an aircraft , that uses a separate structure within a larger body-on-frame or unit body to carry certain components, such as the engine , drivetrain, or suspension . The sub frame is bolted and/or welded to the vehicle. When bolted, it is sometimes equipped with rubber bushings or springs to dampen vibration .

21. The principal purposes of using a subframe are, to spread high chassis loads over a wide area of relatively thin sheet metal of a monocoque body shell, and to isolate vibration and harshness from the rest of the body. For example, in an automobile with its power train contained in a subframe, forces generated by the engine and transmission can be damped enough that they will not disturb passengers. As a natural development from a car with a full chassis, separate front and rear subframes are used in modern vehicles to reduce the overall weight and cost.

22. Sub frame

23. VARIOUS LOADS ACTING ON THE FRAME 1. Short duration Load – While crossing a broken patch. 2. Momentary duration Load – While taking a curve. 3. Impact Loads – Due to the collision of the vehicle. 4. Inertia Load – While applying brakes. 5. Static Loads – Loads due to chassis parts. 6. Over Loads – Beyond Design capacity.

24. MATERIALS FOR FRAME