2) INDUS VALLEY civilization or harappan time

about indus valley civilization

1. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
◼ALEXANDER CUNNINGHAM : Director
General of Archaeology first hinted of a
civilization.
◼SIR JOHN MARSHALL : Ordered
excavations on becoming D.G. of Archaeology
◼DAYA RAM SAHNI _ HARAPPA :1921.
◼R.D. BANERJEE -- MOHENJODARO :1922
◼Discovery of a civilization 5000 years old
belonging to Chalcolithic Age (cu & stone )

2. NAME OF THE CIVILIZATION.
◼1. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION.
◼2. HARRAPAN CIVILIZATION.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE
CIVILIZATION.
SIR JOHN MARSHALL : 4000-2500 B.C
MORTIMER WHEELER : 2500-1700 B.C

4. PRINCIPAL PLACES

7. EXTENT
◼This civilization was not limited to Harappa
and Mohenjo-Daro. More than 220 sites have
been discovered and the work is still on. It
embraced the whole of Sind, Punjab, bulk of
Kathiawar, part of coastal region of
Baluchistan, Valleys of North-Western
Frontier and a part of the Gangetic Basin.
From West to East it spread over 1600 Km and
from North to South over 1100 Km.
◼

8. PRINCIPAL PLACES
◼HARAPPA on the banks of R. Ravi in Montgomery district.
◼MOHENJODARO on banks of R. Indus in Larkana district in Sind.
◼CHANHU DARO in Sind.
◼SUTKAGANDOR
◼KOT DIJI
◼KOTLA NIHANG KHAN in Ropar.
◼KALIBANGAN in Rajasthan.
◼ALAMGIRPUR in western U.P.
◼SANGHOL (Ucha Pind ) in Panjab.
◼BANWALI in Hissar.
◼LOTHAL in Gujrat.
◼DHOLAVIRA in Gujrat.
◼SIR MORTIMER WHEELER :’Final expansion of the civilization from
Arabian Sea to Himalayas & from River Indus to River Tapti took place
gradually’
◼

11. Old World Civilizations

12. TOWN PLANNING
◼(A) WELL PLANNED TOWNS.
◼Dr. Mackey :’Indus Valley cities are the
earliest specimens of planned settlements.’
◼1. Citadel & Lower town : To the west of each
town lay the Citadel,an artificial platform 30-
50 feet high. It was fortified & had all
important buildings.Below on the east lay the
Lower Town.

13. Citadel
Of
Mohenjo-Daro

14. AN ARTISTIC CONCEPTION

16. ◼2. ROADS & STREETS : Roads ran from
North to South & streets ran from East to West
cutting each other at right angles & dividing
the town into rectangular blocks.
◼Roads varied from 13 to 33 feet wide.
◼Streets varied from 9 to 12 feet wide.
◼Roads were so aligned that the prevailing
winds would keep them clean.

18. ◼3. DRAINAGE SYSTEM :
◼Drains were made of lime, gypsum & Mortar.
◼Covered with loose stones .
◼Small drains carried dirty water from houses into a main
drain.Larger drains (2.5- 5feet) were made for the rain water.
◼Soakpits were made at regular intervals.
◼Dr. Pusalkar :’’Elaborate drainage system is a unique feature
of I.V.C.”
◼4. EFFICIENT CIVIC ORGANIZATION
◼Cleanliness ;Planning ; Drainage &same building regulations
are proof that some organization controlled their affairs.

20. ◼(B) BUILDINGS : Dr. Pusalkar has divided the
entire buildings into 3 categories.
1.DWELLINGS :No stone buildings, standardized
burnt bricks of good quality were used. Buildings
are more utilitarian than beautiful.
Houses varied in size from two rooms to huge
houses with many rooms.
H ouses had a square courtyard around which the
rooms were built.Entrances to houses were from
side alleys.No windows opened on the
streets.Houses had bathrooms & design shows that
Harappans liked to have bath standing by pouring
pitchers of water over his head. Bathrooms had
proper Drainagesystem.Well ventilated houses.

24. 2) BIG BUILDINGS

◼a) Big Palace at Mohenjodaro: 23O *78 feet.
◼
◼b) Collegiate Building or Assembly Hall at
Mohenjodaro. It has 20 pillars in 4 rows of 5
each.In the centre are low seats & a main seat.

25. c) Great Granary at Harappa.
Situated in the Citadel.Had 2 blocks
having 6 halls each with 5 intervening
corridors. Each hall was divided into
small rooms for storage. Well
ventilated.

26. ◼a) Great Bath at Mohenjodaro.
◼In Citadel.180*108 feet.Verandahs & galleries all
around with rooms.
◼In centre was a swimming pool.39*23*8 feet.
◼It was watertight with proper drainage.A well was the
source of water.Probably used for ritiualistic bathing.
◼ b) Bath at Harappa :39*13*8 feet.
3) PUBLIC BATHS.

28. SOCIAL CONDITION
An Advanced, aware ,urban society.
1.FOOD: Veg & Non veg food. Wheat;
Barley; Rice;vegetables ; fruits; milk
& milk products.Meat, chicken, fish,
pork etc. Dates.
2.DRESS:cotton &wool; sewn;
embroidery; upper &lower garment.
3.FASHION :Hairdressing ,Toilet &
Cosmetics.

29. 4.ORNAMENTS:
men &
women.Gold,
silver,copper,bron
ze,shell &ivory.
Poor-clay, bone
etc. Bangles,
necklaces, rings
etc.

34. 5.AMUSMENTS:Music,dancing,chess,hunting,fishing,bird
fighting,bullfights,gambling,dicing and toys

38. 6. WEAPONS OF WAR:
Peace loving, no defensive weapons
found
7. CONDITION OF
WOMEN:Respectable

39. 8. MEDICINES: Neem, tulsi, etc
9.DISPOSAL OF DEAD: Complete burial,
fractional burial, dead body left in the open
10. KNOWLEDGE OF WRITING: Pictographic
script
11. EDUCATION

40. ECONOMY
1.AGRICULTURE: Wheat, barley, rice, cotton,
vegetables,fruits.Sickles,granary.main occupation
2.DOMESTICATION OF
ANIMALS:Bull,cow,buffalo,sheep,goat,pig
3.INDUSTRIAL ACHIEVEMENTS:
Weavers,dyers,potters,carpenters,goldsmiths
4.TRADE AND COMMERCE:Inland and
abroad.Land routes and sea routes
5.HUNTING AND FISHING:
6.WEIGHTS AND MEASURES:Big and very small
in size

47. RELIGION
WORSHIP OF
MOTHER
GODDESS

49. WORSHIP OF
PASHUPATI[SHIVA]

51. WORSHIP OF TREES AND
ANIMALS

52. BELIEF IN TRANSMIGRATION
OF SOUL

53. WORHSIP OF WATER, FIRE,SUN

54. BELIEF IN
SPELLS,CHARMS,MAGIC ETC

55. DECLINE OF I.V.C
◼FLOODS
◼EARTHQUAKE
◼ARYAN INVASION
◼CHANGE IN RIVER’S
COURSE
◼CLIMATIC CHANGE
◼EPIDEMIC
◼ECOLOGICAL
BALANCE
◼No one factor could be
responsible nor could
the civilization have
disappeared suddenly.
Man & Nature must
have combined to bring
about its end.
◼However the I.V.C. did
not disappear root &
branch & its traces can
be found even today.