2 jacobean literature

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1. Jacobean Literature

2. Jacobean Literature Leading figure  Ben Johnson Middle Age aesthetics Theory of humours  Human behaviours result from 4 humours : blood, phlegm ,black bile and yellow bile Humours correspond with  air, water, fire and earth Therefore, Johnson creates “types”. Stylish satires Volpone (1605 or 1606), The Epicoene (1609) The Alchemist (1610)

3. Jacobean Literature Other important figures  Beaumong and Flether – The Knight of the Burning Pestle (comedy) Made people realize how feudalism and chivalry turned into snobbery and deceit Other popular style  revenge play (tragedy) Popularized by John Webster and Thomas Kyd

4. Jacobean Literature The King James Bible – huge translation project (1604-1611) Standard Bible of the Church of England Led by James I himself with 47 scholars

5. Jacobean Literature Major poets  John Donne, George Herbert Subjects  Christian mysticism and eroticism Extensive use of paradox and oximorons.

6. Movements in literature Metaphysical Poets: John Donne, George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, Henry Vaughan, Andrew Marvell Cavalier Poets: Ben Jonson and his followers (Richard Herrick, Richard Lovelace, Edmund Waller, Sir John Denham). The Sons of Ben. Puritans: Andrew Marvell, John Milton

7. Forms of Literature Theatre: imitators of Shakespeare (Webster, Ford, Middleton, etc.) Variety of comedies and masques by Ben Jonson Theatres closed during the Puritan Revolution Sonnet: gradually goes out of fashion in the Jacobean period; Donne used it for religious purposes, and Milton for political purposes New forms and genres: Heroic couplets, verse satires, essays, biographies

8. John Donne (1572-1631)

9. John Donne ‘Dr. Donne’ ‘The proportion of the world disfigured is.’

10. Donne’s poetics Radical break from Petrarchan tradition: ‘Donne has purged English poetry of pedantic weeds’, he has replaced ‘ servile imitation’ with ‘fresh invention’’ (Carew) Distorts traditional rhythmic and stanza patterns :

11. The Metaphysical school Not a ‘school’: no organised group but strong influence of Donne’s style on a generation of poets before 1660 Not ‘metaphysical’: ‘it is not philosophical poetry in any real sense, although it uses the concepts and vocabulary of philosophy’ Main features: colloquial language; the poem takes the form of a philosophical argument with another person; brings in a range of discordant images

12. Related terms Conceit ( concetto ): ‘a figure of speech that establishes an elaborate parallel between two seemingly dissimilar or remote objects or ideas ’ Petrarchan: emotional; the subject is compared extensively to an object (love is war) Metaphysical: intellectual; striking analogies between two dissimilar things (a flea is a marriage bed) Wit: ‘intellect’, ‘intelligence’, ‘creative intelligence’; describes Donne’s poetic style, which combines ideas in an ‘unexpected, paradoxical, and intellectually challenging and pleasing manner ’

13. Songs and Sonnets (1593-1602) Sonnet: here: a synonym for ‘love lyric’ Addressed to flesh and bone women

14. Holy Sonnets (1633-35) 19 religious sonnets, written in the last years of his life English sonnet form Same combination of passion and intellectual argument as in the love poems but the passion is more complex: hope and anguish, fear and repentance

15. George Herbert (1593-1633)

16. Herbert’s poetics The Temple : a collection of religious poems Contest between secular wit and religious devotion Spiritual struggle rather than auto-biographical sincerity, as in Donne Symbolical objects: the human body is a church building Remarkable variety of stanza forms, including pattern poems: ‘Easter Wings’

17. Ben Jonson (1572-1637)

18. Jonson’s poetics Shakespeare’s friend, rival playwright and fellow actor Poet, literary dictator; professional writer Classicist and Renaissance Humanist: ‘a perfect playwright’

19. Genres Comedies of humours: eccentricities of our ruling passions ridiculed; Every Man in His Humour (1598) Classical tragedies: derived from Tacitus, Juvenal, Seneca; Sejanus (1610), Catiline (1611) Satiric comedies: based on Terence and Plautus; Volpone (1606), The Alchemist (1610) Poetry : occasional poems, elegies, compliments, dedications, songs, epigrams

20. Sonnets 24 sonnets between 1630-58: five in Italian, the rest in English A variety of occasions: public and private, but no love sonnets; not a sequence