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Regional metropolitan planning

1. Regional & Metropolitan Planning
Dr. Mohammed Firoz . C
Department of Architecture and Planning
National Institute of Technology Calicut, India
Lecture 4

2. Lecture 4 : Regions and their types

3. Definitionofaregion
•Oxforddictionary:Anarea,especiallypartofacountryortheworldhavingdefinable
characteristicsbutnotalwaysfixedboundaries.Eg"theequatorialregions“
•Anareahavingsomecharacteristicorcharacteristicsthatdistinguishitfromother
areas.Aterritoryofinteresttopeopleandforwhichoneormoredistinctivetraitsare
usedasthebasisforitsidentity.www.geographic.org/glossary.html
•Alarger-sizedterritorythatincludesmanysmallerplaces,allormostofwhichshare
similarattributes,suchasclimate,landforms,plants,soils,language,religion,economy,
governmentorothernaturalorculturalattributes.
www.nmlites.org/standards/socialstudies/glossary.html
•Agroupofdistricts,locatedwithinageographicareaofastate
www.nejaycees.org/about/jargon.asp
Regions and Their types

4. •ClassificationbasedonPhysicalfeaturesandEconomic
cohesiveness
A)FormalRegions
•Formalregionsareuniformorhomogeneousareaswhereeveryoneinthatregionshares
commonattributesortraitslikelanguage,climateorpoliticalsystem,geo-physical
characteristicsuchastopography,vegetationetc.Formalregionsareprimarilyusedto
determineandoutlinepolitical,culturalandeconomicregions.
Eg.India,Kerala,TamilNadu
B)FunctionalRegions
•FunctionalRegions:Aneconomicinterdependenceexistsbetweentowns/Cities.
•Characterisedbyspatialflowofinteractionsofpersons,money,materials,energy,
information'setcbetweenorpartsoftheregion.
•Mayhaveacommonnetworkof transport/Utilities/mobilenetworkcoverage(flow
analysis)
•Canbedelineatedonthebasisofthedirectionandintensityofflowsbetweenthe
dominantcentreandthesurroundingsatellites.
•Eachflowwillshow(a)decreasingintensityasitbecomesmoredistantfromthemain
centreand(b)increasingintensityasitapproachesanothercentre
Regions and Their types

5. •Exportandimportofgoods,transferofmoney,migrationofpersonsinsearchofjobs
etc.areall‘flows’;
• Studentsgoingtocollegesinbigcitiesnearbyortospecializedhospitalsare“SocialFlows”.
• Peoplegoingtopilgrimageareculturalflows,
• Informationflows(Newspapers)alsoinvolvemonetarytransactions.
•FunctionalregionssometimesusedsynonymouslywithPolarizedornodalregions
•Itsinfluenceextendsbeyondtheareaofthecity,usually-forserviceandassessedby
theirsphereofinfluence.
•Allfunctionsrequireaparticularthresholdpopulationandotherfacilities(each
settlementcannothaveacollege;or,unlessthereiselectricitytherecannotbecinema
hall;orabankbranchwillrequirenotonlycriticalminimumdeposit-creditratio),higer
orlowerorderfacilities(Headpostofficetosmalloffices),Highersecondaryto
primaryschoolsetc
•TheDelhiNCRisafunctionalregion(connectingvariousstatesofIndia)
•E.g.:MetropolitanAreas,Urbanregionsetc
Regions and Their types

6. C)PerceptionRegions:
•Aperceptualregionisbasedonthesharedfeelingsandattitudesofthepeoplewho
liveinthearea.Perceptualregionsreflecttheculturalidentityofthepeoplein
theregion
•Noclearboundariesandneednotbebasedonanyfacts.Theymaybeperceived
differentlyfrompersontoperson
•Whentheperceptioncomesfromtheordinaryfolkorlocalpeople,sometimes,itis
calledasthevernacularregion.
•Eg:Richlivehere,poorpeoplelivingregion,Suburbanregion.
Regions and Their types
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3LVXiM_u_UM
Video Link
Adminstrativeregions : District –Block Panchayathregions –Planning board defiend
regions.
Policy regions : Deliniatedonly for specific policies –Ex bad health regions-
Promote health infrastructure, No industry region-promote industrial growth
etc

7. Regions and Their types

8. RegionBasedonPlannersperspective.
•Planningregionsdependuponthetypeofmulti-levelplanninginthecountry.Avery
smallcountrywillnaturallyneednothavealltheregions.But,inIndia,wecan
generalizeitwithregionslike(I)nationallevel(ii)macrolevel(iii)statelevel(iv)meso
level(v)andmicrolevel.
Macro Regions
•Macroregionisbigger.Macroregioncanbeastateorevenagroupofstatesorazone
(ofafewstates).Forexample,inIndiathereareEast,West,North,SouthandCentral
Zones.
•Aphysicalmacroregionmaycomprisepartsofdifferentstatesofacountryforproject
planningpurposes.(e.g.,bigrivervalleyprojects,anelectricgridofdifferentstates,
and,forthepurposeofaparticularactivity(facility)planning)themacroregionwillbe
partsofdifferentstates.Stateboundariesarenotrespectedandmaytranscendor
cut-acrossadministrativeboundariesofthestatesofacountry.
•Amacroregionmaynotbeuniformorhomogeneousinallrespects
•Indiahasbeendividedinto11to20macroregions-agro-climateorresourceregions.
•ThethenplanningCommissionofIndiadefinedjust 5zonalcouncils-Eastern,
Northern,Central,WesternandSoutherncomprisingofcertainstates.
Regions and Their types

9. •Meso Regions
•Meso region, the next in sace after macro regions can be identified with a ‘division’ of
a state.
•Malabar region,Chattisgarh Region, Bundelkhand Region, Baghelkahand Region,
Vidharba region is usually a sub-division of a state, comprising of several districts.
•It can be cultural or administrative region and it will be even better if it is a
homogeneous physical region (resource) region.
•A meso region can also become a nodal region provided the combined micro regions or
parts thereof can be developed in a complementary manner.
•Eg. NSS of India has identified 85 meso regions of India
Regions and Their types

10. Regions and Their types
MicroRegions
•Inmulti-levelplanning,after,‘meso’comesmicroregions(Egdistrict).
•Itbecomesthelowestterritorialunitofplanninginthehierarchyofplanning
regions.Generallyanadministrativeunit.
•Anodalpointisalsoamicroregion,thoughinmanycasesmicroregionsmay
compriseofurbanandRural.
•Eg.Adistrict,Ametropolitanareaetc
•Micro–MinorRegion
•Thisistheregionwhichisassociatedwith,whatiscalled,thegrass-root
planning
•Usuallyassociatedwithdataconstraintsforplanning.
•Eg.BlocklevelorPanchayathlevel.

11. Regions and Their types

12. TypesOfRegionsOnTheBasisOfStagesOfEconomicDevelopment
DevelopedRegions:
•Developedregionsarehavingahighrateofaccretioningoodsandserviceswith
theirshareintheGDPofthecountryisrelativelyhigher.
•Thisgrowthmaybewithorwithoutrichnaturalresourcesandmayuse
upgradedtechnologybyhighlyskilledandmotivatedpersons.
•Theyareaccessibletohighlevelofinfrastructureandserviceswithhighercost
ofservicesandliving.
BackwardRegions
•Backwardordepressed’regionsinthedevelopingaswellasthedeveloped
economiesarebackwardeconomies.
•Lackofinfrastructurefacilities,adversegeo-climateconditions,lowinvestment
rate,highrareofgrowthofpopulation,andlowlevelsofurbanizationand
industrializationarecausesandconsequencesofbackwardness.
•IndicatorsofdevelopmentlikeRoadlengthpersq.km,literacyrate,Bedsper
thousandpopulation,%villageselectrified,%cultivatedlandunderirrigation,
Lifeexpectance,IMR,Literacyrate,Availabilityoflow,intermediateandhigh
orderfunctionsandfacilitiesdeterminesbackwardnessorforwardness.
Regions and Their types

13. Regions and Their types

14. Regions and Their types
For detials, refer,
Aspirational district
programme by NITI
AYOG –Govt Of India
https://niti.gov.in/writere
addata/files/document_
publication/FirstDeltaRa
nking-of-Aspirational-
Districts.pdf

15. Types of Regions based on the activity status analysis
Mineral Or resource regions :
•Rich in minerals as a natural boon for development .Eg Arab Regions.
Associated with Industrial development and more employment.
•Bihar Syndrome ? –Despite rich in resources ( Bihar –Jharkhand -The backbone
of India), Still needs development
Manufacturing Regions.
•With or with out natural resources, a region can become a manufacturing
region.
•Eg-Suburbs of Mumbai –Pune , Ahmedbad-Surat Belt, and many more
Cultural Regions.
•Acultural regionis aregionwith people who share
commonculturalcharacteristics. Such characteristics include language, political
system, religion, foods, customs, and participation in trading networks
Regions and Their types

16. Regions and Their types
MineralandIndustrialregions
ofIndia
1.Bombay-PuneRegion
2.TheAhmedabad-Vadodara
Region
3.HooglyorKolkata-Howrah
Region
4.ChotanagpurPlateauor
DamodarValleyRegion
5.SouthernRegion(The
Coimbatore,Bengaluru
ChennaiIndustrialRegion)
6.Ganga-Yamuna Plain
comprisingDelhiandadjoining
regionofHaryana,Uttar
Pradesh,Punjaband
Rajasthan

17. Regions and Their types
SOURCE : MAJID HUSSAIN’S GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA PAGE 13.41
•NorthEastern(N.E.)India:
Culturevaries
withTribes•WesternIndia:Culturetransgresses
stateborders-
Gujarati,MarathiandRajasthan
languagesbelongtothesameIndo-Aryan
linguisticgroup,andHinduismandJainismhave
significantpresenceinthesethreestates
•SouthIndia:Individualstatesare
culturalunits-
SouthernIndiaconsistsof:
AndhraPradesh(Telugu),Telengana(Telugu),
Karnataka(Kannada),Tamilnadu(Tamil)and
Kerala(Malyalam).
Northern India: Three different Cultures-
oSikh Gurumukhi cultural region in Punjab and the
UT of Chandigarh
oHindi-Hindu cultural belt across Bihar, Haryana,
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, South Uttarakhand
and Uttar Pradesh-with Muslim presence in
certain pockets of W.Uttar Pradesh
oUrban cosmopolitan culture in the Delhi and NCR
region. Their cuisine, attire, speech-gestures,
attitudes are distinct from other parts of Northern
India
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