2.THE ETHICS OF STEM CELL RESEARCH-Prof.Harun Al-Rasyid.pdf
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Language: en
Added: Oct 10, 2024
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Prof.DR.Dr.Harun Alras
y
id,S
p
PD(FinaSIM),S
p
GK
yp p
Health Ethical Reasearch Committee
Fac.of Medicine,USU
1
s
t
Annual pathobiology Course:Focus on Stem Cell‐2009
Introduction Introduction
After an eight‐yearmoratorium on the
development of new stem cell lines,
on
M
arch 8,2009
the Obamaadministration approved
the use of
new stem cell lines
in research
The White House
(Office of the Press Secretary) Monday March 9
2009)
The White House
(Office of the Press Secretary)
,
Monday
,
March 9
,
2009)
STEM CELL TIMELINE STEM CELL TIMELINE
1956
‐
1
st
successful BM transplant
1956
1
successful BM transplant
1981‐Embryonic SC isolated (mouse blastocyst)
1988‐Haematopoietic(blood) SC (adult mice) are purified
and characteristic
1992‐SC identified in the adult human brain
1998
1
st
human embryonic SC are isolated
1998
‐
1
st
human embryonic SC are isolated
2001‐Mouse embryonic SC created by nuclear transfer
2002‐Pancreatic cells derived from mouse embr
y
onic SC
y
cure diabetes in mice
2004‐The type of nerve cell lost in Parkinson’s,from hESC
hld
ld ll
T
h
e Nationa
l
Aca
d
emies,
2
004,
w
ww.nationa
l
aca
d
emies.org/stemce
ll
s.
The Role of Stem Cell in Basic Research The Role of Stem Cell in Basic Research
courtesy of: Dr. Leonard I. Zon
Consequentialism Consequentialismvs.Deontology vs.Deontology
y
Conseq.moral theories:
Maintain that the rightness or wrongness of an action is
dependent on its consequenc dependent on its consequenc ÆHow we measure? Æ
Consequences for whom?
Æ
Consequences for whom?
y
Deontological moral theories:
Maintain that the ri
g
htness of wron
g
ness of an action is
gg
dependent on its conformity to certain fundamental rules.
ÆWhat are the fundamental rules?
h
Hinman LM.Center for Et
h
ics in Science,Lecture.Univ.of San Diego,31‐3‐09.
Consequentialist ConsequentialistConsideration Consideration
Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) reasearch offers
great promise cures for incurable condition:
Æ
il d ij i
Æ
sp
i
na
l
cor
d i
n
j
ur
i
es
ÆAlzheimer’s
Æ
Pki ’
Æ
P
ar
ki
nson
’s
Consequentialist ConsequentialistRejoinder,1 Rejoinder,1
Benefit of hESC research potentially far outweigh costs y
About 400.000 frozen embryos in USA alone
y
Isn’t it better to put these frozen embryos to some
good use rather than just destroy them?
The Deontological Case The Deontological Case
Fundamental rules: y
If the embryo is a humanÆa right to life
y
If the embryo has a right to life
Æcannot be destroyed anymore
Æintentionally
kil
l
a few children to
save
many others
Consequentialism ConsequentialismRej.2 Rej.2
Guenin L,2001:
ƓIf we spurn hESC research, not one more
bb i lik l t b b b
a
b
y
i
s
lik
e
l
y
t
o
b
e
b
orn.
ƓIf we conduct research,we may relieve
suffering
’’
suffering
.
ƔTherefore epidosembryo (hESC)research
is
p
ermissibleand
p
raiseworth
y
”
p
py
Essay on Science and Society,Science 1 June 2001,292:5522,1659‐60
When is it human? When is it human?
At what point become a human being with a right to
life?
ÆThe point of conception
Æ
Th i f
il i
Æ
Th
e
po
i
nt
o
f
i
mp
l
antat
i
on
Early candidates for such morally significant points of
demarcationinclude:
Æ
h iiil f h
k ( d)
Æ
T
h
e
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
appearance
o
f
t
h
e
p
rimitivestrea
k (
19
d
ays
)
ÆThe beginning of the heartbeat(23 days) Æ
The development of the
brain waves
(48 days)
Æ
The development of the
brain waves
(48 days)
ÆThe essential enternal and external structures are complete
(56 da
y
s)
y
ÆThe point at which the fetus begins to move around
(12‐13 weeks)
Hi LM L t i Alid Ethi U i f S Di Hi
nman
LM
,
L
ec
t
ures
i
n
A
pp
li
e
d Ethi
cs,
U
n
i
v
o
f S
an
Di
ego,2009
Consensus Statement Consensus Statement
hESC research:y
Promise for research and clinical applications
y
Some people have serious ethical objections to current
y
Some people have serious ethical objections to current methods of deriving hESC.
y
If scientist came up to derive human pluripotent stem
ll ?
Æ
di i i h h hi l d bl fd l
ce
ll
s
?
Æ
di
m
i
n
i
s
h
t
h
e
et
hi
ca
l
controvesy
an
d
ena
bl
e
f
e
d
era
l
funding
y
Federal fundin
g
Æensure that research will be conducted
g
w
ith
uniform national standards of oversight,
sufficient
peer review, and transparancy
Michael W et al 2005 Stem Cell Review
1(2005) 288
‐
9
Michael W et al
.
2005 Stem Cell Review
,
1(2005) 288
9
To believe that scientific solutions to this
ethical concern may be feasible and
p
rovides a reason for pursuing such
alternatives
A
greement to this statement:
1.Even opponents of hESC research Æ
th i
iifi t
ttil
l
i dti
th
ere
i
s
s
i
gn
ifi
can
t
,
p
o
t
en
ti
a
l
v
a
l
ue
i
n
con
d
uc
ti
ng
such research
2
.
T
o
u
n
de
r
sta
n
d
t
h
at
suc
h r
esea
r
c
h r
a
i
se
se
ri
ous
.o
u de sta d
tatsucesea case
se ous
moral concernsfor some
3.The areaof research will be subject to a restricted
l
f th fd l t fdi
ro
l
eo
f th
e
f
e
d
era
l
governmen
t f
un
di
ng
4.An
absenseof federal
f
undingÆan absense of
federally mandated standardsand publicy information
Æ
further
limit
progress in this area of
information
Æ
further
limit
progress in this area of
science
5
.One
resolution
(
for freein
g
u
p
federal su
pp
ort
)
5
(gppp )
Ædevelop a deriving pluripotent stem cellsthat
would be acceptableto those most concerned
about necessity for destroying human embryo about necessity for destroying human embryo
6.Could lead to solutionsthat would meet the
needs
of both sides in this debate
needs
of both sides in this debate
Informed consent and medical ordeal Informed consent and medical ordeal
y
Informed consent is one pillarof modern clinical
practice
y
To confirm a
relationship of trustand
understanding between patient and doctor
y
Complete informationprovided in spoken
and/or writing formÆthe patient knows:
h
f hi /h
‐t
h
e
natureo
f hi
s
/h
er
treatment
‐its risks, benefitand its possibleoutcomes
Littl M t lI t Md J (8) 86
6
Littl
e
M
e
t
a
l
.
I
n
t
ern
M
e
d J
our
(
200
8)
3
8
:
6
24‐
6
Informed consent……………….. Informed consent………………..
Supported by
moraland
legalpillars
1.It is morally good because it involves:
tth
lti hi
tt
f hi
d
‐
t
ru
th
,
re
l
a
ti
ons
hi
p,
t
rus
t
,
f
ree
c
h
o
i
cean
d
exchange of knowledge
‐
a
ll
co
n
st
r
ucted
as
‘goods
’ in
:
aco st uctedas
goods
:
a.the context of medical practice
b.the context of liberalismin developed
countries
Little M et al. Int Med Jour 2008,624‐8
Informed………………………. Informed……………………….
2.Its legally good because:
the patient must have a general
understandingof what will done
Little M et al. Int Med Jour 2008, 624‐8
Stem Cell Ethics Stem Cell Ethics
1.Is it ethical to use embryonic stem cells in research?
ÆMany peoples: closely tied to the ethicsof
destroying embryos destroying embryos
Ædebates about the moralstatus of the embryo:
ψthe argument from
p
otentially
ψthe argument from personhood
ψmoral status is neither present nor absent
(d d t
jtifiti
f th t/t hl th
(d
epen
d
en
t
upon
j
us
tifi
ca
ti
on
f
or
th
e
ac
t/t
o
h
ea
l th
e
sicks)
S Cll Ri MdC Ui f Wi i S
tem
C
e
ll
&
R
egenerat
i
ve
M
e
d
.
C
entre,
U
n
i
v.o
f Wi
ncos
i
n
2008
Public opinion polls:
suggest that mayority of both religious and
non‐religious Americans
Æsupport ESC research Æsupport public funding for the research
Sc &Reg.Med.Center 2008
2Ho isstemcellresearch 2
.
Ho
w
is
stem
cell
research
different from cloning?
Æ
cloningresearchcan&
Æ
cloning
research
can
&
does occur independent-
l
y
of stem cell research
y
Æcloning can include the
useof stem cells,but it is
tli itd
tth f
no
t
li
m
it
e
d
t
o
th
e uses o
f
the stem cells
3.The use of induced pluripotent stem cell
(iPS)
Ælikely to be an adequate subsitutefor
th ti h th
e
gene
ti
cs
researc
h
Æstill pose unique problemswhen it
comes to tissue transplantation comes to tissue transplantation
(may cause cancer)
d
SC &Reg.Me
d
.Center 2008
hlhf hlhf
dd
T
h
e Re
lations
h
ip o
f
T
h
e Re
lations
h
ip o
f
SCReas SCReas. to Repro
d
uctive . to Repro
d
uctive
Cloning Cloning
y
The context of ethical debates Ælumped together
y
Different in goals and results
l f
Æ
bl ii
y
By
nuc
l
ear
trans
f
er
Æ
create
bl
astocysts
conta
i
n
i
ng
stem
cells that are ‘clones’ of a single adult cell by inserting the g
enetic material from an adult cell
(
e
q
skin cell
)
into an e
gg
g(q)gg whose nucleus has been removed
y
Human reproductice cloningshould not nowbe
ti d It’
d
d lik l t fil
prac
ti
ce
d
.
It’
s
d
angerousan
d lik
e
l
y
t
o
f
a
il
.
The Ethics of Human The Ethics of Human‐ ‐Animal Chimeras Animal Chimeras
Chimera, organisms composed of cell of tissue from
more than one individual,eq:
Æ
Introducing human cells into a mouse blastocyst to
Æ
Introducing human cells into a mouse blastocyst to observe certain developmental processes
ÆImplantin
g
HSC‐derived pancreatic cells (after full
y
g
y
developed of individual) into a mouseÆto test their
ability to function in a living body
The National Academies’ Guidelines The National Academies’ Guidelines
1.Prohibit the introduction of human cells into the
blastocyst of a non‐human primate
Idi f il h ll i
2.
I
ntro
d
uct
i
on
o
f
any
an
i
ma
l
or
h
uman
ce
ll
s
i
nto
a
human blastocysts
3Prohibit the breeding of human
animal chimeras in
3
.
Prohibit the breeding of human
‐
animal chimeras in
the unlikely event that any human genetic material
would be contained in their re
p
roductive cells
p
The National Academies USA, 2005, www.nationalacademies.org/stemcells
History History
Nov,2007 (Kyoto Univ.& Univ.of Wincosisn)
Æto make adult human skin cells mimic EST
Æthese cells
(
induced‐
p
l.
p
otent stem cells
)
~ same abilit
y
to
(
pp)y
turn into any type of all tissue in the bod
y
ÆiPSresearch:
a
avoids ethical dilemmas & practical
problems
with
a
.
avoids ethical dilemmas & practical
problems
with
ESC
b.have all the potential of ESC without ending any
h li h
uman
li
ves
Right to Life of Michigan Education Fund, 2008. www.rtl.org
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Healthy Superman Healthy Superman
until 1995…. until 1995….
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