2. Transport Geo..pptx

geography and ENVIRONMENT

1. Transport Geography GE-3205

2. What is transportation? - In simpler terms, Transportation is the act of moving people, items and information from a point A to a point B . This can be carrying a plate from the kitchen to the living room moving furniture from one flat to another sending any goods from a seller / shipper to a buyer bringing supplies from earth to the International Space Station in orbit Etc ….. etc ….. Transportation is the movement of people and goods over time and space . The following information refers to the transportation of freight (cargo, goods, commodities), as this is the connecting factor with the forwarding business, and the relevant physical‐geographic aspects of transportation.

3. Fig: The Transport System Source: Jean-Paul Rodrigue (2017) The Transport System

4. How about Transport geography? Transport geography is a sub‐discipline of geography concerned about the mobility of people, freight and information . Transport geo seeks to understand: the spatial organization of mobility by considering its attributes and constraints as they relate to the origin, destination, extent, nature and purpose of movements . There would be no transportation without geography and there would be no geography without transportation. The goal of transportation is thus to transform the geographical attributes of freight, people or information, from an origin to a destination, conferring on them an added value in the process .

5. The Core Principles of Transport Geography A B 1. Transportation is the spatial linking of a derived demand A B 2. Distance is a relative concept involving space, time and effort X A B 3. Space is concomitantly a generator, a support and a constraint for mobility 4. The relation between space and time can converge or diverge A B C 5. A location can be a central or an intermediate element of mobility 6. To overcome geography , transportation must consume space 7. Transportation seeks massification but is constrained by atomization 8. Velocity is a modal, intermodal and managerial effort

6. The Scales of Transport Geography Network Flows Spatial Constructs Transit systems Street networks Commuting Personal and social trips Deliveries Activity space District / Neighborhood Terminal / Development zone City Commuter rail Regional air networks National highway systems National railway systems Short sea shipping / feeders LOCAL REGIONAL GLOBAL Intercity passenger flows Distribution Metropolitan area Market area Hinterland / Corridor Urban region International air networks Maritime shipping networks Trade Tourism and business trips Migration Value chains Landbridge Trade area

7. Aims and scope… Ullman , with Harold Mayer ( 1954), surveyed the field of transportation geography in their volume American Geography: Inventory and Prospect. Their paper on transportation geography examined the field and identified 11 areas of interest to transport geographers at the time. These were : Examination and mapping of transportation as a measure of relations between areas. The study of ports, their traffic, and hinterlands. Comparisons of transportation systems and the identification of criteria for such comparisons. The patterns and selection of transportation routes. The problem of securing adequate data on flows. Estimating and forecasting the demand for transportation. Examination of existing or given traffic flows and evaluation of their efficiency. Analysis of the components of freight rates. Studies of the relationship between transport routes and environmental conditions. Studies of the impact of technology on transport costs and flows. The gravity model and social physics.

8. Since the 1990s, Transport Geography has received renewed attention, especially, because the issues of mobility, production of distribution are interrelated in a complex geographical setting. It is now recognized that transportation is a system that considers the complex relationships between its core elements. Transport Geography must be systematic as one element of the transport system is linked with numerous others ( Rodrigue , et. al., 2006). During this short (1960 to 1990) but rapid progress of Transport Geography strengthen the subject matter. This subject matter categorized as below: Geographical pattern of transport network Study of functions and nodal points or terminals Study of commodity movement, farming commodity flow and flow analysis Study of people movement forming Traffic Flow and Flow Analysis The entire system of hinterlands and hierarchical relationship associated with network. ( Vaidy , 1998) Subject matter of TG

9. Fields of TG

10. Dimensions of TG Transport and Development: Conceptual Frameworks”, Source: B . Hoyle and J. Smith (1998)

11. Key Dimensions of Transportation Dimension Historical Changes brought by transport technologies. Rise of civilizations. Development of modern nation states. Globalization. Economic Transport and economic development (indirectly and directly). Factor in the production and added-value of goods and services. Facilitates economies of scale. Influences land (real estate) value. Contributes to the specialization of regions. Social Access to healthcare, welfare, and cultural events. Shape social interactions. Political Nation building and national unity. National defense. Rules and regulations. Subsidizing mobility (e.g. public transit or highways). Environmental Important environmental impacts. Pollution, exploitation of natural resources. Climate change.

12. Transportability ease of movement of passengers, freight or information transport costs (absolute and relative) attributes of what is being transported (fragility, perishable, price …) Political factors (laws, regulations, borders, tariffs …) When transportability is high, activities are less constrained by distance .

13. Transportability – influencing factors Weight ‐ indicator of the amount of energy that must be spend to carry the cargo Storage ‐ complexity related to hold the cargo in inventory before it can be used Fragility ‐ ease at which the cargo can be damaged during transport Perishable ‐ degree of degradation after being harvested or manufactured, influences commercial value of goods

14. The concept of “flow” in Transport Management The concept of “flow” has four major components: 1. Geographical origin >>> <<< (spatial and/or organizational) separation* >>> >>> destination * high degree of separation limits flows 2 . Physical * specific physical characteristics >>> type of load units and physical conditions of carriage * flows can be atomized or massified (as outlined above)

15. The concept of “flow” in Transport Management 3. Transactional * negotiations between contracting partners, e. g. booking a slot on a containership * monetary exchange between provider of transportation and user 4 . Distribution * flows are organized in sequences * more complex flows involve different modes/terminals * (often) transport flows are scheduled and routed * in order to minimize costs or maximize efficiency

16. 1 – The Purpose of Transportation Overcome space Variety of human and physical constraints. Distance, time, administrative divisions and topography. Friction of distance Costs. Distance involved. Nature of what is being transported. Goal of transportation Transform the geographical attributes of freight, people or information. Give an added value in the process. Fulfillment of a demand for mobility.

17. The Spatial Consideration of a Movement A B Walking Cycling Driving D(W) D(C) D(D) Friction of Distance Movement Distance (D) Time

18. 1 – The Purpose of Transportation Transportability Transport costs. Attributes of the transported goods (fragility, perishable, price). Some institutional factors such as laws, borders and tariffs . Derived demand Transportation cannot exists on its own and cannot be stored. Direct derived demand: Movements directly the consequence of an economic activity. Indirect derived demand: Movements created by the requirements of other movements. Energy consumption from transportation. Warehousing can be labeled as an indirect derived demand since it is a "non movement" of a freight element.

19. Transportation as a Derived Demand Working Activity Vacationing Derived Demand Manufacturing Commuting Taxi Air travel Touring bus Trucks Containership Direct Energy Indirect Warehousing Services Figure: Transportation as a derived demand Indirect Derived Demand Working Vacationing Manufacturing Activity Commuting Travel Transport & Distribution Direct Energy Services Shopping Travel & Deliveries Warehousing

20. 2 – The Importance Transportation Dimensions Historical: Played several different historical roles. Rise of civilizations (Egypt, Rome and China). Development of political and cultural societies. National defense (Roman empire, American road network). Social: Access to healthcare, welfare, and cultural or artistic events. Shape social interactions. Political: Rules and regulations. Mobility often subsidized. Nation building and national unity.

21. Environmental: Important environmental impacts. Pollution, exploitation of natural resources. Economic: Linked to economic development and job creation both indirectly and directly. According to modal developments; maritime, rail, automobile, and aerospace construction. Factor in the production of goods and services. Contributes to the value-added of goods and services. Facilitates economies of scale. Influences land (real estate) value. Contributes to the specialization of regions. 2 – The Importance Transportation

22. The importance of transportation is growing Growth in the demand for mobility Considerable growth of the transport demand: Individual (passengers) and freight mobility. Larger quantities of passengers and freight being moved. Longer distances over which they are carried. Multiplication of the number of journeys. Wide variety of modes servicing transport demands. 2 – The Importance Transportation

23. Vehicle Use Indicators, World, 1950-2002 Source: World watch Institute and BTS.

24. 2 – The Importance Transportation Reduction of costs Several transportation modes are very expensive to own and operate (ships and planes). Costs per unit transported have significantly dropped. Overcome larger distances and further exploit the comparative advantages of space. Lower costs linked with longer distances.

25. Transport and Communication Costs Indexes, 1920-1990 Source: UNDP Human Development Report 1999, p. 30.

26. 2 – The Importance Transportation Expansion of infrastructures Extended the requirements for transport infrastructures both quantitatively and qualitatively. Roads, harbors, airports, telecommunication facilities and pipelines have expanded considerably. Service new areas and adding capacity to existing networks. Transportation infrastructures are a major component of the land use.

27. Transportation Network Density ( in km per 100 sq.km ), 2000 More than 100 km / 100 km2 60-100 km / 100 km2 40-60 km / 100 km2 20-40 km / 100 km2 10-40 km / 100 km2 Less than 10 km / 100 km2

28. 2 – The Importance Transportation Spatial differentiation of the economy Different locations Location of resources (raw materials, labor, manufacturing). Spatial division of production and consumption. Service embedded in the socio-economic life of individuals, institutions and corporations. Often invisible for to consumer, but always part of all economic functions.

29. 2 – The Importance Transportation Strategic infrastructure Embedded in the socio-economic life of individuals, institutions and corporations. If disrupted or cease to operate, the consequences can be dramatic. No specific user can have a competitive advantage over others. Often invisible to the consumer. The perceived invisibility of transportation is derived from its efficiency.

30. 2 – The Importance Transportation Common fallacies Access is not accessibility: Access is uniform wherever one is located in regard to the transport system as long a there is a possibility to enter or to exit ; public highway. Often no specific user can have a competitive advantage over others. Accessibility varies according to one's location within the transport system. Distance is not time: Distance remains constant. Time can vary due to improvements in transport technology or because of congestion.

31. Two Common Fallacies in Transport Geography Access vs. Accessibility Distance vs. Time a b c 10 3 3 5 5 4 3 7 2 5 8 6 7 6 4 7 6 3 3 4 6

32. 1 . Access and accessibility access to transportation systems is usually open to anyone (exemptions may apply) accessibility varies according to one's location within the transport system : a, b and c have access to the system. b appears to be the most accessible due to its central location in relation to the network. (Source: Rodrigue et al., 2013) Fallacies of transportation systems

33. Fallacies of transportation systems 2 . Distance and time While distance remains constant , time can vary due to improvements in transport technology (positive effect ), because of congestion ( negative effect) or regulations such as speed limits speed = the unit of distance traveled per unit of time (Source: Rodrigue et al., 2013)

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