2015 09 Power Engineering
lcmartinelli1
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Mar 14, 2016
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About This Presentation
Magazine Power Engineering
Slide Content
RENTECH s build unmatched
ay at wwvwrentechbollers/faciities.
HARNESS THE POWER WITH RENTECH.
ay at wwvwrentechbollers/faciities.
HARNESS THE POWER WITH RENTECH.
SPECIAL REPOR
BIG S la
BIG S la
MITSUBISHI HITACHI
nu
Il POWER SYSTEMS
This Is Our Proving Ground
Nothing About This Process is Half-Baked
‘Since 1897, we've vr every evofionary milestone:
of our G- and J-Series gas turbines exacty how you
‘operate your plant: dispatching power under demand-
Ing, real-world conditions.
On after a combination of comprehensive of-grd
testing and years of omg relabity veiication, far
beyond the competiton, do we delver gas turbines to
our customers. For example, the foot-kacing MSO1J
began operation at EPoint in 2011, then became com-
mercisy avalabl in 2013, and has been logging hours
tue tach Power sms Ames ln. | 4000
‘The Results Are Clear
Our 60H G-Series, approaching 3 milion operating
ours, ha aretabity factor 1.3% higher and unplanned
‘outages ae 43% less, compared to the F class, making
{tthe argost, most rolable advanced technology gas
turbine feet in operation.
‘Consequently, Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems ges
turbines are recognized as having the lowest claims risk
by the insurance community, thanks to the thorough
and igorous regimen at Point
Wh this kind of success, its no wonder we're plan-
ring a new T-Poit plant to vale our next generation
650°C gas turbine.
Proven Results.
Forint. paneren ota con
nu
Il POWER SYSTEMS
This Is Our Proving Ground
Nothing About This Process is Half-Baked
‘Since 1897, we've vr every evofionary milestone:
of our G- and J-Series gas turbines exacty how you
‘operate your plant: dispatching power under demand-
Ing, real-world conditions.
On after a combination of comprehensive of-grd
testing and years of omg relabity veiication, far
beyond the competiton, do we delver gas turbines to
our customers. For example, the foot-kacing MSO1J
began operation at EPoint in 2011, then became com-
mercisy avalabl in 2013, and has been logging hours
tue tach Power sms Ames ln. | 4000
‘The Results Are Clear
Our 60H G-Series, approaching 3 milion operating
ours, ha aretabity factor 1.3% higher and unplanned
‘outages ae 43% less, compared to the F class, making
{tthe argost, most rolable advanced technology gas
turbine feet in operation.
‘Consequently, Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems ges
turbines are recognized as having the lowest claims risk
by the insurance community, thanks to the thorough
and igorous regimen at Point
Wh this kind of success, its no wonder we're plan-
ring a new T-Poit plant to vale our next generation
650°C gas turbine.
Proven Results.
Forint. paneren ota con
Feuer
ROWER essen
een
COCOALGEN, POWER GEN
je
a
una
nn
sansa?
fount
ma
ra RE os
Cire
ces
fens nt es a ee
‘Stan vse tsa a
ED here @BPA
Power Engineering“
Large-Scale
12 Solar on the Rise
so generating ci kam ut lr power
edn een! eus but he possb der mesment
sedis Areas o kmperan oer look rhe
Scrubber vs. Spray Dryer Absorber
In een fo more stinger remiss relations, ies ae under
esi da gs desliza ia oo! ed uns owe Engine
Invests Mo dances Dao ie a Cat Ned bed
bb na Is acinus syd ber esas
Improving the Flexibili
a Gas Turbine-Based Distributed Power Plant
FB bug smal mo fx as re power plans coro aun ood
cents peter puters an Bt srt fa Cusomers por demands
{oom how on ent nt xt srt genero mode con hp power
producer mel challenges loys power asco.
316(b): One Year Later
‘sh ono: amer le EPA nes 316) ou openches,
Power Enga examines te gels u ná how power producer on
best oa ne esa mandos
‘Turbine Oils: A Key Factor in System Reliability
Tun bis mus prom under the Poste condens ot ea icon ood
emo posten Lean heu ho gn mece oon oaaives combing wth
spin pogrom o sing ord manterance.co prie unan amis
‘nates renal oar! we
Maintaining Maximum Efficiency
in Power Generation Units °
Presumo one sal coton sendy emos cines cum
interest in moro icons l team poneing lies Read obou some ar D. 0
ne sus apres Ic ne ques! rave cie! pl 138 © P.
DEPARTMENTS.
pin 10
AN Energy ae
4
A | Some
Corogne | be || ee
ROWER essen
een
COCOALGEN, POWER GEN
je
a
una
nn
sansa?
fount
ma
ra RE os
Cire
ces
fens nt es a ee
‘Stan vse tsa a
ED here @BPA
Power Engineering“
Large-Scale
12 Solar on the Rise
so generating ci kam ut lr power
edn een! eus but he possb der mesment
sedis Areas o kmperan oer look rhe
Scrubber vs. Spray Dryer Absorber
In een fo more stinger remiss relations, ies ae under
esi da gs desliza ia oo! ed uns owe Engine
Invests Mo dances Dao ie a Cat Ned bed
bb na Is acinus syd ber esas
Improving the Flexibili
a Gas Turbine-Based Distributed Power Plant
FB bug smal mo fx as re power plans coro aun ood
cents peter puters an Bt srt fa Cusomers por demands
{oom how on ent nt xt srt genero mode con hp power
producer mel challenges loys power asco.
316(b): One Year Later
‘sh ono: amer le EPA nes 316) ou openches,
Power Enga examines te gels u ná how power producer on
best oa ne esa mandos
‘Turbine Oils: A Key Factor in System Reliability
Tun bis mus prom under the Poste condens ot ea icon ood
emo posten Lean heu ho gn mece oon oaaives combing wth
spin pogrom o sing ord manterance.co prie unan amis
‘nates renal oar! we
Maintaining Maximum Efficiency
in Power Generation Units °
Presumo one sal coton sendy emos cines cum
interest in moro icons l team poneing lies Read obou some ar D. 0
ne sus apres Ic ne ques! rave cie! pl 138 © P.
DEPARTMENTS.
pin 10
AN Energy ae
4
A | Some
Corogne | be || ee
OPINION
What You
BY RUSSE RAY CHEF EOTIOR
he minute the Obama admin
| station unsiled ts fina plan
10 cu greenhouse gas emis-
sions from US. power plans, oppo-
‘ents launched the fs o many legal
«foro il whatsomehave described
asthe mos prejudicial regulation ever
proposed by the US. Environmental
Protection Agency (EA)
The Clan Power an calls or sep
ng now requirements 10 cu carbon di
‘oxide (CO) emissions 32 per below
2005 levels by 2030. rule vil require
à massive restructuring of the power
Sector wl decimate coal by Gabi
ing uratinale CO, standards fo cal
ant does thing promote we
of cleaner burning natural gas, bait wll
stimulate he deployment interior
wind and solar power with new ince
tives, amor require sates to
spend Dilo to comply with a ue that
may lin be aa bythe US. Su
pme Cour.
‘Sever sates have asked a federal ap
peas court to tay the conte plan
‘un he counts décide whether the EPS
Ins the authority force states o limi
CO, fom US, power plats Mor ses
axe expected 10 join sua caller
ing the al, a case that wil ky end
yes from now athe Supreme Cour.
‘What ave the plain chances of
winning te ease against he EPA Be
Aer than average, [would say
‘On June 29, the high court struck
oven the EPAS Mercury and Ar Toxics
Standard, etter known as the MATS
‘ule hich established the fis limits
on mercury arsenicand aid gas emis
sions from coli power plant
The final MATS rule was issued back
in 2012 and became elective eater
‘this year. However, the Supreme Court
remanded the rule tothe DC, Crit
‘Court saying the EPA failed 1 consid
tthe $98 billion cos of implement
ing the new rule when drafting. The
industry spent billions to comply with
the MATS rule, which now aces the
possiblity of being vacated
How the Supreme Court il rule on
‘the lean Power Plan isanpones guess,
‘uit ruling onthe MATS rule com.
pelin evidence the high court may
reject the pan
The sates’ case against the Clean
Power Plan centers on the EPA a:
thority to regulate greenhouse gas
emissions from power plans under
section LG) of the Clean Air Act
(CAA) The states contend powerplant
missions ae already eguated under
section 112 ofthe CAA. The CAA pro
[nits the EPA from segulating power
pla
section of thea.
‘Whats more opponents of the plan
argue the EPA is alady regulating pow-
er plan emissions under the MATS rue
and, thus, doesnot hive the ato
‘to regulate such emissions under section
(O) ofthe CAA. Howeverfthe MATS
rule i yacae bythe DC. Cheat Cou,
‘that legal argument will vanish,
‘undermine one of the
nc othe HPN Clean
Power lan” said Andy Byers associate
vice president at Black & Veatch. A Tot
‘of fos are speculating the EPA may go
acto the
emissions under more
10 overtuin their (MATS) rule
Imanoiherbizarrewis, the CO, lin
it for existing plants i 1307 pounds
per megawatthou while the CO, lim:
it for new plants i 1400 pounds per
MAR, Under the final rule, the stan
dad foran existing plant is more sein:
gent than the standard fora brand new
Plant. Whatgivest
The new standards cant be achieved
without installing a carbon capture
and storage sytem, an expensive and
‘questionable technology
“We just commisioned the most
ficient oahfired power plant in the
count in Arkansas and its CO, emis
sions are just under 1.800 pounds
per megawatthoue” said Mark Me
Gullough, executive vice president of
Generation at American Eecri Power
The new CO, standard are among
host of new costly requirements faced
by coabfired power plants. The new
rules mean as much a 90.000 MW of
‘coal fired generation willbe eied be
tween now and 2040, Mot of those e
tiements ae expected to be achieved
by 2020,
The only real option for replacing
that ispachable output is power fu
led with natural as. "The isk profile
‘of coal and nuclea, from a utili per
‘spective just 00 high McCullough
id. But oo much relance on natal
as coul led to serious economic and
security ses for the nation’s power
sector, McCullough said,
“Absence of diversity isa recipe fora
problem” hesaid
Ifyou have a question or à comment
contact me at
Follow meon wir @Russlltyl PD
What You
BY RUSSE RAY CHEF EOTIOR
he minute the Obama admin
| station unsiled ts fina plan
10 cu greenhouse gas emis-
sions from US. power plans, oppo-
‘ents launched the fs o many legal
«foro il whatsomehave described
asthe mos prejudicial regulation ever
proposed by the US. Environmental
Protection Agency (EA)
The Clan Power an calls or sep
ng now requirements 10 cu carbon di
‘oxide (CO) emissions 32 per below
2005 levels by 2030. rule vil require
à massive restructuring of the power
Sector wl decimate coal by Gabi
ing uratinale CO, standards fo cal
ant does thing promote we
of cleaner burning natural gas, bait wll
stimulate he deployment interior
wind and solar power with new ince
tives, amor require sates to
spend Dilo to comply with a ue that
may lin be aa bythe US. Su
pme Cour.
‘Sever sates have asked a federal ap
peas court to tay the conte plan
‘un he counts décide whether the EPS
Ins the authority force states o limi
CO, fom US, power plats Mor ses
axe expected 10 join sua caller
ing the al, a case that wil ky end
yes from now athe Supreme Cour.
‘What ave the plain chances of
winning te ease against he EPA Be
Aer than average, [would say
‘On June 29, the high court struck
oven the EPAS Mercury and Ar Toxics
Standard, etter known as the MATS
‘ule hich established the fis limits
on mercury arsenicand aid gas emis
sions from coli power plant
The final MATS rule was issued back
in 2012 and became elective eater
‘this year. However, the Supreme Court
remanded the rule tothe DC, Crit
‘Court saying the EPA failed 1 consid
tthe $98 billion cos of implement
ing the new rule when drafting. The
industry spent billions to comply with
the MATS rule, which now aces the
possiblity of being vacated
How the Supreme Court il rule on
‘the lean Power Plan isanpones guess,
‘uit ruling onthe MATS rule com.
pelin evidence the high court may
reject the pan
The sates’ case against the Clean
Power Plan centers on the EPA a:
thority to regulate greenhouse gas
emissions from power plans under
section LG) of the Clean Air Act
(CAA) The states contend powerplant
missions ae already eguated under
section 112 ofthe CAA. The CAA pro
[nits the EPA from segulating power
pla
section of thea.
‘Whats more opponents of the plan
argue the EPA is alady regulating pow-
er plan emissions under the MATS rue
and, thus, doesnot hive the ato
‘to regulate such emissions under section
(O) ofthe CAA. Howeverfthe MATS
rule i yacae bythe DC. Cheat Cou,
‘that legal argument will vanish,
‘undermine one of the
nc othe HPN Clean
Power lan” said Andy Byers associate
vice president at Black & Veatch. A Tot
‘of fos are speculating the EPA may go
acto the
emissions under more
10 overtuin their (MATS) rule
Imanoiherbizarrewis, the CO, lin
it for existing plants i 1307 pounds
per megawatthou while the CO, lim:
it for new plants i 1400 pounds per
MAR, Under the final rule, the stan
dad foran existing plant is more sein:
gent than the standard fora brand new
Plant. Whatgivest
The new standards cant be achieved
without installing a carbon capture
and storage sytem, an expensive and
‘questionable technology
“We just commisioned the most
ficient oahfired power plant in the
count in Arkansas and its CO, emis
sions are just under 1.800 pounds
per megawatthoue” said Mark Me
Gullough, executive vice president of
Generation at American Eecri Power
The new CO, standard are among
host of new costly requirements faced
by coabfired power plants. The new
rules mean as much a 90.000 MW of
‘coal fired generation willbe eied be
tween now and 2040, Mot of those e
tiements ae expected to be achieved
by 2020,
The only real option for replacing
that ispachable output is power fu
led with natural as. "The isk profile
‘of coal and nuclea, from a utili per
‘spective just 00 high McCullough
id. But oo much relance on natal
as coul led to serious economic and
security ses for the nation’s power
sector, McCullough said,
“Absence of diversity isa recipe fora
problem” hesaid
Ifyou have a question or à comment
contact me at
Follow meon wir @Russlltyl PD
Visit us at
Power-Gen
Booth 46211
I-HRSG
Indeck Heat Recovery Steam Generators
Indeck is the complete source
for engineered steam generation.
For the past 175 years, many industries have turned to Indeck for efficient steam solutions.
‘As a pioneer in the cogeneration (CHP) and combined cycle industry, Indeck has unparalleled
experience and capability, Indeck's Heat Recovery Steam Generators (I-HRSG) are designed
to recover heat from gas turbine exhaust for maximum performance, higher efficiency,
reduced emissions and energy savings. Indeck supplies both custom designed and
standard packaged HRSGs for a wide range of applications.
INDECK
Indeck Group of Companies
Andek Keystone Energy LLC» Indeck Power Equipment Co.» Indeck olle Corp.» deck Energy Series Inc
{e14) 44-1200 » 2448 Parts (00) 3225995 unnuindedkeystone com > fo indecetepsone com
Forno powereng bois cm Rs.
Power-Gen
Booth 46211
I-HRSG
Indeck Heat Recovery Steam Generators
Indeck is the complete source
for engineered steam generation.
For the past 175 years, many industries have turned to Indeck for efficient steam solutions.
‘As a pioneer in the cogeneration (CHP) and combined cycle industry, Indeck has unparalleled
experience and capability, Indeck's Heat Recovery Steam Generators (I-HRSG) are designed
to recover heat from gas turbine exhaust for maximum performance, higher efficiency,
reduced emissions and energy savings. Indeck supplies both custom designed and
standard packaged HRSGs for a wide range of applications.
INDECK
Indeck Group of Companies
Andek Keystone Energy LLC» Indeck Power Equipment Co.» Indeck olle Corp.» deck Energy Series Inc
{e14) 44-1200 » 2448 Parts (00) 3225995 unnuindedkeystone com > fo indecetepsone com
Forno powereng bois cm Rs.
PJM Increases Payments to
Power Producers 37 Percent
PIM Interconnection, the. largest
ec grid in the US, will incense
Payments to power generators 37 per
The company sad the increase will
begin June 2018, and willbe $168.77
per megawat (MW) per day, as deter
mined in a capacity auction held last
month. The price is almost $45 above
‘the previous 12 months reached in an
Auction lst year.
‘reciptating the increase was a dec.
sion by federal regulators tallow PIM
10 penalize generators that falo sup
‘ly promised power. The decision was
intended to prevent unplanned shut
ovens and fuel shortages, like those
‘that grey inflated prices during the
wine of2018
pac costs wee stat higher le
cs for to regions because of supply
‘consrsnis. The cate mmid-Atanic
region, including New Jersey Delaware
and Pennsylvania, finalized a price of
5225.42) jay, while prices in Ex
clon Corp's Com tity teritory
rose to $215.Under the new rules, the
grid operator can impose penalties of
about 2.800 per megawatihour on
generator who fait deliver promised
power during emergency hours,
Exelon-Pepco Merger in Doubt
After Regulators Reject Proposal
The DC. Public Service Commis:
son last month rebuffed a multi bi.
lion dollar proposed merger between
power companies Exelon and Pepe.
The three member commision una
mous ejected the EG merge
Chicago-based Exclo announced
April 2014 plans 10 acquire Washing
tom-based Pepco Holdings. The deal
‘would have crete the
{Eng Tn the region with about
10 million customer in ces includ
ing Baltimore, Chicago, Philadel
and Washington
Despite gating. the_appronl
Aia Bon
fa Papo fled 10 nach semen
talon in Washington DE
Chaimoman Bey Ann Kane ld
a
eo...
public
the een lathe recon I that
da mor peel
AS
edicion? Kane ad
ee aa
qelsine edema alle
re
dene
Excel Energy Cuts GHG
Emissions 20 Percent
F0:
(a em
nuera jas pay ade
ro
wich [he Climate Registry a nonprofit
egal hat opera hay
compan enone ep
[programs throughout the world.
sr
tng ens is, eal
cel tery Vee President rank Prag
ee ate o
fee mora 2 pen con
ee
track to achieve a 30-pecent ed
‘ompanywideby 2020.
Xcel Energy reached Climate Regi
tered status by measuring and report
ing the company’s emisions from
2005 10 201. The data was then ver-
ied by shied part
The company’s emision from 2012
10 2014 are being verified and eps
feted with The Climate Registry
‘Obama Announces $1 Billion
in DOE Initiatives.
(Se laa Im en ==
uned mor than Ben in nt
thes pci dan ney
The president per
fete Dele e Le
Programs Ofi gare up 0 St
Bien Er cames dead
Soe Ss
a
‘land pel
ato e
O
ee
some opor, bi pot cen
|
Bere
Ben
‘Additonal, he DOE ls vario
24 milion through the RES)
foc
en
nr
nebenan tle pearl
en
GE Signs its Largest Battery
Storage Deal to Date
GEanncunced wl provide Couche
la Energy Storage Partners (CES?) with
302 bay energy som stem as
por o CES supply conc the
Imperial rio Disc (UD).
Representing GE’ largest energy so
see poet oda, the lant willbe uit
in Calorias Impera Valley. 100 mies
‘esto Sin Diego Te faci wll rd
ext ad incase ela on he
AD network by providing slr amping
frequency ulation, power Balancing
ad ak tart capability fr a accent
turbine,
‘GE wil provide CES with an ina
8 corny sorge soon, conf
Corel]
Power Producers 37 Percent
PIM Interconnection, the. largest
ec grid in the US, will incense
Payments to power generators 37 per
The company sad the increase will
begin June 2018, and willbe $168.77
per megawat (MW) per day, as deter
mined in a capacity auction held last
month. The price is almost $45 above
‘the previous 12 months reached in an
Auction lst year.
‘reciptating the increase was a dec.
sion by federal regulators tallow PIM
10 penalize generators that falo sup
‘ly promised power. The decision was
intended to prevent unplanned shut
ovens and fuel shortages, like those
‘that grey inflated prices during the
wine of2018
pac costs wee stat higher le
cs for to regions because of supply
‘consrsnis. The cate mmid-Atanic
region, including New Jersey Delaware
and Pennsylvania, finalized a price of
5225.42) jay, while prices in Ex
clon Corp's Com tity teritory
rose to $215.Under the new rules, the
grid operator can impose penalties of
about 2.800 per megawatihour on
generator who fait deliver promised
power during emergency hours,
Exelon-Pepco Merger in Doubt
After Regulators Reject Proposal
The DC. Public Service Commis:
son last month rebuffed a multi bi.
lion dollar proposed merger between
power companies Exelon and Pepe.
The three member commision una
mous ejected the EG merge
Chicago-based Exclo announced
April 2014 plans 10 acquire Washing
tom-based Pepco Holdings. The deal
‘would have crete the
{Eng Tn the region with about
10 million customer in ces includ
ing Baltimore, Chicago, Philadel
and Washington
Despite gating. the_appronl
Aia Bon
fa Papo fled 10 nach semen
talon in Washington DE
Chaimoman Bey Ann Kane ld
a
eo...
public
the een lathe recon I that
da mor peel
AS
edicion? Kane ad
ee aa
qelsine edema alle
re
dene
Excel Energy Cuts GHG
Emissions 20 Percent
F0:
(a em
nuera jas pay ade
ro
wich [he Climate Registry a nonprofit
egal hat opera hay
compan enone ep
[programs throughout the world.
sr
tng ens is, eal
cel tery Vee President rank Prag
ee ate o
fee mora 2 pen con
ee
track to achieve a 30-pecent ed
‘ompanywideby 2020.
Xcel Energy reached Climate Regi
tered status by measuring and report
ing the company’s emisions from
2005 10 201. The data was then ver-
ied by shied part
The company’s emision from 2012
10 2014 are being verified and eps
feted with The Climate Registry
‘Obama Announces $1 Billion
in DOE Initiatives.
(Se laa Im en ==
uned mor than Ben in nt
thes pci dan ney
The president per
fete Dele e Le
Programs Ofi gare up 0 St
Bien Er cames dead
Soe Ss
a
‘land pel
ato e
O
ee
some opor, bi pot cen
|
Bere
Ben
‘Additonal, he DOE ls vario
24 milion through the RES)
foc
en
nr
nebenan tle pearl
en
GE Signs its Largest Battery
Storage Deal to Date
GEanncunced wl provide Couche
la Energy Storage Partners (CES?) with
302 bay energy som stem as
por o CES supply conc the
Imperial rio Disc (UD).
Representing GE’ largest energy so
see poet oda, the lant willbe uit
in Calorias Impera Valley. 100 mies
‘esto Sin Diego Te faci wll rd
ext ad incase ela on he
AD network by providing slr amping
frequency ulation, power Balancing
ad ak tart capability fr a accent
turbine,
‘GE wil provide CES with an ina
8 corny sorge soon, conf
Corel]
RE
dan ed can ol
Ka sty portman
compliance se bp! o
Creating value with a of integrated specialty services.
Forno itpipoweenotins camisas
re ning Cb tec Fear arm, cn pty Mahe TE
dan ed can ol
Ka sty portman
compliance se bp! o
Creating value with a of integrated specialty services.
Forno itpipoweenotins camisas
re ning Cb tec Fear arm, cn pty Mahe TE
‘sing Ges Mark VI pan cos Gr Louisiana Regulators Approve DOE Picks 8 Projects to Receive
Bane MW inserter GE Pro ans. Merger of Entergy Utilities Funding for Cuting Cost of CO:
former, mediamsoageswitcyea and The Louisiana Pub eri Commis. COpfure and Compression
vance itis ionbatereshosed in sonapprmedihemenerofimegy Loe: The US. Department of Energy
3 GE purpose bull enclosure The plant hana Land Energy Gulfiats Louis (DOE). Naonal Ener chnology
willbe operated by lob anengncer. anaL1C ino a singe Laboratory has selected ight project to
irgcollabocor id ESP theft 18 he new ily wil opere under the eeh funding 1 const small and
mons air which cool will vans name Entergy Luna LLC air the lageacae pls or edi he co of
o the IID. Construction s expec to del ses OL will ave over 5163 — carbon oxide (003) ae and com
ein cary nex yea with commercial billion in sets and 66194 Chin com presion though DOES Carbon Capture
open scheduled forthe hind quan bine ale Louiiana ui provide Program.
arm. crc o mor than on milion cs- The Carbon Capture Program is de
tomers and natal gas eve 1 over veloping technologies that wil enable
NRC Issues Corrective Actions 22,000 cusome in the greater fon coselfecive impementulen of eon
‘Against Milstone 2 Nuclear Unit | Rouge aa The mera company willbe capture and storage (CCS) inthe pow
Dominion is implementing a range au offer Cop er generation sector and ensure that the
of conectve actions atthe Milsione US wil cominue to ave aces tos,
nit nuclea plant in Connecticut to GE'S Gas Turbine Surpasses sible and affable energy from fo
addres violations 75 Million Operating Hours fuck Ihe program consists of two core
In September 2011, he NRC became earch technology aras, postcombus-
awrethat Dominion had submited e tion capture and pr-combustion capture,
quests for approval of amendments 10 N and lo supports reed CO: compres:
the Millstone 2 operating ens that sion eos. Current research and deve:
‘were incomplete and inaccurate. The [opment ef are advancing technol:
requests were 10 modify requirements oes that ould provide sep-change
for Uni 2' charging pumps and ira reductions in both cost and energy pe
ited fuel decay time, NRC's Office of Aly compared o many arabe tech
Investigations began an investigation login
the following November to determine GES LM2S00 acroderieive gas tr
if there was any wrongdoing On April bin ha reached a milestone of 75 mil. MidAmerican Building lowa
23,2015, NRC notified Dominion that ion combined operating hours ‘Wind Farms for $900 Milion
the violations were considered foresca- The uen et af as turbines totals MilAmercan Energy says it wil bul
led enforcement nor tan 2800 wine across siscon- neat two wind fms in none
The fist violation was for a wil: tint. Mai tres codes reaching love.
ful violation for changes made to he fllpowerwithin 10 mine, diet deve The company says there wil be 134
plants Updated Final Safety Analysis for 30-herz and 60-bers power ener: generators at the da County se and 104
Report without license amendment, ton, variable speed for mechanical dive, atthe ste in O'Brien Coun, providing
that removed credit fora specifictype al ue capably fr distil or mau: a combined capacity of 552 mega
of safety-related pump in the mita: ra red NOx wth dry low emis- ‘The estimated investment for the two
tion ofa plant accident. The second vi- ons combustor and natural gas fueland projects $900 milion. A MidAmes-
‘lation was à non-willfu violation for optional steam or water injection system can vice presides, Mike Gehringer, ss
afalureto provide complete and ccu- fe NOxcontol. that by the endo the year more ol Mi
rate information to the NRC perain- Theft 2500gastubinebganop- damericaí electrico will come fm
ingto the changes. The third violation, eraingonaUlS.Navycargoship.GEsid_ wind han from any ber sgl sur.
related 0 he utili failure o obtain inarecase Thetubine consistsofa160r Mid American spokeswoman Ruth Com:
a license amendment prior to making. 17tage axial low compresor, anular ersysthaby the end of 206 when both
changes related o spent fuel poo! heat- combustor twostage, high-pressure, sn- projects are completed, the Reishi: Ha
Toad analysis, was not considered for _glerowrgastubineandeffientsixstage dhway-owne company will have more
salt enforcement powerturine ‘than 2000 wind tins cross ow
Corel]
Bane MW inserter GE Pro ans. Merger of Entergy Utilities Funding for Cuting Cost of CO:
former, mediamsoageswitcyea and The Louisiana Pub eri Commis. COpfure and Compression
vance itis ionbatereshosed in sonapprmedihemenerofimegy Loe: The US. Department of Energy
3 GE purpose bull enclosure The plant hana Land Energy Gulfiats Louis (DOE). Naonal Ener chnology
willbe operated by lob anengncer. anaL1C ino a singe Laboratory has selected ight project to
irgcollabocor id ESP theft 18 he new ily wil opere under the eeh funding 1 const small and
mons air which cool will vans name Entergy Luna LLC air the lageacae pls or edi he co of
o the IID. Construction s expec to del ses OL will ave over 5163 — carbon oxide (003) ae and com
ein cary nex yea with commercial billion in sets and 66194 Chin com presion though DOES Carbon Capture
open scheduled forthe hind quan bine ale Louiiana ui provide Program.
arm. crc o mor than on milion cs- The Carbon Capture Program is de
tomers and natal gas eve 1 over veloping technologies that wil enable
NRC Issues Corrective Actions 22,000 cusome in the greater fon coselfecive impementulen of eon
‘Against Milstone 2 Nuclear Unit | Rouge aa The mera company willbe capture and storage (CCS) inthe pow
Dominion is implementing a range au offer Cop er generation sector and ensure that the
of conectve actions atthe Milsione US wil cominue to ave aces tos,
nit nuclea plant in Connecticut to GE'S Gas Turbine Surpasses sible and affable energy from fo
addres violations 75 Million Operating Hours fuck Ihe program consists of two core
In September 2011, he NRC became earch technology aras, postcombus-
awrethat Dominion had submited e tion capture and pr-combustion capture,
quests for approval of amendments 10 N and lo supports reed CO: compres:
the Millstone 2 operating ens that sion eos. Current research and deve:
‘were incomplete and inaccurate. The [opment ef are advancing technol:
requests were 10 modify requirements oes that ould provide sep-change
for Uni 2' charging pumps and ira reductions in both cost and energy pe
ited fuel decay time, NRC's Office of Aly compared o many arabe tech
Investigations began an investigation login
the following November to determine GES LM2S00 acroderieive gas tr
if there was any wrongdoing On April bin ha reached a milestone of 75 mil. MidAmerican Building lowa
23,2015, NRC notified Dominion that ion combined operating hours ‘Wind Farms for $900 Milion
the violations were considered foresca- The uen et af as turbines totals MilAmercan Energy says it wil bul
led enforcement nor tan 2800 wine across siscon- neat two wind fms in none
The fist violation was for a wil: tint. Mai tres codes reaching love.
ful violation for changes made to he fllpowerwithin 10 mine, diet deve The company says there wil be 134
plants Updated Final Safety Analysis for 30-herz and 60-bers power ener: generators at the da County se and 104
Report without license amendment, ton, variable speed for mechanical dive, atthe ste in O'Brien Coun, providing
that removed credit fora specifictype al ue capably fr distil or mau: a combined capacity of 552 mega
of safety-related pump in the mita: ra red NOx wth dry low emis- ‘The estimated investment for the two
tion ofa plant accident. The second vi- ons combustor and natural gas fueland projects $900 milion. A MidAmes-
‘lation was à non-willfu violation for optional steam or water injection system can vice presides, Mike Gehringer, ss
afalureto provide complete and ccu- fe NOxcontol. that by the endo the year more ol Mi
rate information to the NRC perain- Theft 2500gastubinebganop- damericaí electrico will come fm
ingto the changes. The third violation, eraingonaUlS.Navycargoship.GEsid_ wind han from any ber sgl sur.
related 0 he utili failure o obtain inarecase Thetubine consistsofa160r Mid American spokeswoman Ruth Com:
a license amendment prior to making. 17tage axial low compresor, anular ersysthaby the end of 206 when both
changes related o spent fuel poo! heat- combustor twostage, high-pressure, sn- projects are completed, the Reishi: Ha
Toad analysis, was not considered for _glerowrgastubineandeffientsixstage dhway-owne company will have more
salt enforcement powerturine ‘than 2000 wind tins cross ow
Corel]
Renewable Energy - Pushing
Gas Turbine Components to
Their Cycling Limit!
as turbine maintenance ner
vals are determined by hou
sans ora combination ofboth
Tias fin nero equivalent
operan hours (FON). The ceasing
integran of renewable energy sou
«ito generan potolios has meant
anges dsp and mary tradition:
ay baseload ass are being fret
to load follow and of, as son
in many as urbine and combined. ce
arampemens ac he country With
manifest, as well as the inspection
techniques required effectively dag
nose these spective modes. Given the
competitive markrplce its valuable
understand applicable lue modes
and inpection techniques to elective
1y balance the fine line between serap-
hardware beyond safe conditions
CYCLING VS. BASE
LOAD FAILURE MODES
‘When aunt stars and ope itis ex
posed signif
igh semperae sans of the engine
This can ead thermal mechani fi
tig or ovwcyc gue cracking. Mer
de begin thy continue o propagate
with each new eee no aes in
time, eration of à song Blade cn
Teo asta! orage ie and
sustindamaeainerae or conta sur
faces. Damage cuts rom te repetitive
relivemoxementbetmeensurfces oras
real ofinteasd defection fie rotor
{trough etal speeds Some examples
ofthese sures inhale otr to blade
root interfaces, contac ces on ad
nt shred blades al compresor or
cohorte coating plain
rates fr coated parts thus leading 1 pre
mature oxidation of the han. The
impact of ecg is no mid 1 4 in
le section ofthe gas turbine. TG Advises
has been involved in ont case fl
analyse ukimately abut vo oli
in the compresor, combustion, and hot
sections of as bins.
Joa hire modes se oad machines
ate mainly Limited by fue modes that
real fom prolonged operation at ce
‘ue temperatures These re modes
damage, and embritcment Creep dam-
age is very difficult deta onde
lines. This design philosophy is under
standabe gen the sater in material
Proper, duty of detecting rep,
and severo of lad fu. The kor
fire modes that require extended time
ingasturbinesthatexhibitcyledomina:
«sd maimenanc nel.
CYCLING-TARGETED
CONS
The ey eine inspections kun
ersundingihe applicable Bite modes
and how they manif. This hols rue
for brad conto inspections uch as
init borscope inspections. as well as
fordeadnspectons completed during
Poe 10 overhaul and as à routine
maintenance pacte, ases sould
A"
complet horescope inspections trco
mendel intervals Albosgh not precise
indicor fpr condition sens f major
damage tip rubbing and missing coating
shoul be explored. I is important 1
document damage ha ccs overtime
Inowertoaekthe progression of known
conditions
During major overhaul srs shoul
‘onde ling rete non-destructive
testing (NDI, particular on ong
are male NDT techniques that can
ety cracks. These include id pn
‘tan, magnetic pal, and eddy cu.
Te irapetons Users should complete
Ip ited epi is equi. ln dio,
they should inspect the ner af the
‘ing and determine ew coatings are
report fon conformancessoastoun.
<erstand the condition of hardware por
ASSESSMENT.
FOR PART REUSE
With inspection ress inhand mt
thenbedeerminedfkissafeo coin
10 use hava. Rel he difference in
Fire modes between base lod and
‘eling machines and the fact that many
pats a life init by ime at tempera
ture Glue modes. When coupled with
the els ofthe ling reed are
mode inspections, knowl ofthe ac
‘cumulated operating hous of hardware
‘enables educted.decions concerning
pat ruse, Given the cos o placement
Bande, giant monetary benefi
cante realized using this seg PO
Corn]
Gas Turbine Components to
Their Cycling Limit!
as turbine maintenance ner
vals are determined by hou
sans ora combination ofboth
Tias fin nero equivalent
operan hours (FON). The ceasing
integran of renewable energy sou
«ito generan potolios has meant
anges dsp and mary tradition:
ay baseload ass are being fret
to load follow and of, as son
in many as urbine and combined. ce
arampemens ac he country With
manifest, as well as the inspection
techniques required effectively dag
nose these spective modes. Given the
competitive markrplce its valuable
understand applicable lue modes
and inpection techniques to elective
1y balance the fine line between serap-
hardware beyond safe conditions
CYCLING VS. BASE
LOAD FAILURE MODES
‘When aunt stars and ope itis ex
posed signif
igh semperae sans of the engine
This can ead thermal mechani fi
tig or ovwcyc gue cracking. Mer
de begin thy continue o propagate
with each new eee no aes in
time, eration of à song Blade cn
Teo asta! orage ie and
sustindamaeainerae or conta sur
faces. Damage cuts rom te repetitive
relivemoxementbetmeensurfces oras
real ofinteasd defection fie rotor
{trough etal speeds Some examples
ofthese sures inhale otr to blade
root interfaces, contac ces on ad
nt shred blades al compresor or
cohorte coating plain
rates fr coated parts thus leading 1 pre
mature oxidation of the han. The
impact of ecg is no mid 1 4 in
le section ofthe gas turbine. TG Advises
has been involved in ont case fl
analyse ukimately abut vo oli
in the compresor, combustion, and hot
sections of as bins.
Joa hire modes se oad machines
ate mainly Limited by fue modes that
real fom prolonged operation at ce
‘ue temperatures These re modes
damage, and embritcment Creep dam-
age is very difficult deta onde
lines. This design philosophy is under
standabe gen the sater in material
Proper, duty of detecting rep,
and severo of lad fu. The kor
fire modes that require extended time
ingasturbinesthatexhibitcyledomina:
«sd maimenanc nel.
CYCLING-TARGETED
CONS
The ey eine inspections kun
ersundingihe applicable Bite modes
and how they manif. This hols rue
for brad conto inspections uch as
init borscope inspections. as well as
fordeadnspectons completed during
Poe 10 overhaul and as à routine
maintenance pacte, ases sould
A"
complet horescope inspections trco
mendel intervals Albosgh not precise
indicor fpr condition sens f major
damage tip rubbing and missing coating
shoul be explored. I is important 1
document damage ha ccs overtime
Inowertoaekthe progression of known
conditions
During major overhaul srs shoul
‘onde ling rete non-destructive
testing (NDI, particular on ong
are male NDT techniques that can
ety cracks. These include id pn
‘tan, magnetic pal, and eddy cu.
Te irapetons Users should complete
Ip ited epi is equi. ln dio,
they should inspect the ner af the
‘ing and determine ew coatings are
report fon conformancessoastoun.
<erstand the condition of hardware por
ASSESSMENT.
FOR PART REUSE
With inspection ress inhand mt
thenbedeerminedfkissafeo coin
10 use hava. Rel he difference in
Fire modes between base lod and
‘eling machines and the fact that many
pats a life init by ime at tempera
ture Glue modes. When coupled with
the els ofthe ling reed are
mode inspections, knowl ofthe ac
‘cumulated operating hous of hardware
‘enables educted.decions concerning
pat ruse, Given the cos o placement
Bande, giant monetary benefi
cante realized using this seg PO
Corn]
Hone Hat
Ho Visit Vest
Wrkers if Top of Tak
for Susch Modficaton
Bestin Class
Sete Fare Fraction
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Insulated Gloves
(ation fr Two: Alarm
Safety Proc
Softy Harress
echotel.magnetrol.com
@ Magnetrol’
Eu 1400909400
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Ho Visit Vest
Wrkers if Top of Tak
for Susch Modficaton
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(ation fr Two: Alarm
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echotel.magnetrol.com
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a on
VIEW ON RENEWABLES
BY JACOB ANDERSEN, CEO ONSHORE AMERICAS, SIEMENS VINO POWER & NEWABLES OMSON
ua ln dl wide
in the US. by 2020, double again vo
20 percent by 2030, and expand to over
‘ne thin of enemy production by 2050.
‘With policymaker: in Washington
focusing on reducing. greenhouse gas
emision wind powers a natural com-
een 1 fastgrowing natural as - à
prime building Dock for Iwein ca
bon emissions. The LS, already lads
the world in the amount of electricity
that i produced by wind = wih more
than 181 millon megawatt hows in
2018 and the coat of wind energy has
{dropped by half ove he pst ive ea
As a share of the nation’s energy mix
‘wind has rove from under 1 percent io
eat 5 percent over he pas igh years
= competing eth natural a othe op
spot of new power added 0 the system.
Because le a lowcst solution with
zen emissions its leas has wind en
y el play an important ol cost
cine meeting the goal sc forth by
the Obama administro,
In order to continue to reduce the
cost of wind energy ongoing tech
gy enhancements are essential. Be
cause of performance enhancements
onshore wind is neatly reaching grid
patty. At Siemens, we ae commited
ally enhancing our technol
gy in onde o grow the wind indus
ey bere in the US. Eater this year
at the 2015 AWEA WINDPOWER Con.
ference & Exhibition in Orlando, Sie
mens announced the latest addon
to our G2 product platform, This new
SWT2 3.120 wind turbine builds upon
‘the proven design principles o our G2
platform, Neatly 5.00 units have ben
insaed global:
With wind. power becoming an
Increasingly important part of the
US. energy mix, this new wurine
was designed in America specially
to meet the needs of the American
market. ‘The SWT
23.120 ofen proven
"As a share of the
= swoepig a greater are 10 make the
‘most ofthe avaiable wind resource
‘Aan average wind speed of 75 me
Les per second (nearly 17 miles per
hour), the Siemens SWT2.3-120 yields
an increase of neatly 10 percent in an
ual energy production (AEP) com
pared 19 that ofits pioneering pred:
cestorunderthe same
condicions - helping
technology wlan) NAHON'S ENETQY 10 deter higher re
tolocal requirements mix, wind has turns and a decrease
and designed to
Tower the levelized
‘grown from under
inthe Levelized Cost
of Energy
‘cost of energy 1 percent fo nearly production of this
Building upon the 5 percent over the new wind wibine
achievements of the
‘SWT2.3.108, the new
SWE2.3.120 features a highpefor
mance 120-mees rotor that enables en
hance energy production owersound
power levels and improved operating
temperature and altitud capabilities.
At our aerodynamic RAD center in
Boule, Colorado, the new blade ype
was designed to optimize the perfor
mance of ext generation wind com
ponents ~ resulting in an aero-castic
blade design that improves efficiency
ad reduces loads through inteligent
‘se of the blades flexing capabilities.
This allows forthe SWT-2.3120's larg
er mor size without à proportional in
rase in strutural loading = ects
ing wear and tear onthe turbine
The new bade vas designed with the
goal of increasing energy production
forseswith medium o low wind con
ions, which comprise a significant
par of the US. markt, The 59-meter
blades extend the ach of the rotor
past eight years.”
and we are pleased
that its production wil support |
energy Jobs here in the U.S, where we
have close 0 2,000 workers in ur new
unit and service business
The nacelles and hubs will be as
sembled a our faliy in Hutchinson,
Kansas, and dhe blades will be manu.
facture at ourblade story F Mad:
ison, lows. And our national network
‘of wind service technicians is ready 10
Keep these turbines running optimally
voughout thelr lie,
With more than 5,000 wind urbines
Inalledin the US, Semensisleading
the effort to ensure that wind power is
an increasingly important par of the
At Siemens, we have more than 30
year of global experience in onshore
wind = and this new turbine the a
‘st example of our rang commitment
10 the growth of wind energy
United Sates, BE
BY JACOB ANDERSEN, CEO ONSHORE AMERICAS, SIEMENS VINO POWER & NEWABLES OMSON
ua ln dl wide
in the US. by 2020, double again vo
20 percent by 2030, and expand to over
‘ne thin of enemy production by 2050.
‘With policymaker: in Washington
focusing on reducing. greenhouse gas
emision wind powers a natural com-
een 1 fastgrowing natural as - à
prime building Dock for Iwein ca
bon emissions. The LS, already lads
the world in the amount of electricity
that i produced by wind = wih more
than 181 millon megawatt hows in
2018 and the coat of wind energy has
{dropped by half ove he pst ive ea
As a share of the nation’s energy mix
‘wind has rove from under 1 percent io
eat 5 percent over he pas igh years
= competing eth natural a othe op
spot of new power added 0 the system.
Because le a lowcst solution with
zen emissions its leas has wind en
y el play an important ol cost
cine meeting the goal sc forth by
the Obama administro,
In order to continue to reduce the
cost of wind energy ongoing tech
gy enhancements are essential. Be
cause of performance enhancements
onshore wind is neatly reaching grid
patty. At Siemens, we ae commited
ally enhancing our technol
gy in onde o grow the wind indus
ey bere in the US. Eater this year
at the 2015 AWEA WINDPOWER Con.
ference & Exhibition in Orlando, Sie
mens announced the latest addon
to our G2 product platform, This new
SWT2 3.120 wind turbine builds upon
‘the proven design principles o our G2
platform, Neatly 5.00 units have ben
insaed global:
With wind. power becoming an
Increasingly important part of the
US. energy mix, this new wurine
was designed in America specially
to meet the needs of the American
market. ‘The SWT
23.120 ofen proven
"As a share of the
= swoepig a greater are 10 make the
‘most ofthe avaiable wind resource
‘Aan average wind speed of 75 me
Les per second (nearly 17 miles per
hour), the Siemens SWT2.3-120 yields
an increase of neatly 10 percent in an
ual energy production (AEP) com
pared 19 that ofits pioneering pred:
cestorunderthe same
condicions - helping
technology wlan) NAHON'S ENETQY 10 deter higher re
tolocal requirements mix, wind has turns and a decrease
and designed to
Tower the levelized
‘grown from under
inthe Levelized Cost
of Energy
‘cost of energy 1 percent fo nearly production of this
Building upon the 5 percent over the new wind wibine
achievements of the
‘SWT2.3.108, the new
SWE2.3.120 features a highpefor
mance 120-mees rotor that enables en
hance energy production owersound
power levels and improved operating
temperature and altitud capabilities.
At our aerodynamic RAD center in
Boule, Colorado, the new blade ype
was designed to optimize the perfor
mance of ext generation wind com
ponents ~ resulting in an aero-castic
blade design that improves efficiency
ad reduces loads through inteligent
‘se of the blades flexing capabilities.
This allows forthe SWT-2.3120's larg
er mor size without à proportional in
rase in strutural loading = ects
ing wear and tear onthe turbine
The new bade vas designed with the
goal of increasing energy production
forseswith medium o low wind con
ions, which comprise a significant
par of the US. markt, The 59-meter
blades extend the ach of the rotor
past eight years.”
and we are pleased
that its production wil support |
energy Jobs here in the U.S, where we
have close 0 2,000 workers in ur new
unit and service business
The nacelles and hubs will be as
sembled a our faliy in Hutchinson,
Kansas, and dhe blades will be manu.
facture at ourblade story F Mad:
ison, lows. And our national network
‘of wind service technicians is ready 10
Keep these turbines running optimally
voughout thelr lie,
With more than 5,000 wind urbines
Inalledin the US, Semensisleading
the effort to ensure that wind power is
an increasingly important par of the
At Siemens, we have more than 30
year of global experience in onshore
wind = and this new turbine the a
‘st example of our rang commitment
10 the growth of wind energy
United Sates, BE
ROBMN ANOR
AÑO CONTI EDTOR
he new os on Cos Como
T's
making compliance for transparent
many records must be posted onthe in-
terme allow easy public accessibility.
Requlinga website isan intresting de:
‘velopment and is an obvios net step
in egulatry communication
(On Apa 17, 2015, the Emérenmenal
Protection Agency (EPA) published the
final venion of the far CCR rule
on the soege and dial of CCR
gene by cc utes: The CCR
fue i expected o, afker mre than
1000 active CCR management units
throughout the US, para the
ner and opentors of CCR tis
and surfe impoundments. The now
rule include provisions adecue
potenti oe ctatrophi lure of CCR
aiment, grounwater mentoring,
operacional requires, recording
and reporting, as well as dosuee
procedures or inact or ing le.
Under the ae, there are numeros
requirements that must be performed
Voy professional engineer, and others
ya qual individual. The re wil
require installation of groundwater
‘monitoring well, and à groundwater
monitoring program for taking
samples and assessing that data. In
ition 10 thorough reondkeeping
and operator of CCR sits are now
required to maintain a public website
hosting. all compliance information,
including monitoring reports. The rule
Akoounlnesimeframssandpmocdures
Sor sie closure, and abo details omar
consequences for tes sing to mest
Kicking Ash
and Taking Names
{APPL ESCAMILLA BURNS & MCOONNELL AND
SEX PE RUINS & MCDONNEN
these eier. The fic provision of
this rule are expected o take eet on
October 19, 2015,
Aspar oftesprorisons ll ner
and operators ol over 1,000 iit
tative landfills and sure impound:
mens, eur receiving CCRs are
now required to establish and maintain
à white of CCR Bci operation
al compliance data called “CCR Rule
Compliance Data and Information”
The website must he made publically
available, and host tems Seni im
the CCR rule ae require tobe publ
cally accesible, Some of the items that
‘must be included ae annual ground
water monitoring eels, correcte ac
tion reports, faite ds contol plas,
eur stability assessments emer
gency ation plans, and closure com
‘ction nations, À información is
‘ploaded to the te, notations mu
€ sent to the ate and local ria
ares.
“The requirement fora website stems
‘om anotheransal spect ofthe CCR
rule the rule doesnot reir permits
docs nor require states to adopt or
implement these requirements, and EPA
cannot ef these requirements. EPA
Ins promulgted ae that eve il
ofthe burden of ascsing compliance
Comments on the draft rule fl on
bothsidsof the argumentasto whether
ce not civil enfiveoment would be
fete. Some were encouraged by
the opportunity 10 enforce the rule
themes since ..cizens hase down
o rehctance o challenge companies
that they belive are aot respon
Sellowing coviroamenal mgulaiane”
\
communities were the least Gt
Core
to mount à serous calls to the
Industry becune low income people ae
‘often os wel cated ave ess acces
to computers and imernct technology,
ae less koonledgeible of how 10 acess
and imepes environmental dit, and
ar the fst kl to have the resources
foe time consuming al bate”
“The Frcedom of Information Act
(FOIA), enacted in 1967, 3 the wud
plas operation: emision, Imis, or
almost anything needed vo demonstate
‘compliance (ether ıhan business
‘confidential information). For larger,
tore publically sensitive projets sch
as those at pomer plants, many sos
ae aren adopted poli oferesting
cies where the mot requested
public. This simple action sen the
agency manpower in Fling repetitive
FOIA requests However, FOIA seque
and state websites put the burden of
transparency on the goverament and
ot the regule entity. By requiring
‘ich coal plan opor their compliance
informaron onthe interne, neighbor,
aci, and other interested paros
<a play armehai watehdog
For now, EPA aces to hive met the
med of al panic volved, Chizens
an senatinze thee local utility, tte
apra can rede thei budgets o
enfoéing other regulations, and EPA
an say neutral uni hey are drags
into action by a Inu. An the
wali While they ae busy managing
ah and protecting the environment,
tien groups will be watching cn)
one BE
AÑO CONTI EDTOR
he new os on Cos Como
T's
making compliance for transparent
many records must be posted onthe in-
terme allow easy public accessibility.
Requlinga website isan intresting de:
‘velopment and is an obvios net step
in egulatry communication
(On Apa 17, 2015, the Emérenmenal
Protection Agency (EPA) published the
final venion of the far CCR rule
on the soege and dial of CCR
gene by cc utes: The CCR
fue i expected o, afker mre than
1000 active CCR management units
throughout the US, para the
ner and opentors of CCR tis
and surfe impoundments. The now
rule include provisions adecue
potenti oe ctatrophi lure of CCR
aiment, grounwater mentoring,
operacional requires, recording
and reporting, as well as dosuee
procedures or inact or ing le.
Under the ae, there are numeros
requirements that must be performed
Voy professional engineer, and others
ya qual individual. The re wil
require installation of groundwater
‘monitoring well, and à groundwater
monitoring program for taking
samples and assessing that data. In
ition 10 thorough reondkeeping
and operator of CCR sits are now
required to maintain a public website
hosting. all compliance information,
including monitoring reports. The rule
Akoounlnesimeframssandpmocdures
Sor sie closure, and abo details omar
consequences for tes sing to mest
Kicking Ash
and Taking Names
{APPL ESCAMILLA BURNS & MCOONNELL AND
SEX PE RUINS & MCDONNEN
these eier. The fic provision of
this rule are expected o take eet on
October 19, 2015,
Aspar oftesprorisons ll ner
and operators ol over 1,000 iit
tative landfills and sure impound:
mens, eur receiving CCRs are
now required to establish and maintain
à white of CCR Bci operation
al compliance data called “CCR Rule
Compliance Data and Information”
The website must he made publically
available, and host tems Seni im
the CCR rule ae require tobe publ
cally accesible, Some of the items that
‘must be included ae annual ground
water monitoring eels, correcte ac
tion reports, faite ds contol plas,
eur stability assessments emer
gency ation plans, and closure com
‘ction nations, À información is
‘ploaded to the te, notations mu
€ sent to the ate and local ria
ares.
“The requirement fora website stems
‘om anotheransal spect ofthe CCR
rule the rule doesnot reir permits
docs nor require states to adopt or
implement these requirements, and EPA
cannot ef these requirements. EPA
Ins promulgted ae that eve il
ofthe burden of ascsing compliance
Comments on the draft rule fl on
bothsidsof the argumentasto whether
ce not civil enfiveoment would be
fete. Some were encouraged by
the opportunity 10 enforce the rule
themes since ..cizens hase down
o rehctance o challenge companies
that they belive are aot respon
Sellowing coviroamenal mgulaiane”
\
communities were the least Gt
Core
to mount à serous calls to the
Industry becune low income people ae
‘often os wel cated ave ess acces
to computers and imernct technology,
ae less koonledgeible of how 10 acess
and imepes environmental dit, and
ar the fst kl to have the resources
foe time consuming al bate”
“The Frcedom of Information Act
(FOIA), enacted in 1967, 3 the wud
plas operation: emision, Imis, or
almost anything needed vo demonstate
‘compliance (ether ıhan business
‘confidential information). For larger,
tore publically sensitive projets sch
as those at pomer plants, many sos
ae aren adopted poli oferesting
cies where the mot requested
public. This simple action sen the
agency manpower in Fling repetitive
FOIA requests However, FOIA seque
and state websites put the burden of
transparency on the goverament and
ot the regule entity. By requiring
‘ich coal plan opor their compliance
informaron onthe interne, neighbor,
aci, and other interested paros
<a play armehai watehdog
For now, EPA aces to hive met the
med of al panic volved, Chizens
an senatinze thee local utility, tte
apra can rede thei budgets o
enfoéing other regulations, and EPA
an say neutral uni hey are drags
into action by a Inu. An the
wali While they ae busy managing
ah and protecting the environment,
tien groups will be watching cn)
one BE
ROBERT SPANIER
he uiy:scale solar en
egy industry is feling
isons The cost of gen
crating electricity from
solar power has pum
met in recent years, and experts ay
‘till continue to drop. Uiliycale
solaris on par with, Hf not cheaper
than, power produced with fossil fuel
in many markeisin the US, and there
‘te mote than 27 GW of solar projets
her under construction or in the
planning stages.
Yet there ae a few clouds darken
ing the wiliy-scale solar market. The
darkest being the posible sun sting
of federal investment tax credits (ITC)
attheend of 201.
Solar has about 1 percent of the
power generation marke in the US.
ut the Industry is coring some his
tori fits. Georgetown, Texas about
50 miles north of Austin, recently an-
nounced that it will se solar and wind
power to become one ofa handíal of
US. ces running on 100 percent re
newable ener.
The solar power will come from a
150 M projet in West Texas, acon
ing 1 John Lamontagne, senior dite
tor of corporate comm
Suntison. Whats interesting about
the announcement is why the city
chose Sunklon: price.
They di it because we were the
lowest cost option for local ratepayers.”
\montagne says “In other words
solar ener (long with wind power)
were the cheapest ways 10 power hat
PROJECT PROFI
There are two main ways 10 gener
Concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP
‘ses mirrrs to focus solar energy 10
sete heat, which can then power a
traditional team urbe. Photovoltaic
calls use an electron proces 0 con.
ver suit into electric.
The Ivampah Solar Electric Gener
ing System uses solar thermal techno!
‘fy to produce ener, Unlike tad
tional ola farms, more han 300,000
«omputerconrolled minor track the
sun and reflec towards boiler hat
sit atop immense owes. team ice
ed ight his
eam is piped to tu.
ine when ice crc
Tvanpah, which has been live since
January 1, 2014, bas thee units with
total generating capaciy of 377 MW.
Units 1 and 3 provide power fr Pa
cific Gas & Electric while unit 2 sends
‘lect o Southern California Ed:
Son. The plant hs 330 year license 10
‘operate on public land in Californias
of Las Vegas. About 65 fullme op
‘tations and maintenance employees
‘work atthe plan,
Wanpah, à partnership beiwe
HightSoure Energy, Google and
ated when the concent
theboilers. The
NAG called Solar Partners, was built
by Bechtel NRG Energy Services ha
les the plants operations and main
The plant reaches full oad doing
sunny days, says Miteell Samuchan
vice president of operations and main.
tenance for NRG Renew andthe former
‘general manage of Wanpah. “On su
ny days weve made over 103 perce
of out estimated energy that we were
supposed to reachin the yea” he says
he uiy:scale solar en
egy industry is feling
isons The cost of gen
crating electricity from
solar power has pum
met in recent years, and experts ay
‘till continue to drop. Uiliycale
solaris on par with, Hf not cheaper
than, power produced with fossil fuel
in many markeisin the US, and there
‘te mote than 27 GW of solar projets
her under construction or in the
planning stages.
Yet there ae a few clouds darken
ing the wiliy-scale solar market. The
darkest being the posible sun sting
of federal investment tax credits (ITC)
attheend of 201.
Solar has about 1 percent of the
power generation marke in the US.
ut the Industry is coring some his
tori fits. Georgetown, Texas about
50 miles north of Austin, recently an-
nounced that it will se solar and wind
power to become one ofa handíal of
US. ces running on 100 percent re
newable ener.
The solar power will come from a
150 M projet in West Texas, acon
ing 1 John Lamontagne, senior dite
tor of corporate comm
Suntison. Whats interesting about
the announcement is why the city
chose Sunklon: price.
They di it because we were the
lowest cost option for local ratepayers.”
\montagne says “In other words
solar ener (long with wind power)
were the cheapest ways 10 power hat
PROJECT PROFI
There are two main ways 10 gener
Concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP
‘ses mirrrs to focus solar energy 10
sete heat, which can then power a
traditional team urbe. Photovoltaic
calls use an electron proces 0 con.
ver suit into electric.
The Ivampah Solar Electric Gener
ing System uses solar thermal techno!
‘fy to produce ener, Unlike tad
tional ola farms, more han 300,000
«omputerconrolled minor track the
sun and reflec towards boiler hat
sit atop immense owes. team ice
ed ight his
eam is piped to tu.
ine when ice crc
Tvanpah, which has been live since
January 1, 2014, bas thee units with
total generating capaciy of 377 MW.
Units 1 and 3 provide power fr Pa
cific Gas & Electric while unit 2 sends
‘lect o Southern California Ed:
Son. The plant hs 330 year license 10
‘operate on public land in Californias
of Las Vegas. About 65 fullme op
‘tations and maintenance employees
‘work atthe plan,
Wanpah, à partnership beiwe
HightSoure Energy, Google and
ated when the concent
theboilers. The
NAG called Solar Partners, was built
by Bechtel NRG Energy Services ha
les the plants operations and main
The plant reaches full oad doing
sunny days, says Miteell Samuchan
vice president of operations and main.
tenance for NRG Renew andthe former
‘general manage of Wanpah. “On su
ny days weve made over 103 perce
of out estimated energy that we were
supposed to reachin the yea” he says
The challenge is how to produce the
mos electricity during partly cloudy
weather The goal, explains. David
‘senior director wholesale and
to “collect as much solar en
an. and then 10 continue that
y whether be high
y early evening and optimizing
‘tha throughout the ete dy
This i technical very challenging
[ra]
10 do, according 10 Samucllan. "be
‘cause youve got clouds moving in and
out and you've gota steam plant with
thermal inertia and the pats and pec
ln the eh morning, viral all
but asthe day goes on some go ino a
standby position so the tower doesn't
‘overheat The process is regulated by
monitor the boilers surface with
inf cameras, and they balance
turbine load withthe amount of solar
they putting in and with how much
sunlight inte ke says
The boiler has thee sections = super
eat rheat and evaporator = and mul
ofthe boiler. Supercomputers balance
ry onthe thie spots and give
ning signal to each uni every 10
fond, according to Samuel
tinka people don't understand
mos electricity during partly cloudy
weather The goal, explains. David
‘senior director wholesale and
to “collect as much solar en
an. and then 10 continue that
y whether be high
y early evening and optimizing
‘tha throughout the ete dy
This i technical very challenging
[ra]
10 do, according 10 Samucllan. "be
‘cause youve got clouds moving in and
out and you've gota steam plant with
thermal inertia and the pats and pec
ln the eh morning, viral all
but asthe day goes on some go ino a
standby position so the tower doesn't
‘overheat The process is regulated by
monitor the boilers surface with
inf cameras, and they balance
turbine load withthe amount of solar
they putting in and with how much
sunlight inte ke says
The boiler has thee sections = super
eat rheat and evaporator = and mul
ofthe boiler. Supercomputers balance
ry onthe thie spots and give
ning signal to each uni every 10
fond, according to Samuel
tinka people don't understand
A
the complex associated with that 1
percompaters that conta he system,”
says Samuehan,
The plant uns veyed water, and
is using, much less than orginally
thought at about 40 percent ofthe 100
are ft allume fr all thee units a
‘condng to Samuelian Using aircookd
condensers Helps, as docs having “à
the heat to theair rather than evapora
ing water. Therés golf course next 10
‘us out in the desert and I think we use
the amou
of wate equal to {wo holes
‘onthe lf course Samuclian says
Another challenge isthe sheer sie of
the plat. À ouf plat of similar
size would have à much smaller foo
‘units cover about 3.000 acres and is
about fie miles end to end. So if Ive
got someone working in the solar ik
fononeend ofthe plantand! need them
{ogo lookat something se om the th
rend of the plat, there’ rs
on what speed you can dive onsite, or
ville considerations, and creating
dst and so, the speed limi like 10
miles an hour” sys Samson. takes
bout half an hour t o fom one end
ofthe plantto the other
FOLLOWING THE
PHOTONS: SOLAR IS MORE
THAN PANEI
Solar panels ge the lions share of
the publicity, but they'd just be are,
shiny minors without the ability 10
take the lett the sola panelspro-
ce from the panel to the gid. ABB, a
global provider of power and automa:
tion technologies, manufactures and
installs the equipment that allows ui
ABS products take over once the
solar panels have converted the ene
fy from photons into DC power, says
Bob Stojanovic, ABS director of solar
power for North America, “What AB
rakes is everything from the connce
vices" hesays
Groups of solar panel (or “sings”
rnin a seis and in parallel wat they
fet the maximum voltage theyre de
signed for and the electric taken
Wa combiner box, whichis group of
fuses and sriches that take the input
from the strings and combine i into à
single output according to Stojanovic
And thattypiallyeunsback o another
larger combiner box. which is typical
2 bunch of beakers or Lge usos that
take the fest of these strings and com
Dine i ino one big DC input ino an
The DC power needs tobe converted
toACtoredice loses and because hats
‘what the North American grid supports
Stojanovic says they typically get
somewhere around 300 10 690 vols
Of AC ot ofthe inverter and “then
108 through eats called an imvener
stepup transformer” or padmount
transformer, he says. The transformer
typically boosts the voltage up 10 345
during the conversion process, he
al boost 10 345 KV wil decrease the
Los as the power i sent tothe subst
tion, according 1 Stojanovic. “Inside
the substation you'll typically string
“depending on the plant design, some
Wehen beten, five 0 eight converters
together on the same circuit and you'l
Iringit backtoamainbreaker.a feeder
Breker which wil then fed int the
main power transformer” hesays
‘ABB manufactures turokey subst
tions and almost all of the equipe
thats in the substations, Sojanovi
says Everything from the clones 10
the tank breakers tothe power tans:
formers, he curren transformers, and
the instrument transformers. where
you measure power and voltage”
Stojanovic says that ABB has no
er}
the complex associated with that 1
percompaters that conta he system,”
says Samuehan,
The plant uns veyed water, and
is using, much less than orginally
thought at about 40 percent ofthe 100
are ft allume fr all thee units a
‘condng to Samuelian Using aircookd
condensers Helps, as docs having “à
the heat to theair rather than evapora
ing water. Therés golf course next 10
‘us out in the desert and I think we use
the amou
of wate equal to {wo holes
‘onthe lf course Samuclian says
Another challenge isthe sheer sie of
the plat. À ouf plat of similar
size would have à much smaller foo
‘units cover about 3.000 acres and is
about fie miles end to end. So if Ive
got someone working in the solar ik
fononeend ofthe plantand! need them
{ogo lookat something se om the th
rend of the plat, there’ rs
on what speed you can dive onsite, or
ville considerations, and creating
dst and so, the speed limi like 10
miles an hour” sys Samson. takes
bout half an hour t o fom one end
ofthe plantto the other
FOLLOWING THE
PHOTONS: SOLAR IS MORE
THAN PANEI
Solar panels ge the lions share of
the publicity, but they'd just be are,
shiny minors without the ability 10
take the lett the sola panelspro-
ce from the panel to the gid. ABB, a
global provider of power and automa:
tion technologies, manufactures and
installs the equipment that allows ui
ABS products take over once the
solar panels have converted the ene
fy from photons into DC power, says
Bob Stojanovic, ABS director of solar
power for North America, “What AB
rakes is everything from the connce
vices" hesays
Groups of solar panel (or “sings”
rnin a seis and in parallel wat they
fet the maximum voltage theyre de
signed for and the electric taken
Wa combiner box, whichis group of
fuses and sriches that take the input
from the strings and combine i into à
single output according to Stojanovic
And thattypiallyeunsback o another
larger combiner box. which is typical
2 bunch of beakers or Lge usos that
take the fest of these strings and com
Dine i ino one big DC input ino an
The DC power needs tobe converted
toACtoredice loses and because hats
‘what the North American grid supports
Stojanovic says they typically get
somewhere around 300 10 690 vols
Of AC ot ofthe inverter and “then
108 through eats called an imvener
stepup transformer” or padmount
transformer, he says. The transformer
typically boosts the voltage up 10 345
during the conversion process, he
al boost 10 345 KV wil decrease the
Los as the power i sent tothe subst
tion, according 1 Stojanovic. “Inside
the substation you'll typically string
“depending on the plant design, some
Wehen beten, five 0 eight converters
together on the same circuit and you'l
Iringit backtoamainbreaker.a feeder
Breker which wil then fed int the
main power transformer” hesays
‘ABB manufactures turokey subst
tions and almost all of the equipe
thats in the substations, Sojanovi
says Everything from the clones 10
the tank breakers tothe power tans:
formers, he curren transformers, and
the instrument transformers. where
you measure power and voltage”
Stojanovic says that ABB has no
er}
este 1 enter the solar panel market,
it afew year ago as they realized it
vas not à core competency: “What we
manufacture à po
dd value” he says
WHAT HAPPENS IN 2017?
There are a myriad of predictions for
industry ifthe federal investment tax
ret were to decease fom the cur
tent 30 percent 10 10 percent in 2017.
he predictions range from an extreme
irupion ofthe industry toa 1210 18
month hiccup in the industry's rapid
‘roth af the past few years
think sight now people are pro
srament afte for the Solar Energy
Industries Assocation (SHIA). “This
isin contrat 1 sy the last Fie six
year where there was sort ola boom
ing industry anda growing industry”
‘extension thatthe industry ceived in
08 allowed the industry to grow and
especially helped larger uiliy-acale
project that had long lead times
Charles Pi
its current form, although he is “on
fiden that congres will provide some
Kind of interim solution, whether it be
a complete extension, or whether it be
some kindof ef arbor or some kind
of grandtathering in of projects com.
pleted by the end of 206," he says.
He dove freee longterm damage
to the industry dhe ITC allowed
to expe, “Will the industry cease to
think would certainly ease a consi
‘rable slowdown in the industry, but
‘certainly pura igh evel of consolida
tion in the industry and only the very
strong and ery efficent will survive
the expiration ofthe TC
David Feldean, senior financial an
y Laboratory, notes that the personal
homeowner credit completely goes
away, so the distributed market could
eharderhithan the wilyscal one
He also thinks me forthe Co
80 away entirely albeit gradually "the
Best thing that think that could ap
putsome or of ordryramp-down in
place rather than justa hard cf butt
THE POWERH M
For por RSS
it afew year ago as they realized it
vas not à core competency: “What we
manufacture à po
dd value” he says
WHAT HAPPENS IN 2017?
There are a myriad of predictions for
industry ifthe federal investment tax
ret were to decease fom the cur
tent 30 percent 10 10 percent in 2017.
he predictions range from an extreme
irupion ofthe industry toa 1210 18
month hiccup in the industry's rapid
‘roth af the past few years
think sight now people are pro
srament afte for the Solar Energy
Industries Assocation (SHIA). “This
isin contrat 1 sy the last Fie six
year where there was sort ola boom
ing industry anda growing industry”
‘extension thatthe industry ceived in
08 allowed the industry to grow and
especially helped larger uiliy-acale
project that had long lead times
Charles Pi
its current form, although he is “on
fiden that congres will provide some
Kind of interim solution, whether it be
a complete extension, or whether it be
some kindof ef arbor or some kind
of grandtathering in of projects com.
pleted by the end of 206," he says.
He dove freee longterm damage
to the industry dhe ITC allowed
to expe, “Will the industry cease to
think would certainly ease a consi
‘rable slowdown in the industry, but
‘certainly pura igh evel of consolida
tion in the industry and only the very
strong and ery efficent will survive
the expiration ofthe TC
David Feldean, senior financial an
y Laboratory, notes that the personal
homeowner credit completely goes
away, so the distributed market could
eharderhithan the wilyscal one
He also thinks me forthe Co
80 away entirely albeit gradually "the
Best thing that think that could ap
putsome or of ordryramp-down in
place rather than justa hard cf butt
THE POWERH M
For por RSS
NET METERING:
A DEBATE IN MANY STATES
excess lect generated on-site back
10 a wily at retail power rats, isan
payers are pusionate about. The rae
at which customers ae paid fr energy
as sofiop solar is such tiny percent
economics, ut is certainly
to desroy them,
on
man, as viles dont have 10 pay for
minds about net metering. In Calor
nia, he SEIA and the Alliance for Solar
FUTURE OF SOLAR IN NA.
renewable energy options for North
America, the Industry has some sub
silly proven everbody wrong over
the last five years by blowing away
[|
A DEBATE IN MANY STATES
excess lect generated on-site back
10 a wily at retail power rats, isan
payers are pusionate about. The rae
at which customers ae paid fr energy
as sofiop solar is such tiny percent
economics, ut is certainly
to desroy them,
on
man, as viles dont have 10 pay for
minds about net metering. In Calor
nia, he SEIA and the Alliance for Solar
FUTURE OF SOLAR IN NA.
renewable energy options for North
America, the Industry has some sub
silly proven everbody wrong over
the last five years by blowing away
[|
had in line he,
Solas biggest challenge going for
ward is making energy hats affordable
{nthe daytime alo affordable aight
Stojanovi aid, do think cos or
solaris the issue anymore he says
Interconnection continues to be an
issue, according to Feldman. Putting
therght amount of solar technology in
‘he right location a the igh cost ia
challenge, He sys that a ty indus
fey that has placed a high premium on
reliability ( 9008 thing) might beac
ing 100 conservatively when i
tosolr In addition to cab
bility and storage ae important factors
{or utes to conside, Feldman sas.
Samuclian thinks era of the me
next
solar projets is over as the low
price of oil and natural gas is “ally
ind of driving the energy markt in
general he says. Knox ses the home
solar market as “an increible growth
market he says "We jus really see à
huge potential fo the home solar mar
et not instead of but in ation 10
¡neu scale market”
Many differen technologies - in
cluding wind, storage, diesel genera
tors and solar - could converge 1 help
create à selfsustaiing mico grid
Samueñan soy
The number of states tha have ag
eressive solar and renewables programs
has grown exponentially, Pimentel
says, with North Carolina being the
poster child fr this group. “wo years
ago, nothing was going on in North
Carolina, and now North Carolina il
do gan next yea” he ys. Geor
Ba s also geting ino solar in a big
vas, according 10 Pimentel
‘ew markets wil be important for
industry. Feldman says as sates
stat 10 satiny thee Renewable Dort
folio Standard (RPS). Arizona, for
example, hits is RPS, ira so
Jar might not make sense here as the
demand will have evaporsted. On
“aber hand, tates like California
[ra]
trajectory” left in the market through teyisstromg and wil continue to ro,
2016, but lage
and Hawai have very aggressive RPS, pants are not being planned fr pot
‘which could balance out the demand. 2016 until the ITC debate is resolved
Solar is aso competing against wind, “Theres a lot more uncertainty about
Feldman notes. the near rm ature, ba then once we
Gensler says that theres “sill some get through the uncertainty the ind
layscale solar shesays, PE
Lapeyre Stair...
We don't miss a step.
Lopeyre Sr ere ll our sr noes auch and precia,
Inhouse doing ond design ensure projec ccoo = every lime, on ine
Choos rm ow expanding prod Ina omas your ons ss, requirments.
Accurate and timely advanced star building technology since 1981.
Send u your plans or emails à Kagales@Tapeyrestaizzor'o
Teor how you can experience the soso of working wih longe
si building profesional. Or, a inmedio consulta
knowiadgeobe customer sevice agan cal 800-535-7681.
y P y
Stair
or ie PE AS 6
Solas biggest challenge going for
ward is making energy hats affordable
{nthe daytime alo affordable aight
Stojanovi aid, do think cos or
solaris the issue anymore he says
Interconnection continues to be an
issue, according to Feldman. Putting
therght amount of solar technology in
‘he right location a the igh cost ia
challenge, He sys that a ty indus
fey that has placed a high premium on
reliability ( 9008 thing) might beac
ing 100 conservatively when i
tosolr In addition to cab
bility and storage ae important factors
{or utes to conside, Feldman sas.
Samuclian thinks era of the me
next
solar projets is over as the low
price of oil and natural gas is “ally
ind of driving the energy markt in
general he says. Knox ses the home
solar market as “an increible growth
market he says "We jus really see à
huge potential fo the home solar mar
et not instead of but in ation 10
¡neu scale market”
Many differen technologies - in
cluding wind, storage, diesel genera
tors and solar - could converge 1 help
create à selfsustaiing mico grid
Samueñan soy
The number of states tha have ag
eressive solar and renewables programs
has grown exponentially, Pimentel
says, with North Carolina being the
poster child fr this group. “wo years
ago, nothing was going on in North
Carolina, and now North Carolina il
do gan next yea” he ys. Geor
Ba s also geting ino solar in a big
vas, according 10 Pimentel
‘ew markets wil be important for
industry. Feldman says as sates
stat 10 satiny thee Renewable Dort
folio Standard (RPS). Arizona, for
example, hits is RPS, ira so
Jar might not make sense here as the
demand will have evaporsted. On
“aber hand, tates like California
[ra]
trajectory” left in the market through teyisstromg and wil continue to ro,
2016, but lage
and Hawai have very aggressive RPS, pants are not being planned fr pot
‘which could balance out the demand. 2016 until the ITC debate is resolved
Solar is aso competing against wind, “Theres a lot more uncertainty about
Feldman notes. the near rm ature, ba then once we
Gensler says that theres “sill some get through the uncertainty the ind
layscale solar shesays, PE
Lapeyre Stair...
We don't miss a step.
Lopeyre Sr ere ll our sr noes auch and precia,
Inhouse doing ond design ensure projec ccoo = every lime, on ine
Choos rm ow expanding prod Ina omas your ons ss, requirments.
Accurate and timely advanced star building technology since 1981.
Send u your plans or emails à Kagales@Tapeyrestaizzor'o
Teor how you can experience the soso of working wih longe
si building profesional. Or, a inmedio consulta
knowiadgeobe customer sevice agan cal 800-535-7681.
y P y
Stair
or ie PE AS 6
SIONS CONTROL
Circulating
Fluidized Bed
Scrubber vs.
Spray Dryer
Absorber
BY MATTHEW FISCHER AND GREG DARING
any wies are
under pressure 10
add lue gs des
farizaion 10 thet
cos unis in
response 10 more sringet air emi
sions regulations There ae à number
of mupoltant compliance options
available thathave an edge over wet e
fi desulfurization systems Th article
sons out the difference between state
oftheart cculating Auidized bed
Serubbers andthe atest advanced spray
dryer absorber designs,
By Matthew Fischer and Greg Dar
Ting Amoc Foster Wheeler
The converging US.
Protection agency (EPA) rules fr se
duc
mercury metal ac gases and
cunde (Mercury and Air
Fechas Poda eae ny
sos, na Gog Doing Pr
telat: ses reco
Geol ower Grup - Enter
Toxic Standards or MATS), Regional
Haze (RH), and SO, NOx, and partic
lates (Cros State le Pollution Rule
or CSAPR) have ached up Abe pres
sure on coabfied generators o quickly
reduce a variety of pollutants. The EPA
‘etimates that CSAPR alone requires
more than 3,000 units at more than
1.000 plants located in 28 states to se
dace missions that ros stat lines nd
contribute 9 ground-level ozone and
fine patch pollution. CSPAR Phase 1
«compliance takes ele this yea while
MATS and RH reduction are ongoing
The debate ver what mis wil be
imposed has now sifted to how ind
vidal units will comply wit the pe
scribd deadlines. There are as many
technical approaches 10 meeting new
«mision mis as her are differences
in plan designs. Ad ing o the com
levity o any sation ithe uncertain
fy of Faure rules ta will require fu
ther reductions of an expanding range
‘of pollutants.
In the past SO, capture on a large
scale was the province of wet fue gas
Aesilfurzation (WFGD) technology
Is bas be advantage ofa relative} low
‘operating cost andusesradily valle
limestone as he ragen, which can be
rece ito a number of useful prod
acts o off opening cost. However
WEGD scrubbers do have dsadantag
such as argecapial and high main
tenance costs By design, many WIGD
systems require peiodic discharge of
the srubber liquor to maintain solids
Circulating
Fluidized Bed
Scrubber vs.
Spray Dryer
Absorber
BY MATTHEW FISCHER AND GREG DARING
any wies are
under pressure 10
add lue gs des
farizaion 10 thet
cos unis in
response 10 more sringet air emi
sions regulations There ae à number
of mupoltant compliance options
available thathave an edge over wet e
fi desulfurization systems Th article
sons out the difference between state
oftheart cculating Auidized bed
Serubbers andthe atest advanced spray
dryer absorber designs,
By Matthew Fischer and Greg Dar
Ting Amoc Foster Wheeler
The converging US.
Protection agency (EPA) rules fr se
duc
mercury metal ac gases and
cunde (Mercury and Air
Fechas Poda eae ny
sos, na Gog Doing Pr
telat: ses reco
Geol ower Grup - Enter
Toxic Standards or MATS), Regional
Haze (RH), and SO, NOx, and partic
lates (Cros State le Pollution Rule
or CSAPR) have ached up Abe pres
sure on coabfied generators o quickly
reduce a variety of pollutants. The EPA
‘etimates that CSAPR alone requires
more than 3,000 units at more than
1.000 plants located in 28 states to se
dace missions that ros stat lines nd
contribute 9 ground-level ozone and
fine patch pollution. CSPAR Phase 1
«compliance takes ele this yea while
MATS and RH reduction are ongoing
The debate ver what mis wil be
imposed has now sifted to how ind
vidal units will comply wit the pe
scribd deadlines. There are as many
technical approaches 10 meeting new
«mision mis as her are differences
in plan designs. Ad ing o the com
levity o any sation ithe uncertain
fy of Faure rules ta will require fu
ther reductions of an expanding range
‘of pollutants.
In the past SO, capture on a large
scale was the province of wet fue gas
Aesilfurzation (WFGD) technology
Is bas be advantage ofa relative} low
‘operating cost andusesradily valle
limestone as he ragen, which can be
rece ito a number of useful prod
acts o off opening cost. However
WEGD scrubbers do have dsadantag
such as argecapial and high main
tenance costs By design, many WIGD
systems require peiodic discharge of
the srubber liquor to maintain solids
SDA Design Details
Seven
Poa fon
gens
wort ‘mult polla
pose Waa
Paco
CHNOLOGY
COMPARISON
Interest in dry or sem
Ary FGD scrubbers is
cressing de toit ability
10 capture mercury. acd
pases, dioxins, and fu
sin vans, in addition 10 SO,
and particulates. These
techno
copies ako have added
benefits no liquid dis
charge and significantly
reduced water consump
tion, which is increas:
ingly important 10 pow
SoltsDsctage er plas that are under
oer
pressure o reduce water
Teo multipath
DER Te —wchnologies dominate
andor chlorides This eluent requires
ional treatment which dd capital
andopertingcoss Alotheuncerain-
ty futur regulations. specifically the
Steam Electric Power Generating El
ent Limitation Guidelines (ELG), may
require addtional disharg treatment,
WD is also limit ints aby to
‘capture mercy and SO, Some plants
have reported increased mercun re
moral as a desire, but expensive
benefit when selective cata e-
¿cion (SCR) system for NOx removal
vas installed upsteam of the WFGD
scrubber. Other plans have also a
‘tinction of one or more proprietary
reagents into the furnace. such as dry
sosbeat injection (DS), as a means o
increase the mercury removal coben-
fit Stacking technologie isnot a cost
five longterm strategy 0 reduce
polkiants—i's unnecessarily expen
sive and dues he over eliabilty of
he entire uni. A more holistic solution
speed
the wiliy sector The
fundamental difference
between the two tec
nologies is he manner in whic te re.
agen is mixed ith the incoming ue
fs to remove the desire pollutants
The first technology i he spray dryer
Two-Fluid Nozzles Released
absorber (SDA), which sprays atom
ize lime slurry droplets ito the fla
as. Acid gases are absorbed by the
atomized sury droplets while si
taneously evaporating int à solid par
culate, The fue gas and solid parti
ulate ar then directed to a fabric iter
‘where the solid materials are collecte
from the lu gas. Ame Foster Wheeler
has installed 60 SDA units represent
ing over 4,500 MW of plant capac
The second ithe crulting idized
ed scrubber (CEES, which circulates
‘oiler ath and lime betwen scrubber
and fabric iter. Amec Foster Wheeler
has install 78 CFB scrubber units rep
resenting over 7.000 MW of capacity in
the power and industrial industries
Spray dryer absorb
SDA technology operates sing a
sorption as the predominant cole
tion mechanism. In general, the acid
135 dissolves into the allaine slumy
roplet and then tects wth the alka
Tine materia to form a iherble solid
1ntimate contact between the alkaline
sorbent (hydrate ime) and ue ases
make the as emotal process effective
2
Seven
Poa fon
gens
wort ‘mult polla
pose Waa
Paco
CHNOLOGY
COMPARISON
Interest in dry or sem
Ary FGD scrubbers is
cressing de toit ability
10 capture mercury. acd
pases, dioxins, and fu
sin vans, in addition 10 SO,
and particulates. These
techno
copies ako have added
benefits no liquid dis
charge and significantly
reduced water consump
tion, which is increas:
ingly important 10 pow
SoltsDsctage er plas that are under
oer
pressure o reduce water
Teo multipath
DER Te —wchnologies dominate
andor chlorides This eluent requires
ional treatment which dd capital
andopertingcoss Alotheuncerain-
ty futur regulations. specifically the
Steam Electric Power Generating El
ent Limitation Guidelines (ELG), may
require addtional disharg treatment,
WD is also limit ints aby to
‘capture mercy and SO, Some plants
have reported increased mercun re
moral as a desire, but expensive
benefit when selective cata e-
¿cion (SCR) system for NOx removal
vas installed upsteam of the WFGD
scrubber. Other plans have also a
‘tinction of one or more proprietary
reagents into the furnace. such as dry
sosbeat injection (DS), as a means o
increase the mercury removal coben-
fit Stacking technologie isnot a cost
five longterm strategy 0 reduce
polkiants—i's unnecessarily expen
sive and dues he over eliabilty of
he entire uni. A more holistic solution
speed
the wiliy sector The
fundamental difference
between the two tec
nologies is he manner in whic te re.
agen is mixed ith the incoming ue
fs to remove the desire pollutants
The first technology i he spray dryer
Two-Fluid Nozzles Released
absorber (SDA), which sprays atom
ize lime slurry droplets ito the fla
as. Acid gases are absorbed by the
atomized sury droplets while si
taneously evaporating int à solid par
culate, The fue gas and solid parti
ulate ar then directed to a fabric iter
‘where the solid materials are collecte
from the lu gas. Ame Foster Wheeler
has installed 60 SDA units represent
ing over 4,500 MW of plant capac
The second ithe crulting idized
ed scrubber (CEES, which circulates
‘oiler ath and lime betwen scrubber
and fabric iter. Amec Foster Wheeler
has install 78 CFB scrubber units rep
resenting over 7.000 MW of capacity in
the power and industrial industries
Spray dryer absorb
SDA technology operates sing a
sorption as the predominant cole
tion mechanism. In general, the acid
135 dissolves into the allaine slumy
roplet and then tects wth the alka
Tine materia to form a iherble solid
1ntimate contact between the alkaline
sorbent (hydrate ime) and ue ases
make the as emotal process effective
2
A
(FBS Design Details 3 fee (1-3 weeks continuous
‘operation, reduced cost of operation
(2025 percent ess compressed air
consumption), and longer life with
its new tungsten carbide inserts
addition no special tools are required
for routine maintenance
The SDA design also provides
additional operating Mexibiliy for
the entre plant For example, any
tworlaid nozzle can be removed
for maintenance without decreasing
boiler load. Emissions performance is
maintained even when mule tc
id nozales are taken out of service
The SDA is also capable of high unit
turndown, dawn 1025 percent of aed
flue gas flow without m
of the fue gases while maintaining
The design of the nit ako provides
for fst load response enabling unit
‘ling or load following. An added
advantage is low absorber pressure
“hop that keps the parasite fan power
rach 100
Thekeyto efficent performance isthe 0 optimize lime use
means used o atomize the lime srry Industry experience with earlier
Gto droplets within the gas tam The SDAS was they were expensive 10
SON oferedby AmectosterWheelerut operate and maintain regles of
lies a oa nozzle to womizeihe the stmization mechanism. used
line sity. The ine spay provides n- Amec Foster Wheeler has tedsigned
creased contact area in ode for gas ab is tworuid nozzle 10 improve the
Sorption 1 ocur compared tothe CFS distribution and mixing of atomizing
{i easier to mix a gas with à Liquid air with lime stare, which improves,
‘han with sol), Acid ass a
absorbed omo
hen mixing efficiency and decreases
<omized droplets operating and maintenance costs
Evaporation ofthe sary wat
inthe The optimized nozale design delivers
Aroplts occurs simultaneously with even atomizing air distribution 10
acid gas absorption. The cooled flue produce a consistent droplet size
as caries the dried reaction product while providing longer nozzle fe. tn
Aovenstream 10 the führe fer. This 14 field applications, the optimized
red reaction product can be recycled nozzle has demonstrated low cleaning
(FBS Design Details 3 fee (1-3 weeks continuous
‘operation, reduced cost of operation
(2025 percent ess compressed air
consumption), and longer life with
its new tungsten carbide inserts
addition no special tools are required
for routine maintenance
The SDA design also provides
additional operating Mexibiliy for
the entre plant For example, any
tworlaid nozzle can be removed
for maintenance without decreasing
boiler load. Emissions performance is
maintained even when mule tc
id nozales are taken out of service
The SDA is also capable of high unit
turndown, dawn 1025 percent of aed
flue gas flow without m
of the fue gases while maintaining
The design of the nit ako provides
for fst load response enabling unit
‘ling or load following. An added
advantage is low absorber pressure
“hop that keps the parasite fan power
rach 100
Thekeyto efficent performance isthe 0 optimize lime use
means used o atomize the lime srry Industry experience with earlier
Gto droplets within the gas tam The SDAS was they were expensive 10
SON oferedby AmectosterWheelerut operate and maintain regles of
lies a oa nozzle to womizeihe the stmization mechanism. used
line sity. The ine spay provides n- Amec Foster Wheeler has tedsigned
creased contact area in ode for gas ab is tworuid nozzle 10 improve the
Sorption 1 ocur compared tothe CFS distribution and mixing of atomizing
{i easier to mix a gas with à Liquid air with lime stare, which improves,
‘han with sol), Acid ass a
absorbed omo
hen mixing efficiency and decreases
<omized droplets operating and maintenance costs
Evaporation ofthe sary wat
inthe The optimized nozale design delivers
Aroplts occurs simultaneously with even atomizing air distribution 10
acid gas absorption. The cooled flue produce a consistent droplet size
as caries the dried reaction product while providing longer nozzle fe. tn
Aovenstream 10 the führe fer. This 14 field applications, the optimized
red reaction product can be recycled nozzle has demonstrated low cleaning
Boiler fle as ener the GFBS (ith or without
ssh) atthe 4
Er Integrity Associates, Inc?
Recycled sold dat ime and water mix ot
www structin con
ssh) atthe 4
Er Integrity Associates, Inc?
Recycled sold dat ime and water mix ot
www structin con
A
10 the sente wo cour adden he semper scrabhing performance over à wider
polar. A portion of the monde ‘ange of fol sur come, SDA
{oh te removed fom thefaiciterin TECHNICAL COMPARISON — tems are temperature inked cate
fond maine he sigh quasi of Table 1 nummarizes the mei introduced a sory (lie
‘malin the relating loop technical differences between the SDA and wat), In addition, due o water
The efcihenes of the sobe land CFS opons Table 2 mummar- being Imodoce independent and
Hay à funcion of mides time. A exthe performance dierenesIngen-. pue fr vemperatre consol, he
FIS can dep slds he sem om ea, the CAS Lg Deer at SO, | CS can utile loner qual wae as
20 10 30 mins. Ths acest contol, wih Up 8 caps with snot sed fr pebble dio.
prod of tine for the sent 1 mac high amounes of sur In ih fl. The CFR has the alt toco
ah the acd ga. Two independent Plant todos capably is egy teat more le ga volume than an
Cont sys maine dy ep ln. when he CFBS equipped with SDA. The mul vets presenta
‘optimum tempera ad adequate le gas recicla low asp CHR eut escale
feral feo) by cooling the Ingen, he CFS Of My wo alos twice tha ofthe SDA ve
neu of wae aided and the amo gres SO, removal Fey when opin.
Arch sen aed rey, comparo SOA The amount off _Turndawn capablky I ul ino
Asa at une he SDA uber, Time necio not limited by uegas the SDA eign, where a CFS requires
paa cape tno med ty Ink temperature us lowing peer O, _ à fue gs recall aye In or
der to seee egal turn
Turbulent Mixing 4 an SDR in the two mozo
design can malin required emi
Sion levels down to approximately 25
Deren of MCR. In a CBS at wer
portant eh
oan Teds anal eile fae ps
ua i mained 10 mama bed eis
> in order to maintain required emission
levels 1 turndown during non-peak
power demands is consideration the
ditional parasitic load is an opera
ing cost consideration forthe CHS,
The CFBS provides greater sor
ent utilization compared 1 à once
Erough SDA system as reaget weyele
is inorporated ito the design. How
‘ver, due to the difference in ation
ficiency, a SDA equipped with rey
le offers greater overall sorbent ul
ation compared to CFBS. In an SDA
the eeyeled solids ate shred withina
tank providing essentially 100 percent
sos ire | hydration, ln a CFBS wate spray no:
ls et ihe dy teicuatd solids as
= ter pases through the vessel. This hyd
Bu tan tion process es efficent due o the
“quantity of eyed solids andthe ack
‘of ufficien wetting time
Aa pea Ree E RSR SES Abe oe pestomance charac
A A E Ivica sively equate incding
are et sion
net auiiary power The pressure drop
Saxe nec inthe SDA (10 inches 1,0) is much
[a]
10 the sente wo cour adden he semper scrabhing performance over à wider
polar. A portion of the monde ‘ange of fol sur come, SDA
{oh te removed fom thefaiciterin TECHNICAL COMPARISON — tems are temperature inked cate
fond maine he sigh quasi of Table 1 nummarizes the mei introduced a sory (lie
‘malin the relating loop technical differences between the SDA and wat), In addition, due o water
The efcihenes of the sobe land CFS opons Table 2 mummar- being Imodoce independent and
Hay à funcion of mides time. A exthe performance dierenesIngen-. pue fr vemperatre consol, he
FIS can dep slds he sem om ea, the CAS Lg Deer at SO, | CS can utile loner qual wae as
20 10 30 mins. Ths acest contol, wih Up 8 caps with snot sed fr pebble dio.
prod of tine for the sent 1 mac high amounes of sur In ih fl. The CFR has the alt toco
ah the acd ga. Two independent Plant todos capably is egy teat more le ga volume than an
Cont sys maine dy ep ln. when he CFBS equipped with SDA. The mul vets presenta
‘optimum tempera ad adequate le gas recicla low asp CHR eut escale
feral feo) by cooling the Ingen, he CFS Of My wo alos twice tha ofthe SDA ve
neu of wae aided and the amo gres SO, removal Fey when opin.
Arch sen aed rey, comparo SOA The amount off _Turndawn capablky I ul ino
Asa at une he SDA uber, Time necio not limited by uegas the SDA eign, where a CFS requires
paa cape tno med ty Ink temperature us lowing peer O, _ à fue gs recall aye In or
der to seee egal turn
Turbulent Mixing 4 an SDR in the two mozo
design can malin required emi
Sion levels down to approximately 25
Deren of MCR. In a CBS at wer
portant eh
oan Teds anal eile fae ps
ua i mained 10 mama bed eis
> in order to maintain required emission
levels 1 turndown during non-peak
power demands is consideration the
ditional parasitic load is an opera
ing cost consideration forthe CHS,
The CFBS provides greater sor
ent utilization compared 1 à once
Erough SDA system as reaget weyele
is inorporated ito the design. How
‘ver, due to the difference in ation
ficiency, a SDA equipped with rey
le offers greater overall sorbent ul
ation compared to CFBS. In an SDA
the eeyeled solids ate shred withina
tank providing essentially 100 percent
sos ire | hydration, ln a CFBS wate spray no:
ls et ihe dy teicuatd solids as
= ter pases through the vessel. This hyd
Bu tan tion process es efficent due o the
“quantity of eyed solids andthe ack
‘of ufficien wetting time
Aa pea Ree E RSR SES Abe oe pestomance charac
A A E Ivica sively equate incding
are et sion
net auiiary power The pressure drop
Saxe nec inthe SDA (10 inches 1,0) is much
[a]
KeyTechnical Characteristics of SDA and CFBS Ge ee
sur drop may havea greater operating
CET 7} SESE Simonds
sear ETRE SRE Both technologies are simple, re
Cons pere | an000-1.0000000cm | 5000800000 ane and rate, When manne
te CHS ei the cum
Jumdown capability, 25% without FR 50% without FGR lated solids can easily be removed
LEITERN through the bottom of the scrubber.
Sorbent Calcium hygroxide slumy | 25% with FGR Also, the water nozzles are low main.
ee > Do column tenance and can be replaced with the
SEIT ‘Ser ‘hydroxide unit in oper SDA two-fluid noz-
So on (TE (oases) | 13-14 may ao mon and main
(ocx ao) 118-125 whee) ‘ined daring lan operon vont
np lo ofun acy
Conte ey ae | Bam ee
aut au ML ALL TECHNOLO
Canale Spar ESB he pa dy sie chat
Fosa ments Tein gover ond. | Hosting ay wes sly nen ver MIE
rer smote | endo. «Cinco forts mach her cpt
Note CR im nun ng FOR = ue os ein Comandos prove athe
oa ne hel per mine Sole wann too age ad the
San fuel slfur cont
as ot 100 hi.
Today, CFBS technology has broken
through these limitations with single
‘unit designs up 10 600 MW backed by
DE 3 See
Sea BL TE
en a
Aa om ox ci A
DE POCA (En En Eu ‘ed lime is also viewed as a disadvantage.
et = = However the new generation of SDA
em ze Len ee
Notes = induced dat PAC = powdered etat carton; PM = parie mot as major cm by early adopte.
With extended moza Ie and redocod
«compres air comsumpion, the pero
less than the equivalent sized CFB principal for compressed (atomizing) mance gap between the SDA and CBS
(AS inches 1,O) which is proportional ai, exceeds that required by the CBS. has nat. Specifies and enon
vo 1D fan power consumed. However, The net resul suba the total aula mental permi requirements wil be the
Je auiliary power used by the SDA. ry power used by the either option is deemmining factor BE
a &
sur drop may havea greater operating
CET 7} SESE Simonds
sear ETRE SRE Both technologies are simple, re
Cons pere | an000-1.0000000cm | 5000800000 ane and rate, When manne
te CHS ei the cum
Jumdown capability, 25% without FR 50% without FGR lated solids can easily be removed
LEITERN through the bottom of the scrubber.
Sorbent Calcium hygroxide slumy | 25% with FGR Also, the water nozzles are low main.
ee > Do column tenance and can be replaced with the
SEIT ‘Ser ‘hydroxide unit in oper SDA two-fluid noz-
So on (TE (oases) | 13-14 may ao mon and main
(ocx ao) 118-125 whee) ‘ined daring lan operon vont
np lo ofun acy
Conte ey ae | Bam ee
aut au ML ALL TECHNOLO
Canale Spar ESB he pa dy sie chat
Fosa ments Tein gover ond. | Hosting ay wes sly nen ver MIE
rer smote | endo. «Cinco forts mach her cpt
Note CR im nun ng FOR = ue os ein Comandos prove athe
oa ne hel per mine Sole wann too age ad the
San fuel slfur cont
as ot 100 hi.
Today, CFBS technology has broken
through these limitations with single
‘unit designs up 10 600 MW backed by
DE 3 See
Sea BL TE
en a
Aa om ox ci A
DE POCA (En En Eu ‘ed lime is also viewed as a disadvantage.
et = = However the new generation of SDA
em ze Len ee
Notes = induced dat PAC = powdered etat carton; PM = parie mot as major cm by early adopte.
With extended moza Ie and redocod
«compres air comsumpion, the pero
less than the equivalent sized CFB principal for compressed (atomizing) mance gap between the SDA and CBS
(AS inches 1,O) which is proportional ai, exceeds that required by the CBS. has nat. Specifies and enon
vo 1D fan power consumed. However, The net resul suba the total aula mental permi requirements wil be the
Je auiliary power used by the SDA. ry power used by the either option is deemmining factor BE
a &
the Flexibility
and Efficiency of
= Gas Turbine-Based
= Distributed Power
OY MICHAEL WELCH AND ANDRE PYM,
i{ Plants ;-:::::
ceved their clcrichy
From are central power
tire system from a single location via
3 network of transmission Ines, This
model, which relies heavily on fossil
fuels facingam increasing number of
challenge
The major initial efforts o seduce
generation centered on fuel switching
from coal to natural as with plans for
mass centralized coabfied power
ations giving way to more efficent
les polluting, natural gie power
plants in the socalled “dash for gas”
aging the power mix rom predom
iantly thermal coahfred ste
coal and combinedcycle gas turbines.
With increasing global efforts to re.
duce greenhouse gas emissions, here
mien and variable renewable energy
ration of inter
Both wind and solar generation out
put vary significant over the couse
(of hours 10 das, som
“ica fashion but often imperfcly
Arc, This inermitency and vat
tility of wind and solar power gener
ation present challenges for grid op.
‘erator to maintain stable and reliable
grid operation, especially in countries
where renewable power bs given dis
patch prisity, requiring redundancy
and flexibility in fosifueled power
spond quickly to these Auctions,
‘tages and grid support obligations
Predominantly to date this has been
achieved by operating central power
plant so that they maintain their con
nection to the ged but run at partload
0 that they can rapidly respond 10
trasienson te stem network
system operators may need 10 cura
power generation from wind. and
solar sources. The centralized power
generation mode has created a end
out suffiien system xt
and Efficiency of
= Gas Turbine-Based
= Distributed Power
OY MICHAEL WELCH AND ANDRE PYM,
i{ Plants ;-:::::
ceved their clcrichy
From are central power
tire system from a single location via
3 network of transmission Ines, This
model, which relies heavily on fossil
fuels facingam increasing number of
challenge
The major initial efforts o seduce
generation centered on fuel switching
from coal to natural as with plans for
mass centralized coabfied power
ations giving way to more efficent
les polluting, natural gie power
plants in the socalled “dash for gas”
aging the power mix rom predom
iantly thermal coahfred ste
coal and combinedcycle gas turbines.
With increasing global efforts to re.
duce greenhouse gas emissions, here
mien and variable renewable energy
ration of inter
Both wind and solar generation out
put vary significant over the couse
(of hours 10 das, som
“ica fashion but often imperfcly
Arc, This inermitency and vat
tility of wind and solar power gener
ation present challenges for grid op.
‘erator to maintain stable and reliable
grid operation, especially in countries
where renewable power bs given dis
patch prisity, requiring redundancy
and flexibility in fosifueled power
spond quickly to these Auctions,
‘tages and grid support obligations
Predominantly to date this has been
achieved by operating central power
plant so that they maintain their con
nection to the ged but run at partload
0 that they can rapidly respond 10
trasienson te stem network
system operators may need 10 cura
power generation from wind. and
solar sources. The centralized power
generation mode has created a end
out suffiien system xt
| SMALL Gas TURN.
Renewables Impact on Available Power Generation 1 aut operat wou
Orca Week hi comal 2018) ls while sil maintaining high ef
‘ences, low emissions and low power
plan maintenance downtimes. Dis
tributed Generation is also enable for
‘enhanced smart grit capabilities,
Pumps ne
FLEXIBILITY OF A
MULTIPLE GAS TURBINE
SOLUTION
Conventional modern Ingescale
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine power
plant (CCGT) are usualy based on à
Single gas turbine with a single steam
turbine (61 configuration). or two as
PUTER turbines with common stam turbine
‘on he) GS) my) Ga) Ga) {2st configuration), While this com
figuration offers very high efficiencies
an fll loud in excess of 60 percent to
“ay, the ffcency fallas load red:
Increasing uni sizes, based on the economic retums and in some cases es Thetis alsoa minimum emisions
assumption that larger units and overall viability ‘compliance load, which limits the op
bigger plant provided lower cost Another ise facing censalized erating range of the power plant
poner generation due 10 economies power generation is water usage. In With around 1/3 of the toa station
‘of seal with sal increases in power _manypartsofihework,waerisasaree power generated by the steam urbe
generan efficiency also contributing resource for which power generation it
toh. The accepted pen
in the transmision and distribution and domestic needs. In 2010, World the gas turbine shut down for main
takeover 30 minutes o achieve
y veas loses comptes with agricultural industrial full sation Toad, In addition, wi
networks, andthe potential für Bank estimates indicated 15 pereent tenance in a tel configuration, the
‘consumers to lose their powcr supply o the work’ water withdrawals were complete sation i offing, ehereas in
in ase of transmission or distribution used for energy production, and with 2+1 configuration, an outage of one
system outages. However, maximum electricity demandexpected to grow 35 gas turbine will reduce sation power
efficiency occurs at fullload, so percent by 2035, water usage for power generation to les than 50 percent of
‘operating a large cemral plant at generation will increase significa is rated output. A solution based on
bines may offer mu
poster generation considerably, and centralized generation mod rer lb, improved efficiency
the need for parload operation may Distributed Generation can help ad- across the power range and enhanced
Impact on the operational range of dres al the above issues By building. operability compared toa convention:
the power station due to the need to smaller, more flexible power plants al ECT solution.
partload. reduces the efficiency of especially in systems relying on the multiple gas
comply with emissions lgsation. In. closer to the actual load centers, net The Ach soto
audition, cycling ofthe units, ramping work operators can beter compense Modularity can help enhance plant
‘up and down in ood, an create the for the itermieney of renewables, fesbiity and reliably. By having
feed for more frequen maintenance reduce transmision system lues and multiple unis, load can be shared
ity o supply and reduce actos them, and units switched on
‘uiliyescale wrbine undergoing major capital expenditure on capachycspan- and off 10 match the required load,
maintenance can require around two son/augmentation while the power This enables the power plant o oper:
to three weeks outage for disassembly, plant operators by using maple units ae efficiently over a much wider loa
inspection, paris replacement and can optimize the plant design to meet range witin he permitted emissions
teasembly, Cycling also reduces the needs of the network operators limis than a conventional CCGT can
pant life and severely impacts pl
with Gx ramp up and turn down and achieve. Faure plant expansion is easy
Creer]
Renewables Impact on Available Power Generation 1 aut operat wou
Orca Week hi comal 2018) ls while sil maintaining high ef
‘ences, low emissions and low power
plan maintenance downtimes. Dis
tributed Generation is also enable for
‘enhanced smart grit capabilities,
Pumps ne
FLEXIBILITY OF A
MULTIPLE GAS TURBINE
SOLUTION
Conventional modern Ingescale
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine power
plant (CCGT) are usualy based on à
Single gas turbine with a single steam
turbine (61 configuration). or two as
PUTER turbines with common stam turbine
‘on he) GS) my) Ga) Ga) {2st configuration), While this com
figuration offers very high efficiencies
an fll loud in excess of 60 percent to
“ay, the ffcency fallas load red:
Increasing uni sizes, based on the economic retums and in some cases es Thetis alsoa minimum emisions
assumption that larger units and overall viability ‘compliance load, which limits the op
bigger plant provided lower cost Another ise facing censalized erating range of the power plant
poner generation due 10 economies power generation is water usage. In With around 1/3 of the toa station
‘of seal with sal increases in power _manypartsofihework,waerisasaree power generated by the steam urbe
generan efficiency also contributing resource for which power generation it
toh. The accepted pen
in the transmision and distribution and domestic needs. In 2010, World the gas turbine shut down for main
takeover 30 minutes o achieve
y veas loses comptes with agricultural industrial full sation Toad, In addition, wi
networks, andthe potential für Bank estimates indicated 15 pereent tenance in a tel configuration, the
‘consumers to lose their powcr supply o the work’ water withdrawals were complete sation i offing, ehereas in
in ase of transmission or distribution used for energy production, and with 2+1 configuration, an outage of one
system outages. However, maximum electricity demandexpected to grow 35 gas turbine will reduce sation power
efficiency occurs at fullload, so percent by 2035, water usage for power generation to les than 50 percent of
‘operating a large cemral plant at generation will increase significa is rated output. A solution based on
bines may offer mu
poster generation considerably, and centralized generation mod rer lb, improved efficiency
the need for parload operation may Distributed Generation can help ad- across the power range and enhanced
Impact on the operational range of dres al the above issues By building. operability compared toa convention:
the power station due to the need to smaller, more flexible power plants al ECT solution.
partload. reduces the efficiency of especially in systems relying on the multiple gas
comply with emissions lgsation. In. closer to the actual load centers, net The Ach soto
audition, cycling ofthe units, ramping work operators can beter compense Modularity can help enhance plant
‘up and down in ood, an create the for the itermieney of renewables, fesbiity and reliably. By having
feed for more frequen maintenance reduce transmision system lues and multiple unis, load can be shared
ity o supply and reduce actos them, and units switched on
‘uiliyescale wrbine undergoing major capital expenditure on capachycspan- and off 10 match the required load,
maintenance can require around two son/augmentation while the power This enables the power plant o oper:
to three weeks outage for disassembly, plant operators by using maple units ae efficiently over a much wider loa
inspection, paris replacement and can optimize the plant design to meet range witin he permitted emissions
teasembly, Cycling also reduces the needs of the network operators limis than a conventional CCGT can
pant life and severely impacts pl
with Gx ramp up and turn down and achieve. Faure plant expansion is easy
Creer]
Typical Modular Outdoor
Gas Turbine Generator 2
Set Installation
Lo achieve simply by adding one or
‘more units whenever required, ether
atthe same location or at a diferent
tactical point in the power network
rather than having to bula new lege
power plant and associated transmis:
sion system. By distributing capacity ia
this way a Virtual generation’ benefi
ute als enable plant to be moved
si if marke conditions change or
1 plan i old This reduces opera
‘ional and financial rk which is ben-
ficial for accessing finance at more
favorable terms, Small gas turbines
fend 10 come in predesigned, preas
sembled standardized packages which
have undergone significant levels of
factory testing and require only a sm
ple concrete foundation, This reduces
the amount of planning, engineering
siteinsalation and construction work
required compared 10 a conventional
powerplant enabling the power plant
to be brought online faster, while til
‘maintaining a compete fist cos,
and reduces the risk of construction
elas and associated contract penal-
ties in addition to lost revenue. Im ad
ion, these packages can be supplied
with weatherproof acoustic encle-
sures, eliminating the need for build
ing All the auilaey systems required
‘operation = including the
for tut
contol sytem - can be mounted e
‘thor within the enclosure, adjcent 10
the enclosure or onthe encosur 100,
ection required.
Having. multiple units also helps
maintain high power plant avilabil-
ity and ouput. As mentioned earlier,
wth à single gas turbine installation,
3 maintenance outage means thatthe
entire power sation has tobe taken of
fine, A power plant of similar output
but based on. say, 5 smaller gas tur
nes can stl generate 80 percent of
‘ated station output with one turbine
out of service, 60 percent with two
turbines out ete. Decentralized power
plantusing thsconcepthavebeenused
for many
second and 200 KW second,
However, gas turbines can also ac
‘cept step load applications while still
in te required frequency and voltage
limi. The maximum acceptable step
load depends on the gastubine design
a single shaft gas turbine can accept
larger single load application than
3 ciné variant 2 but this ability
to step lond enables the turbines 10
reach fll Jod much far than by
‘employing simple amp rte for loa
ing. Figure 4 shows the comparison of
time taken fora twin-shaft 12M gas
turbine to reach full load using the
maximum permisible load steps for
this particular gas turbine model |
in the Où & Gas Typical StartTimes for Open 3
indusuy for om Cycle Gas Turbines
shore fields and
offshore platforms 100
‘with no posibili m
pue Er
me |
ae
ing the sovcalled ME
= = 2984 BI. TUI
is available even
th one gas wur
bine out of ser
The ability of a power plan 10 re
spond rapily o variable grid demands
is cal in today's power environ
ment with a high percentage of inter
ment senewable power generan,
Multiple small gas turbines allow the
full plant lod tobe achieved relatively
quickly from pushing the start bution
asthe units can amp upin pale
The samp rates of small gas tu
‘ines ypkall ange between 100 KW/
utes
load can be achieved in half the time
by applying load in eps.
Singleshaft gas turbine designs
can accept greater step loads var
fiom 50 percent 10 100 percent de
pending om the mode, ating ad ste
‘conditions. Inthe case ofa SOM sin
letal gas turbine is posible 10
load the unit fom ero to fl load in
to steps within 30 seconds.
Recicing Maintenance Outag
When scheduled ma
‘quite and parts need to be replaced,
Gas Turbine Generator 2
Set Installation
Lo achieve simply by adding one or
‘more units whenever required, ether
atthe same location or at a diferent
tactical point in the power network
rather than having to bula new lege
power plant and associated transmis:
sion system. By distributing capacity ia
this way a Virtual generation’ benefi
ute als enable plant to be moved
si if marke conditions change or
1 plan i old This reduces opera
‘ional and financial rk which is ben-
ficial for accessing finance at more
favorable terms, Small gas turbines
fend 10 come in predesigned, preas
sembled standardized packages which
have undergone significant levels of
factory testing and require only a sm
ple concrete foundation, This reduces
the amount of planning, engineering
siteinsalation and construction work
required compared 10 a conventional
powerplant enabling the power plant
to be brought online faster, while til
‘maintaining a compete fist cos,
and reduces the risk of construction
elas and associated contract penal-
ties in addition to lost revenue. Im ad
ion, these packages can be supplied
with weatherproof acoustic encle-
sures, eliminating the need for build
ing All the auilaey systems required
‘operation = including the
for tut
contol sytem - can be mounted e
‘thor within the enclosure, adjcent 10
the enclosure or onthe encosur 100,
ection required.
Having. multiple units also helps
maintain high power plant avilabil-
ity and ouput. As mentioned earlier,
wth à single gas turbine installation,
3 maintenance outage means thatthe
entire power sation has tobe taken of
fine, A power plant of similar output
but based on. say, 5 smaller gas tur
nes can stl generate 80 percent of
‘ated station output with one turbine
out of service, 60 percent with two
turbines out ete. Decentralized power
plantusing thsconcepthavebeenused
for many
second and 200 KW second,
However, gas turbines can also ac
‘cept step load applications while still
in te required frequency and voltage
limi. The maximum acceptable step
load depends on the gastubine design
a single shaft gas turbine can accept
larger single load application than
3 ciné variant 2 but this ability
to step lond enables the turbines 10
reach fll Jod much far than by
‘employing simple amp rte for loa
ing. Figure 4 shows the comparison of
time taken fora twin-shaft 12M gas
turbine to reach full load using the
maximum permisible load steps for
this particular gas turbine model |
in the Où & Gas Typical StartTimes for Open 3
indusuy for om Cycle Gas Turbines
shore fields and
offshore platforms 100
‘with no posibili m
pue Er
me |
ae
ing the sovcalled ME
= = 2984 BI. TUI
is available even
th one gas wur
bine out of ser
The ability of a power plan 10 re
spond rapily o variable grid demands
is cal in today's power environ
ment with a high percentage of inter
ment senewable power generan,
Multiple small gas turbines allow the
full plant lod tobe achieved relatively
quickly from pushing the start bution
asthe units can amp upin pale
The samp rates of small gas tu
‘ines ypkall ange between 100 KW/
utes
load can be achieved in half the time
by applying load in eps.
Singleshaft gas turbine designs
can accept greater step loads var
fiom 50 percent 10 100 percent de
pending om the mode, ating ad ste
‘conditions. Inthe case ofa SOM sin
letal gas turbine is posible 10
load the unit fom ero to fl load in
to steps within 30 seconds.
Recicing Maintenance Outag
When scheduled ma
‘quite and parts need to be replaced,
PSMALLGASTURSINES n
Expected Ramp Rate and Step Load Acceptance El as de eines create
for aTwin-Shaft 12-MW Gos Turbine
FUEL FLEXIBILITY
Mg ite tity seat gas turbines am
designed primarily for operation on
5 E Pipeline qual natural gas with pre
al rium liquid fuel such as diesel as an
Alternative or backup fuel, the major
able to operate ona much wider range
q ‘of asous and liquid fue
4 Law emissions combustion systems
have also been developed that will
2 pere on non-standard gas fuels
9 including those with variable compo:
aaa sis. This is potential importan
soc feature for decentalized powerplant
as it enables the power plat to ope
e om locally available fue, which,
the large ity cl as abi e Irc arcas as
ue coment downtime a the tute Et ae al woking A7.7 MWTrFuel Gas Turbine
Shit as wo be disasembied on sie. on fuer deepens w Insfalled in a Cogeneration 5
parts changed and then the unit reas- improve system reliability and Plant in the U.S.
sembla. aller ga tin a remos onion yum 0
ae o Lg india or ad: enable unmanned open P
Erte dog which, wile mary forprlongd perd fie
varian have the capably for om Ashas been welledocoment
Sie maintenance a well ar primar ed conh, cupo fs IN
iy detgnd En cf amics ps woe i depende on
employing as mentor and tine bien empress ant
module exchange progams. This e+ <malremperur caos
dices turbio age mes for mis bin power ups ec
iorinspections rom several wees per Cones mans hat
tito between one day and ve days os dei a power pan
Seperdin om the pn trim mode 10 pve ace opt athe mas assomeofhee ate cfd a wate
Sndthetypeofmanteancenteven> mum ambient temperate foreseen, pases may alo be more economia
tin equi. Meameh in a power oncoledays mor omer vale than Win, pipeline quals mat
Plan bed on mall uni, ee Codi Maer are ihn of wa gx Examples of wich peal
miningunsarwiwalbleiogen. anion sytem comi that as fc ar nil ps die a
rate power, enabling the power wa Ti the amount of power arca be ih digen conten gas auch an
Son stay cline gern revenue, exported then on code days, while fiery gor ss ethane and peo
wi ona be eal penal roduing macimum aon cx ane. hf poral pone 10
‘oral plan ouput vara. put the gs Satin wil pere a: io comple) ile as al and
Routine maine require parco, Mom CT OEMs cube sich between thee fu a ace
mens during lant operation rs the time Between overhaul (1) or say determined hy ol arab or
iow with no vequiemen fr highiy the vais diferent ps abi mod: png
Aled mainenance penonnel br ca bus on an Eine Opera. Mon gt tune ae arable in
prrmancnly based on she and lor ing ous (COM) emul = parida fe configuration, abl 1 ope
Coonompin of consumables ch a8 perain can Pel extend the TOO nan erga fcr iq fel he
EE
Expected Ramp Rate and Step Load Acceptance El as de eines create
for aTwin-Shaft 12-MW Gos Turbine
FUEL FLEXIBILITY
Mg ite tity seat gas turbines am
designed primarily for operation on
5 E Pipeline qual natural gas with pre
al rium liquid fuel such as diesel as an
Alternative or backup fuel, the major
able to operate ona much wider range
q ‘of asous and liquid fue
4 Law emissions combustion systems
have also been developed that will
2 pere on non-standard gas fuels
9 including those with variable compo:
aaa sis. This is potential importan
soc feature for decentalized powerplant
as it enables the power plat to ope
e om locally available fue, which,
the large ity cl as abi e Irc arcas as
ue coment downtime a the tute Et ae al woking A7.7 MWTrFuel Gas Turbine
Shit as wo be disasembied on sie. on fuer deepens w Insfalled in a Cogeneration 5
parts changed and then the unit reas- improve system reliability and Plant in the U.S.
sembla. aller ga tin a remos onion yum 0
ae o Lg india or ad: enable unmanned open P
Erte dog which, wile mary forprlongd perd fie
varian have the capably for om Ashas been welledocoment
Sie maintenance a well ar primar ed conh, cupo fs IN
iy detgnd En cf amics ps woe i depende on
employing as mentor and tine bien empress ant
module exchange progams. This e+ <malremperur caos
dices turbio age mes for mis bin power ups ec
iorinspections rom several wees per Cones mans hat
tito between one day and ve days os dei a power pan
Seperdin om the pn trim mode 10 pve ace opt athe mas assomeofhee ate cfd a wate
Sndthetypeofmanteancenteven> mum ambient temperate foreseen, pases may alo be more economia
tin equi. Meameh in a power oncoledays mor omer vale than Win, pipeline quals mat
Plan bed on mall uni, ee Codi Maer are ihn of wa gx Examples of wich peal
miningunsarwiwalbleiogen. anion sytem comi that as fc ar nil ps die a
rate power, enabling the power wa Ti the amount of power arca be ih digen conten gas auch an
Son stay cline gern revenue, exported then on code days, while fiery gor ss ethane and peo
wi ona be eal penal roduing macimum aon cx ane. hf poral pone 10
‘oral plan ouput vara. put the gs Satin wil pere a: io comple) ile as al and
Routine maine require parco, Mom CT OEMs cube sich between thee fu a ace
mens during lant operation rs the time Between overhaul (1) or say determined hy ol arab or
iow with no vequiemen fr highiy the vais diferent ps abi mod: png
Aled mainenance penonnel br ca bus on an Eine Opera. Mon gt tune ae arable in
prrmancnly based on she and lor ing ous (COM) emul = parida fe configuration, abl 1 ope
Coonompin of consumables ch a8 perain can Pel extend the TOO nan erga fcr iq fel he
EE
Efficiency vs. Load Comparison | Amer open
2 os tots
Po a)
8
ce (simple ey
de gs turbines
have been used
for peaking ap:
plications for
many years be
cause they can be
stated quickly
and ramped up
o: and down rap-
ra ae
EEE TEE pos ties (Sn Soe WS) aan ee a tively inefficient
A fuelor 100 percent quid fuel with
rapid automatic changeover between
the fuel with no requirement totem
porary reduce load to undertake the
fuel change. The liquid fuel that may
be considered ate typically #2 diese
erosene, LPG and naphtha, although
‘thre are gas turbine models available
ot can utilize Light
and Heavy Fuel Oils, Residual Oil,
Bio-Oils and even Heavy Crude Oil
‘On some gas turbines iis posible 10
simuancously operate on both as
and liquid fuels - commoaly refered
to asbifveling or mixed fuel operation.
using one fuel type 10 compensate or
shortage of another
There are examples of fuel gas
turbine installations, with unis cap-
le of operating on agas fuel and wo
different liquid fuck or à quid fuel
andi different gas ful. igure isa
fete turbine installed ina cogeneration
plant a a university in the US, and
configured 10 operate on iter pipe.
line quality natural gs ora processed
Land gas, with disc s a backup
fuelincaseoflossof assupplis while
sil meeting sit emissions limits
mproving Par Load Eficioncy
termediate
with eficences
varying fom
around 28% fr à small industrial gas
Turbine to just over 40 percent for the
larger aero driativ gas turbines In
peaking applications, this is perhaps
ot so much of an sue asthe price
of electricity is very high during the
periods of gas turbine operation, but
with increasing demand for flexible
power generation across the whole
day, a power plant today’ needs to be
able to operate efficiently and in
Efficiencies
‘environmentally friendly manner for
base lad, load following and peak
ing service. Figure 6 compares the net
plant efficiency of single SOM cass
acronerivative gas turbine in open
‘yc with four open cycle 12:5 MW
clase ga turbines with performance
‘ata calculated for an ambient air te
peratute of 40°C. While at high loads
the single unit is mote efficent, once
the power plant output deops below
50% of rated plant output the mult
ple unit solucion has a higher fin.
ey as unis an be tuned on and of
10 masienize efficiency. The multiple
uni solution also offers a wider power
plant operating range fom a combus:
Lion emissions perspective. Most gas
turbine models guarantee tous ox
ide (NOs) and carbon monoside (CO)
from 50% of rated load 40 100% of
rated lad, a required by most global
legislation, although some units offer
these guarantee down 1 30% 040%
load. Therefore singe unit solution at
low loads will star 0 exceed the per
ited emisions. multiple uit sol:
tion though enables the power plant
10 have a greater turn don capability
7
III
OS
af 9 + —
=
A EEE EEE
A
—
D SS
10
——— ee
2 os tots
Po a)
8
ce (simple ey
de gs turbines
have been used
for peaking ap:
plications for
many years be
cause they can be
stated quickly
and ramped up
o: and down rap-
ra ae
EEE TEE pos ties (Sn Soe WS) aan ee a tively inefficient
A fuelor 100 percent quid fuel with
rapid automatic changeover between
the fuel with no requirement totem
porary reduce load to undertake the
fuel change. The liquid fuel that may
be considered ate typically #2 diese
erosene, LPG and naphtha, although
‘thre are gas turbine models available
ot can utilize Light
and Heavy Fuel Oils, Residual Oil,
Bio-Oils and even Heavy Crude Oil
‘On some gas turbines iis posible 10
simuancously operate on both as
and liquid fuels - commoaly refered
to asbifveling or mixed fuel operation.
using one fuel type 10 compensate or
shortage of another
There are examples of fuel gas
turbine installations, with unis cap-
le of operating on agas fuel and wo
different liquid fuck or à quid fuel
andi different gas ful. igure isa
fete turbine installed ina cogeneration
plant a a university in the US, and
configured 10 operate on iter pipe.
line quality natural gs ora processed
Land gas, with disc s a backup
fuelincaseoflossof assupplis while
sil meeting sit emissions limits
mproving Par Load Eficioncy
termediate
with eficences
varying fom
around 28% fr à small industrial gas
Turbine to just over 40 percent for the
larger aero driativ gas turbines In
peaking applications, this is perhaps
ot so much of an sue asthe price
of electricity is very high during the
periods of gas turbine operation, but
with increasing demand for flexible
power generation across the whole
day, a power plant today’ needs to be
able to operate efficiently and in
Efficiencies
‘environmentally friendly manner for
base lad, load following and peak
ing service. Figure 6 compares the net
plant efficiency of single SOM cass
acronerivative gas turbine in open
‘yc with four open cycle 12:5 MW
clase ga turbines with performance
‘ata calculated for an ambient air te
peratute of 40°C. While at high loads
the single unit is mote efficent, once
the power plant output deops below
50% of rated plant output the mult
ple unit solucion has a higher fin.
ey as unis an be tuned on and of
10 masienize efficiency. The multiple
uni solution also offers a wider power
plant operating range fom a combus:
Lion emissions perspective. Most gas
turbine models guarantee tous ox
ide (NOs) and carbon monoside (CO)
from 50% of rated load 40 100% of
rated lad, a required by most global
legislation, although some units offer
these guarantee down 1 30% 040%
load. Therefore singe unit solution at
low loads will star 0 exceed the per
ited emisions. multiple uit sol:
tion though enables the power plant
10 have a greater turn don capability
7
III
OS
af 9 + —
=
A EEE EEE
A
—
D SS
10
——— ee
PSMALLGASTURSINES n
while st complying with applicable temperature heat recovery steam gen- presu levels within the steam
missions Igisaton. In the example erator (HRSG) and team turbines. bine, This is how a modern C
in Figure 6, and assuming 50 percent tems required to achieve hi fie. achives the high full load efficiencies
turndown Unit, the powerplant will y level adds considerable cost. Lower quoted, and produces ekcikiiy at
il meet emissions requirements costsoltionsusinglwpresire steam competitive pies through economies
down to 125 percent of ated pow- systems can be employed, but this te- of cle
fr plant output. However, for a truly duces the plan efficiency In addition, Smaller gas turbines have lower
Aesible power plat, the efficiency of for decenalized plat located close to exhaust gas temperatures, typically
thes turbines neds tobe as high as lead demand, the availabilty of water between 460°C: (870°F) and 550°
possible aswell as provdingas widean nay be an isue, o the operation and (1025°F) as they are optimized for
‘operating range forthe power plant as maintenance level required by classical maximum open cycle efficiency. This
possible Whiletherearecomplexcycle steam solution caos be cas accom reduces both the volume and tem
Tmodated, so an peratur of high pressure superheated
Efficiency Varaions A eee
“ll ine Cycle (ORC) based on multiple small units, effi
y. The Rankine Cy- costeeffectiveness, so lower pressure
work. For power spond much more eapily 10 changes
LEERE generation. by ap- in seam demand. However, at low
on ring heat exter. presues there isa large enthalpy drop
nally to a closed experienced when water isthe working
fis turbines on the market with recu- Toop, the working fui is heated ill fui, and a degree of superhea ise
perators and inercoling to improve it becomes à vapor expands across quited to avoid the risk of condensa
ficiency the simple, most effective à eine to drive a generator and is tin, and associated erosion inside the
nd most proven way to improve effi then cooled and condensed ready 49 steam turbine
ciency ¡sto sea combined cycle con- commence the cycle again. Water à By changing the working Mui, alow
figuration with energy recovered from normally the working fui used, and enthalpy drop can be achieved, the
the exhaust ofthe gas turbine to gen- thewater(seam)-bated Rankine Cycle need for superhesting eliminated, as
rate addtional power. Water (team) provides approximately 85 percem of condensation within the turbine can
Is the obvious choice asa working u- _ worldwide power generation, bbe avoided, and the same efficiency
io generate addtional power via aA utility scale gas turbine tends to achieved ata lower working pressure
seam turbine justaeina conventional have a high exhaust gs temperature, Improved efficiencies a partload are
largescale CCGT. However, amaller ypially between 530°C alo attainable using ORC turbogene
fasturbinesarenot optimised forcom- (090°) and 640°C (LOF) as the raorscompared to conventional steam
bined cycle applications having rela- designs are optimized for combined turbines
tively low exhaust mas lows and ex- cycle applications with muli-pressure Organic Rankine Cycles for small
Faust gas temperatures, and although level muli-pasboilesprodicinghigh gas turbines tend o use a high molec
combined cycle effcences in excess pressure superheated steam (upto 160 lar weight hydrocarbon (organi) uid
Of 55 percent can be achieved, the Bar and 600°C) for nl to steam ur such as cyclopentane, oF siicone i as
complexity ofthe high pressure, high ines with reheat between different the working Did forthe tubine This
while st complying with applicable temperature heat recovery steam gen- presu levels within the steam
missions Igisaton. In the example erator (HRSG) and team turbines. bine, This is how a modern C
in Figure 6, and assuming 50 percent tems required to achieve hi fie. achives the high full load efficiencies
turndown Unit, the powerplant will y level adds considerable cost. Lower quoted, and produces ekcikiiy at
il meet emissions requirements costsoltionsusinglwpresire steam competitive pies through economies
down to 125 percent of ated pow- systems can be employed, but this te- of cle
fr plant output. However, for a truly duces the plan efficiency In addition, Smaller gas turbines have lower
Aesible power plat, the efficiency of for decenalized plat located close to exhaust gas temperatures, typically
thes turbines neds tobe as high as lead demand, the availabilty of water between 460°C: (870°F) and 550°
possible aswell as provdingas widean nay be an isue, o the operation and (1025°F) as they are optimized for
‘operating range forthe power plant as maintenance level required by classical maximum open cycle efficiency. This
possible Whiletherearecomplexcycle steam solution caos be cas accom reduces both the volume and tem
Tmodated, so an peratur of high pressure superheated
Efficiency Varaions A eee
“ll ine Cycle (ORC) based on multiple small units, effi
y. The Rankine Cy- costeeffectiveness, so lower pressure
work. For power spond much more eapily 10 changes
LEERE generation. by ap- in seam demand. However, at low
on ring heat exter. presues there isa large enthalpy drop
nally to a closed experienced when water isthe working
fis turbines on the market with recu- Toop, the working fui is heated ill fui, and a degree of superhea ise
perators and inercoling to improve it becomes à vapor expands across quited to avoid the risk of condensa
ficiency the simple, most effective à eine to drive a generator and is tin, and associated erosion inside the
nd most proven way to improve effi then cooled and condensed ready 49 steam turbine
ciency ¡sto sea combined cycle con- commence the cycle again. Water à By changing the working Mui, alow
figuration with energy recovered from normally the working fui used, and enthalpy drop can be achieved, the
the exhaust ofthe gas turbine to gen- thewater(seam)-bated Rankine Cycle need for superhesting eliminated, as
rate addtional power. Water (team) provides approximately 85 percem of condensation within the turbine can
Is the obvious choice asa working u- _ worldwide power generation, bbe avoided, and the same efficiency
io generate addtional power via aA utility scale gas turbine tends to achieved ata lower working pressure
seam turbine justaeina conventional have a high exhaust gs temperature, Improved efficiencies a partload are
largescale CCGT. However, amaller ypially between 530°C alo attainable using ORC turbogene
fasturbinesarenot optimised forcom- (090°) and 640°C (LOF) as the raorscompared to conventional steam
bined cycle applications having rela- designs are optimized for combined turbines
tively low exhaust mas lows and ex- cycle applications with muli-pressure Organic Rankine Cycles for small
Faust gas temperatures, and although level muli-pasboilesprodicinghigh gas turbines tend o use a high molec
combined cycle effcences in excess pressure superheated steam (upto 160 lar weight hydrocarbon (organi) uid
Of 55 percent can be achieved, the Bar and 600°C) for nl to steam ur such as cyclopentane, oF siicone i as
complexity ofthe high pressure, high ines with reheat between different the working Did forthe tubine This
tutbines are not
Comparison of ORC System 9 optimised for
Efficiency for a Direct Heated and combined qe
Indirect Heated System sta eh
5 à chant tes
peratures than
= the utility scale
das turbines, and
30 they have re
Es] duced high pre
i al sore tam ing
fever the lower
s zon ext tempers
98-208 ages at both ful
To E
Anbestingaare (0)
allows high ficiency, larger diameter
turbines to be utilized, operating at
lower speeds, ypially 30001pm, with
low mechanical stress ~ unlike small
steam turbines which operateat speeds
‘upto around 10000¢pm. The combina:
tion of working id and turbine speed
leads to much reduced maintenance e
virements, as well as eliminating the
ed for water in the process
‘ORC systems can use either direct
indirect hea the working ad. In
both cases the Waste Heat Recovery
Uni (AVR installed in the gas tor
bine exhaust system simple once
rough design, but in the indirectly
cat system, heat transfered fom
the gas turbine exhaust 10 the ORC
working fluid via a secondary closed
Joop using a thermal oil. Direct het
‘systems offer better efficiency ofthe
ORC eye (se Figure 10 below) and
seduce the initial capital ost while am
indie heated system allows for en
cry o be recovered fom Higher tem
perature heat sources than a directly
heated system.
lo Maximize Performance
As mentioned care, smaller gis
re}
and partload en
thle ORC1echnol,
ogy to be readily
‘employed 10 im
prove over planeffcency whilst
enabling multiple units tobe installed
to maintain the overall power station
Aexibilay and operability. This contig
‘uration alo has the additonal ada
tage of being able to be ‘water fee as
aircolingcan be wsed throughout the
installation,
Returning 0 our powerplant capa
le of producing 40 MW at 40°C re
fered 10 in Figure, the addition ofan
‘ORC wubogenerator o the smaller gas
turbines has quite à considerable im
pact as cam be sen in Figure 12.
Fist, can be seen thatthe ORC
system adds about 25% addtional
power outpat forthe multiple small
‘units for no adicional fue input, Sec
‘ond his additional power improves
the plant efficiency so that at fll load
the overall net plant efficiency ds in
‘exces of 40%, even on a ot diy This
‘ficiency improvement makes a nom
ra SOSA plat based on mite pas
turbines more efficient and more lei
ble than plant based on a single open
«ye gas turbine css th whole load
range, and with the ability to achieve
load tur down to around 10 percent
of rated station power output while
still mainaining an acceptable com-
bustin emissions prof
Mukiple gs turbines can be com
nected 1 a single ORC turbogenerator
providing the maximum output ati
of the ORC urbogeneraor is not
‘ceeded. This help reduce the os
‘of power plant based on multiple pas
turbines asthe cost of the ORC sytem
isspread across multiple uni, In add
tion, thanks to ORC working Mail pe
«alaridos, the plant flexibility and ef
Feieneyat part loads not reduced. The
‘ORC unit can be operated at between
Efficiency vs. Load Comparison
“1250 go ri iO
ry Py
E a o
Comparison of ORC System 9 optimised for
Efficiency for a Direct Heated and combined qe
Indirect Heated System sta eh
5 à chant tes
peratures than
= the utility scale
das turbines, and
30 they have re
Es] duced high pre
i al sore tam ing
fever the lower
s zon ext tempers
98-208 ages at both ful
To E
Anbestingaare (0)
allows high ficiency, larger diameter
turbines to be utilized, operating at
lower speeds, ypially 30001pm, with
low mechanical stress ~ unlike small
steam turbines which operateat speeds
‘upto around 10000¢pm. The combina:
tion of working id and turbine speed
leads to much reduced maintenance e
virements, as well as eliminating the
ed for water in the process
‘ORC systems can use either direct
indirect hea the working ad. In
both cases the Waste Heat Recovery
Uni (AVR installed in the gas tor
bine exhaust system simple once
rough design, but in the indirectly
cat system, heat transfered fom
the gas turbine exhaust 10 the ORC
working fluid via a secondary closed
Joop using a thermal oil. Direct het
‘systems offer better efficiency ofthe
ORC eye (se Figure 10 below) and
seduce the initial capital ost while am
indie heated system allows for en
cry o be recovered fom Higher tem
perature heat sources than a directly
heated system.
lo Maximize Performance
As mentioned care, smaller gis
re}
and partload en
thle ORC1echnol,
ogy to be readily
‘employed 10 im
prove over planeffcency whilst
enabling multiple units tobe installed
to maintain the overall power station
Aexibilay and operability. This contig
‘uration alo has the additonal ada
tage of being able to be ‘water fee as
aircolingcan be wsed throughout the
installation,
Returning 0 our powerplant capa
le of producing 40 MW at 40°C re
fered 10 in Figure, the addition ofan
‘ORC wubogenerator o the smaller gas
turbines has quite à considerable im
pact as cam be sen in Figure 12.
Fist, can be seen thatthe ORC
system adds about 25% addtional
power outpat forthe multiple small
‘units for no adicional fue input, Sec
‘ond his additional power improves
the plant efficiency so that at fll load
the overall net plant efficiency ds in
‘exces of 40%, even on a ot diy This
‘ficiency improvement makes a nom
ra SOSA plat based on mite pas
turbines more efficient and more lei
ble than plant based on a single open
«ye gas turbine css th whole load
range, and with the ability to achieve
load tur down to around 10 percent
of rated station power output while
still mainaining an acceptable com-
bustin emissions prof
Mukiple gs turbines can be com
nected 1 a single ORC turbogenerator
providing the maximum output ati
of the ORC urbogeneraor is not
‘ceeded. This help reduce the os
‘of power plant based on multiple pas
turbines asthe cost of the ORC sytem
isspread across multiple uni, In add
tion, thanks to ORC working Mail pe
«alaridos, the plant flexibility and ef
Feieneyat part loads not reduced. The
‘ORC unit can be operated at between
Efficiency vs. Load Comparison
“1250 go ri iO
ry Py
E a o
PSMALLGASTURSINES
he example given in Figure 14 the
‘ORC system is aeooled with the Air
Cooled Condenser (ACC) designed for
Efficiency vs. Load n
mien temperature
The shape of th power output and ef
ficiency curve can be altered by the
“sign temperature used for the ACC:
designing the ACC forthe maximum
ambient temperature will impact plant
performances lower temperature so
its important to consider and de
the correct design paint
Combining multiple small gas tue
bines with ORC technology permits
‘engineers to design a very load flex
be power plan with optimal fin.
«y and emissions compliance across à
‘wie load range. With no require
et cano ema ory
ga eees as
OR” 10% 20% som MM SON MM 70% 8% 0 100%
eal os od
fora water spl such modular pow:
er plam potentially offer simple way
10 percent and 110 percent ofits nomi
‘allend automatically while st main Efficiency vs. Load Comparison 2
{ain high efficiency even at partial
load - shown in he Figure 13, at 50
erent ofthe load, the ORC Gas an
efficiency of 90 percent of nominal full
load efficiency),
Obvionsyitisahoposchlewaddan
‘ORC sytem onto the lager as turbine
considered o improve efficiency but it
is mos likely in these cases that acom
figuration based on each gas ne TO
havingitsown ORC turbogenerator sys
tem il be neded
AS
B28 8
sos 0)
ot >
0 © ES E à E
As for the multiple small units, the ww
Audition fihe ORC system boots both ny anu ons 4 do uum spon tn main
power and efficiency considerably. At | mamie "== 07109 EO HAE eat aa re un CAC pen PE arse
‘ealy 7 percent net power output on
40°C ambient day with al te loses
accounted for, a SOMW clas gas ur ORC ds better. This suggest that for to meet the demands on the electric:
bine with ORC fes à betr eficiecy lager power plan of, say. 200 MW or 1 gid caused bythe age amounts of
‘than large (100M) complex cycle gas 250 MW design output a combination inermiten renewable power genes
turbines (which ae quoted as having of 50 MW class and smaller 12.5 MW ton with high power plant ibility,
an 50, zero loss efficiency of 449%) clas gas turbines would give the opi availbil and low maintenance in
ds interesting to note that while the ef mum plant efficiency across the widest a costeffecive manner. By building
ficiency of the single lager gas wrbine Toad range. The as turbine plus ORC such flexible distributed plant close 10
‘lus ORC i higher for station Toads combination helps maintain a high the actual load centers, investment in
‘over 60 percent at lower lands the eff: output power and high net plant ef the power system infrastructure can
dency f the mukiple anal units plus cieneyacrossawidetemperatuterange, als beredaced. PE
[a]
he example given in Figure 14 the
‘ORC system is aeooled with the Air
Cooled Condenser (ACC) designed for
Efficiency vs. Load n
mien temperature
The shape of th power output and ef
ficiency curve can be altered by the
“sign temperature used for the ACC:
designing the ACC forthe maximum
ambient temperature will impact plant
performances lower temperature so
its important to consider and de
the correct design paint
Combining multiple small gas tue
bines with ORC technology permits
‘engineers to design a very load flex
be power plan with optimal fin.
«y and emissions compliance across à
‘wie load range. With no require
et cano ema ory
ga eees as
OR” 10% 20% som MM SON MM 70% 8% 0 100%
eal os od
fora water spl such modular pow:
er plam potentially offer simple way
10 percent and 110 percent ofits nomi
‘allend automatically while st main Efficiency vs. Load Comparison 2
{ain high efficiency even at partial
load - shown in he Figure 13, at 50
erent ofthe load, the ORC Gas an
efficiency of 90 percent of nominal full
load efficiency),
Obvionsyitisahoposchlewaddan
‘ORC sytem onto the lager as turbine
considered o improve efficiency but it
is mos likely in these cases that acom
figuration based on each gas ne TO
havingitsown ORC turbogenerator sys
tem il be neded
AS
B28 8
sos 0)
ot >
0 © ES E à E
As for the multiple small units, the ww
Audition fihe ORC system boots both ny anu ons 4 do uum spon tn main
power and efficiency considerably. At | mamie "== 07109 EO HAE eat aa re un CAC pen PE arse
‘ealy 7 percent net power output on
40°C ambient day with al te loses
accounted for, a SOMW clas gas ur ORC ds better. This suggest that for to meet the demands on the electric:
bine with ORC fes à betr eficiecy lager power plan of, say. 200 MW or 1 gid caused bythe age amounts of
‘than large (100M) complex cycle gas 250 MW design output a combination inermiten renewable power genes
turbines (which ae quoted as having of 50 MW class and smaller 12.5 MW ton with high power plant ibility,
an 50, zero loss efficiency of 449%) clas gas turbines would give the opi availbil and low maintenance in
ds interesting to note that while the ef mum plant efficiency across the widest a costeffecive manner. By building
ficiency of the single lager gas wrbine Toad range. The as turbine plus ORC such flexible distributed plant close 10
‘lus ORC i higher for station Toads combination helps maintain a high the actual load centers, investment in
‘over 60 percent at lower lands the eff: output power and high net plant ef the power system infrastructure can
dency f the mukiple anal units plus cieneyacrossawidetemperatuterange, als beredaced. PE
[a]
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are api ap
pronching ıhe
serary ofthe
publication of
‘he US. Environmental Protection Agen
SYS) new regulations under Section
M6) of the Clean Water Act for Ex
iting Facies and New Unis at Ex
iting. Falk. Aconing tothe EPA
the inal ule fects 544 exiting power
creating cis that wide more
{han 2 milion gallons of water per day
(PAGO) fom US waters and set east
25 percent of the water they withdaw
for cooling purposes. the rule requires
thatthe locaton, design, construction
and capaci of cooling water imake
fructus reflect the Rest Technology
Available (BTA) or minimizing negative
‘Compliance wih the role gus al
permit applicant select an impinge
ment compliance approach from seven
options. Applicants with actual ita
flows exceding 125 MGD must fist
complete and file several sad reports
‘Author
Fin Weodow he US Comme
Anoge on mare
rnrirguar see.
Portage en n open
ea nes Wana Sr Monta Men Ro ey
I MS O ea nu os
):
One Year Later 2:
(6122.21(9.12) tha wil provide permit
eco vit the engineering biologi
and economic information necessary for
an entrainment TA determination,
Following this determination, hee
applicants will then sc her ch
sen impingement compliance approach
from the BIA complace options. The
required studs, as well as the timely
Selection of a compliance option, will
bea challenger the indy, sui
the lest information on fh protection
technologies (cost and perfomance bi
gia sampling methods and inrpr-
tain fests and practical approaches
and supporig information fr assessing
‘conomicsocil cons and benefits.
WHERE ARE WE NOW?
One of the fundamental requirements
ofthe final re the parameten under
‘which plant must alta TA o rice
‘the impact ofimpingement and entrain
men. The timing of compliance also
resents another major change fom the
Afin.
Compliance i ted 10 the renew
applicaionofaplans National Pollut-
ant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) permi. The 160) aig mo
les à date uy 1, 2
the timeline of compliance which all
qualifying plants nod o follow th re
{and ote renewal oftheir NPDES. Pe
nit renewal required every ive yeas
‘wheter a permit i de fr renewal be
foreoraterthisdate(orftisworkingon
admin extended pee wil
‘even the actions a plan must ake
onertheupeomning peso
hat dictates
agencies, including, section
12221 (28) among other. For permit
<licaons afer July 4, 2018, pnts
thatwithdew mor than 125 MD mst
abri aplication with the appropriate
reports section 12221 (912) These re
ports wil enable the permit director o
understand both the social and economic
‘ots and benefits tht selected solution
may hve removal à de before July
14.2018, plant wl neg a separate
efor compliance
N OPTIONS
cihood, insaling and op
mizing taveling fh protection scene
wil be the lowest os option forthe ma
joio of power plants. However, ere
is concer that operating traveling water
res whenever drawing water wil dr
mail increase operational and me
chanical coats. Thiais where the indus
tay be missing an opportunity. While
ant are preparing 0 submit her per
mi applications withthe required data
they must ensure that they ave sti
thevarios BEA options fom a mechani
a performance perspective
Current, powerplants operate thee
Corn]
pronching ıhe
serary ofthe
publication of
‘he US. Environmental Protection Agen
SYS) new regulations under Section
M6) of the Clean Water Act for Ex
iting Facies and New Unis at Ex
iting. Falk. Aconing tothe EPA
the inal ule fects 544 exiting power
creating cis that wide more
{han 2 milion gallons of water per day
(PAGO) fom US waters and set east
25 percent of the water they withdaw
for cooling purposes. the rule requires
thatthe locaton, design, construction
and capaci of cooling water imake
fructus reflect the Rest Technology
Available (BTA) or minimizing negative
‘Compliance wih the role gus al
permit applicant select an impinge
ment compliance approach from seven
options. Applicants with actual ita
flows exceding 125 MGD must fist
complete and file several sad reports
‘Author
Fin Weodow he US Comme
Anoge on mare
rnrirguar see.
Portage en n open
ea nes Wana Sr Monta Men Ro ey
I MS O ea nu os
):
One Year Later 2:
(6122.21(9.12) tha wil provide permit
eco vit the engineering biologi
and economic information necessary for
an entrainment TA determination,
Following this determination, hee
applicants will then sc her ch
sen impingement compliance approach
from the BIA complace options. The
required studs, as well as the timely
Selection of a compliance option, will
bea challenger the indy, sui
the lest information on fh protection
technologies (cost and perfomance bi
gia sampling methods and inrpr-
tain fests and practical approaches
and supporig information fr assessing
‘conomicsocil cons and benefits.
WHERE ARE WE NOW?
One of the fundamental requirements
ofthe final re the parameten under
‘which plant must alta TA o rice
‘the impact ofimpingement and entrain
men. The timing of compliance also
resents another major change fom the
Afin.
Compliance i ted 10 the renew
applicaionofaplans National Pollut-
ant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) permi. The 160) aig mo
les à date uy 1, 2
the timeline of compliance which all
qualifying plants nod o follow th re
{and ote renewal oftheir NPDES. Pe
nit renewal required every ive yeas
‘wheter a permit i de fr renewal be
foreoraterthisdate(orftisworkingon
admin extended pee wil
‘even the actions a plan must ake
onertheupeomning peso
hat dictates
agencies, including, section
12221 (28) among other. For permit
<licaons afer July 4, 2018, pnts
thatwithdew mor than 125 MD mst
abri aplication with the appropriate
reports section 12221 (912) These re
ports wil enable the permit director o
understand both the social and economic
‘ots and benefits tht selected solution
may hve removal à de before July
14.2018, plant wl neg a separate
efor compliance
N OPTIONS
cihood, insaling and op
mizing taveling fh protection scene
wil be the lowest os option forthe ma
joio of power plants. However, ere
is concer that operating traveling water
res whenever drawing water wil dr
mail increase operational and me
chanical coats. Thiais where the indus
tay be missing an opportunity. While
ant are preparing 0 submit her per
mi applications withthe required data
they must ensure that they ave sti
thevarios BEA options fom a mechani
a performance perspective
Current, powerplants operate thee
Corn]
or ine. RECO
WEBCAST
REGISTER TODAY
THE TOTAL CONDENSER PERFORMANCE WORKSHOP™:
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
SEPTEMBER 1, 2015 | 2:00PM CDT
POWER ET
Engineering OM WEBCASTS
Forint. fis Tpowerena tins cor] ASE
REGISTER TODAY
THE TOTAL CONDENSER PERFORMANCE WORKSHOP™:
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
SEPTEMBER 1, 2015 | 2:00PM CDT
POWER ET
Engineering OM WEBCASTS
Forint. fis Tpowerena tins cor] ASE
<< Adaptive Brush Seal
IMA Solutions for
imac ant wheter ial ine pin f
Be re en Air Preheaters
Seins ee hy 1208 wine asp
Sav compacte, but ths per ie fer
‘Encl afer ly 16218 wl ned o semi ee ta
on ado fe app BTA clogs ab
‘ee the enanmen stan apple
ring da om ses aaa ome plans
aa phil en ait hen
(od un ren ad pe ess otha hy
hime car unless costs and werk ach
hing ith ling hea pose e
316(B) IMPACT ON STATE
REGULATORY AGENCIES
sts power companies and dans are sesos
Ah pois and he wrod ahead fhe, o un a
tte arc Su aces have been sled wh er
ingame ew EPA regalos, inching ATS an the
(han Poe Fan ndo er Fo A Se SD ES SEALEZE POWER
isn another regla be consderdinths mi
Response om sate regla hase mod Some ep ee
ators are only ust geting up © speed on the regulation O end tented pen antes ie
wile some are een PO wring 160) rslaton
Joc euren NPDES permits. Ober ae asking EPA,
foran extension beyond hy 14,2018. orbe moy | High performance. Long life.
ica the epi thal the te permit we wl
lowe insane aio a Turbine Brush Seals
plan has th rica te permit rer wl be rca
indierminingthe moches ofthe compliance peces.
+ Rosolvoairineakago problems atthe turbine housing
gland seal
WHERE TO WE + Simply mounts tothe turbine housing in a single shift
GO FROM HERE? + Restore vacuum and output capacity
pendent onsultans to prepare the paperwork and con- | + Conforms to sealing surface
uct the studies necessary to submit thei applications at | « Esch lament is flexible, conforming to varying gap sizes
‘the appropriate times. and surface iregulaties for a continuous seal
6 mention, the compliance schedule for elite is | Thousand of lament, nestle tightly together creating
rien by where their NPDES permit renewal date falls 3 high integrity seal. Under pressure these filaments
in elation to the July 14,2018 deadline. Al faciles ae point
required 1 comply with one ofthescvenstandards ofi
Dingen mortality.
Proactive plants will install test equipment ahead of SEALEZE'
Air submission timeline 0 determine the most coste.
fective and reliable compliance option. With the modern PE
technology available, plans wil actually have theoppor- | Formor than 25 ers, Seales haha des nd martin
nity to reduce thei operation and maintenance cos. | eines design or Fr ga FO DORSO ROUEN 12
wile meeting 316(9) compliance guidelines, depending
on the BTA they choose PE
ee 800.787.7325
IMA Solutions for
imac ant wheter ial ine pin f
Be re en Air Preheaters
Seins ee hy 1208 wine asp
Sav compacte, but ths per ie fer
‘Encl afer ly 16218 wl ned o semi ee ta
on ado fe app BTA clogs ab
‘ee the enanmen stan apple
ring da om ses aaa ome plans
aa phil en ait hen
(od un ren ad pe ess otha hy
hime car unless costs and werk ach
hing ith ling hea pose e
316(B) IMPACT ON STATE
REGULATORY AGENCIES
sts power companies and dans are sesos
Ah pois and he wrod ahead fhe, o un a
tte arc Su aces have been sled wh er
ingame ew EPA regalos, inching ATS an the
(han Poe Fan ndo er Fo A Se SD ES SEALEZE POWER
isn another regla be consderdinths mi
Response om sate regla hase mod Some ep ee
ators are only ust geting up © speed on the regulation O end tented pen antes ie
wile some are een PO wring 160) rslaton
Joc euren NPDES permits. Ober ae asking EPA,
foran extension beyond hy 14,2018. orbe moy | High performance. Long life.
ica the epi thal the te permit we wl
lowe insane aio a Turbine Brush Seals
plan has th rica te permit rer wl be rca
indierminingthe moches ofthe compliance peces.
+ Rosolvoairineakago problems atthe turbine housing
gland seal
WHERE TO WE + Simply mounts tothe turbine housing in a single shift
GO FROM HERE? + Restore vacuum and output capacity
pendent onsultans to prepare the paperwork and con- | + Conforms to sealing surface
uct the studies necessary to submit thei applications at | « Esch lament is flexible, conforming to varying gap sizes
‘the appropriate times. and surface iregulaties for a continuous seal
6 mention, the compliance schedule for elite is | Thousand of lament, nestle tightly together creating
rien by where their NPDES permit renewal date falls 3 high integrity seal. Under pressure these filaments
in elation to the July 14,2018 deadline. Al faciles ae point
required 1 comply with one ofthescvenstandards ofi
Dingen mortality.
Proactive plants will install test equipment ahead of SEALEZE'
Air submission timeline 0 determine the most coste.
fective and reliable compliance option. With the modern PE
technology available, plans wil actually have theoppor- | Formor than 25 ers, Seales haha des nd martin
nity to reduce thei operation and maintenance cos. | eines design or Fr ga FO DORSO ROUEN 12
wile meeting 316(9) compliance guidelines, depending
on the BTA they choose PE
ee 800.787.7325
a roce Shell global survey
turbine ol end user indeed
1 thie bigs concern was
tnplanned downtime during
turbine operation. The os of
downtme can be significant ia power
increasingly severe conditions including
vide
stat yl open which has sut
temperature variances due to top!
Temperature fuuation nthe tutine it
‘can rest in onion and thermal dee
ration initial caused by seated tem
fold be depo
Toserproductiri
The ray also indicate hat end us
sane increta inentendad ol dinage
service intervals to reduce maintenance
rust and coresion inhibition, separate
tr quickly, be compatible with sea,
sot fam, and be edly fab
These
wand
ing sure
tend he eine ofthe
robust abi lth
nology in combinación wih a good sl
Turbine ol formulations mus postes
very specie properties if où is 0
provide adequate protection for the tu
bine. o prevent metal metal conte,
lo mero ant comet isos or
mern}
turbine ol end user indeed
1 thie bigs concern was
tnplanned downtime during
turbine operation. The os of
downtme can be significant ia power
increasingly severe conditions including
vide
stat yl open which has sut
temperature variances due to top!
Temperature fuuation nthe tutine it
‘can rest in onion and thermal dee
ration initial caused by seated tem
fold be depo
Toserproductiri
The ray also indicate hat end us
sane increta inentendad ol dinage
service intervals to reduce maintenance
rust and coresion inhibition, separate
tr quickly, be compatible with sea,
sot fam, and be edly fab
These
wand
ing sure
tend he eine ofthe
robust abi lth
nology in combinación wih a good sl
Turbine ol formulations mus postes
very specie properties if où is 0
provide adequate protection for the tu
bine. o prevent metal metal conte,
lo mero ant comet isos or
mern}
a ven applicaion in onder o provide
2 good ol film fr bearings Os must
release ar rapidly to help prevent ca
tation, but mus abo not cause excessive
foaming, Rus and corrosion inhibition is
a nece vo ensure all key components
La system ate protected In seam tr
Pins, or in oer stems where sae
‘contamination an be aconcem, the ur
bin oil mus separate water very pil
water cannot separate rom the oi an
liner emulsion can frm which
‘vl nef withthe im needed to
upon oats cared by the bearing
codant internal are inside tur
bine Become very fot and the il must
abot this eat without thermally de
‘ing ide prematurely
FORMULATION
OF TURBINE OILS
Sohow turbine i formule? Un-
like motor ls which may contin 29 10
30 pere ads, pia bin ol
formulations contain approximately 99
percent base lid and only ane percent
die. Both the bse où and ave
player cal voles inthe performance
fe Aka, The alive lf sa
‘onosion inhibior, demulfirs, de
foamans and pou point depressant. In
thecase of bine systems with pats an
antinear déve fin present aswel
The siga combination of addives and
‘seo srt to minimize the impact
of ein. and thermal degradation
The most common lubricants sein
A, sam, and combin-ceurines
today ae based on formulations ing
mineral os in combination with a ad
ol can havea significan impact onthe
performance of the twine oil, When
‘combined with appropriate ade eh
ology, Group I and ba its exi
extended oxidation ie compared o tu
ne ol formulated with Group base
‘ls. Tubine oi formatted with Group
casette havea naturally higher ics
ane. Thishighe via index hs
matin ie cine of theo film at
"ebrio daring times of elevated tem
peraure Group isa help provide
‘Author
Re Pott hs 2 es porcs
ln o fold of nest! ticos Ho
sones cs Ss Pod Apleten
Spectr instproc for
eve.
enhanced suce properties in the fin
GAS TO LIQUID BASE OILS
Buse oll technology has crol e
«ely help improve tutine oil eso
Liquid (GT bae which conser
anAPIGroup bate oi. The vse of hel
GIL technology repens an exchng
sep charge technology forwsbine ois
Shell GIL technology ivoles the con:
‘version of natural gs i high quality
produc including tanspot fuel wax
cx chemical, and lubricante. Research
fr Shell began in Amsterdam
prodocod in Qatar, shall GT. base ol
hasbeen shown toenhance motor ol fr
ulations with beter volatliy conto
beter tempera performance and
enhanced oxidation ably.
The benefits of GT, technology area
Enhanced aviation protection helps the
turbine oil ast longer ad rest he fo
ration of oxidation brproduct which
inate lead tothe formation of ar.
ish. Rapid recae properties of GI
Base oll aso enable the turbine il o
‘operate more eat by minimizing
the hance fr theo fil wo be broke,
bearings. GTLbascoalohmeahigher
icon index, which helps maintain the
optimum viscosity ad ln thickness
quired forthe bearingsina urine across
2 widerrange of temperatures. Maintain
ing im hiess and racing the fo
mation of vam can ep reduce bear
OIL ADDITIVES
Although small in quay, be add
tive ws in urine ol ae a big Job o
o. Tubine ol adie systems ae de
signed to minimize foam, provide rst
2 good ol film fr bearings Os must
release ar rapidly to help prevent ca
tation, but mus abo not cause excessive
foaming, Rus and corrosion inhibition is
a nece vo ensure all key components
La system ate protected In seam tr
Pins, or in oer stems where sae
‘contamination an be aconcem, the ur
bin oil mus separate water very pil
water cannot separate rom the oi an
liner emulsion can frm which
‘vl nef withthe im needed to
upon oats cared by the bearing
codant internal are inside tur
bine Become very fot and the il must
abot this eat without thermally de
‘ing ide prematurely
FORMULATION
OF TURBINE OILS
Sohow turbine i formule? Un-
like motor ls which may contin 29 10
30 pere ads, pia bin ol
formulations contain approximately 99
percent base lid and only ane percent
die. Both the bse où and ave
player cal voles inthe performance
fe Aka, The alive lf sa
‘onosion inhibior, demulfirs, de
foamans and pou point depressant. In
thecase of bine systems with pats an
antinear déve fin present aswel
The siga combination of addives and
‘seo srt to minimize the impact
of ein. and thermal degradation
The most common lubricants sein
A, sam, and combin-ceurines
today ae based on formulations ing
mineral os in combination with a ad
ol can havea significan impact onthe
performance of the twine oil, When
‘combined with appropriate ade eh
ology, Group I and ba its exi
extended oxidation ie compared o tu
ne ol formulated with Group base
‘ls. Tubine oi formatted with Group
casette havea naturally higher ics
ane. Thishighe via index hs
matin ie cine of theo film at
"ebrio daring times of elevated tem
peraure Group isa help provide
‘Author
Re Pott hs 2 es porcs
ln o fold of nest! ticos Ho
sones cs Ss Pod Apleten
Spectr instproc for
eve.
enhanced suce properties in the fin
GAS TO LIQUID BASE OILS
Buse oll technology has crol e
«ely help improve tutine oil eso
Liquid (GT bae which conser
anAPIGroup bate oi. The vse of hel
GIL technology repens an exchng
sep charge technology forwsbine ois
Shell GIL technology ivoles the con:
‘version of natural gs i high quality
produc including tanspot fuel wax
cx chemical, and lubricante. Research
fr Shell began in Amsterdam
prodocod in Qatar, shall GT. base ol
hasbeen shown toenhance motor ol fr
ulations with beter volatliy conto
beter tempera performance and
enhanced oxidation ably.
The benefits of GT, technology area
Enhanced aviation protection helps the
turbine oil ast longer ad rest he fo
ration of oxidation brproduct which
inate lead tothe formation of ar.
ish. Rapid recae properties of GI
Base oll aso enable the turbine il o
‘operate more eat by minimizing
the hance fr theo fil wo be broke,
bearings. GTLbascoalohmeahigher
icon index, which helps maintain the
optimum viscosity ad ln thickness
quired forthe bearingsina urine across
2 widerrange of temperatures. Maintain
ing im hiess and racing the fo
mation of vam can ep reduce bear
OIL ADDITIVES
Although small in quay, be add
tive ws in urine ol ae a big Job o
o. Tubine ol adie systems ae de
signed to minimize foam, provide rst
and corresion protection and hp sp- tests include wate separation proper Asevere method to measure thermal
at water very quickly o it can Der. tes resistance to rust and corrosion, stability isthe MAN Thermal Stability
moved, Beauseturinesisareexpeted air release, ation performance, Test. The test is conducted by heating
10 last log time (Za years for gas ter foam
idence, and ihermal and the tet ol in a atc oven at 180°C
bine and upto 20% years oe stan tu Oxidation sabi tests fora period of two days. The amount
bins) the ative mat coin robust À common method used to measure of sige formed is then measured,
antidantsystem. resistance 10 oxidation is the ASTM which helps 1 assess the thermal sta
143 Turbine Oxidation ability Test bility and short rm deposi resistance
THE PERILS OF VARNISH This tes is commonly listed on suppl when the oil is exposed to very high
Die tothe high operating temper er Technical Data Sheets. I this est
tures found in turbine systems, im- a mixture of oil and water is heated
properly formulated ols can thermally 10 95°C in the presence of a catalyst IN THE FIELD
degrade, oxidize, and form varnish. and bubbling oxygen to expedite the After laboratory testing is comple
Varnish is found on critical wibine oxidation process. The oil is moni ed, turbine oil supplies will often
surfaces and starts as à soft film, rad: tot by tual acid number, and the conduc Held demonstration of thet
al hardening into a lacquer which tests stopped when lls wach 2.0 mg
isnot easly removed. Th lacquer can KOH. Themorehoursin this tes the
‘et as a insulating lm tha interferes
DE BS
=
"cuates such as wear metals. In ad )
où =
Aion the runs an cre abe
stick, using the turbine not wo start. N LN
ayer which forms on bar 19
ings ales up cal carne que E
forthe lm, wh
tigher empentrand be mation
pan
‘amish precursors form when polar Oo e ®&
long chain acid, aldehydes, and ke
tones form in the oil rom oxidation
and thermal degradation ofthe lbri- better Long ie bine ols will havea product. Feld demonstrations allow
Thevamı
h can result
ant These precursor eventuall com- value 0f>10,000 reported hours for careful monitoring of the fluid in
bine or react with eachother and form The ateother dation texts which read applications. The fluid is
longerchainpolymeriespeces The il canalioasesstubineol performance. introduced and monitoring is conduc:
il ho his material in solution uni These include ASTM D4310 (1000 hour cd on scheduled basis that i aged
3 saturation point is reached and the TOST) which measures sludge forma: upon with the end ser
resulting stud” drops out on cooler tion, ASTM D2272 Rotating Pressure AI turbine oils should be subjected
partsof the system (often during shut- Vessel Oxidation Test (RPVOT), and 10 a proactive oil analysis monitoring
down). Overtime, the sludge twas the Dey TOST Test (ASTM D7873). system. Tere are many published tue
into varnish and eventually a lacquer The Dry TOST Test (ASTM D7873) bine oil condition monitoring guide
as temperatures increase promotes the oxidation of the turbine lines avaiable from industry bodies
cil in the presence of heat (120°C), suchas ASTM and ISO. Original equip
INTHE LAB metals (tel and copper coils) but no met manufacturer (OEM) alo publish
“Once a fluid has been developed, water. The testis conducted fora pe- guidlines to help dhe nd user monitor
several tests are conducted in the ab. riod of 1008 hours, and is designed 0 the urine oil and et the most ticket
‘oratory to ases the performance of a mesure the sludging tendency of the performance, Lubrican supplies will
product, Common physical property fluid by measuring the RIVOT reten also provide guidance 0 help suggest a
teste chas viscosity, ash point pour tion and insoluble oxidation products. scheulefor testing
point and deny are messard along The testi a useful method o predict Test schedules will often include vi
With performance tests. Performance | turbine il performance inthe field. costal acid number (TAN), water
nn
at water very quickly o it can Der. tes resistance to rust and corrosion, stability isthe MAN Thermal Stability
moved, Beauseturinesisareexpeted air release, ation performance, Test. The test is conducted by heating
10 last log time (Za years for gas ter foam
idence, and ihermal and the tet ol in a atc oven at 180°C
bine and upto 20% years oe stan tu Oxidation sabi tests fora period of two days. The amount
bins) the ative mat coin robust À common method used to measure of sige formed is then measured,
antidantsystem. resistance 10 oxidation is the ASTM which helps 1 assess the thermal sta
143 Turbine Oxidation ability Test bility and short rm deposi resistance
THE PERILS OF VARNISH This tes is commonly listed on suppl when the oil is exposed to very high
Die tothe high operating temper er Technical Data Sheets. I this est
tures found in turbine systems, im- a mixture of oil and water is heated
properly formulated ols can thermally 10 95°C in the presence of a catalyst IN THE FIELD
degrade, oxidize, and form varnish. and bubbling oxygen to expedite the After laboratory testing is comple
Varnish is found on critical wibine oxidation process. The oil is moni ed, turbine oil supplies will often
surfaces and starts as à soft film, rad: tot by tual acid number, and the conduc Held demonstration of thet
al hardening into a lacquer which tests stopped when lls wach 2.0 mg
isnot easly removed. Th lacquer can KOH. Themorehoursin this tes the
‘et as a insulating lm tha interferes
DE BS
=
"cuates such as wear metals. In ad )
où =
Aion the runs an cre abe
stick, using the turbine not wo start. N LN
ayer which forms on bar 19
ings ales up cal carne que E
forthe lm, wh
tigher empentrand be mation
pan
‘amish precursors form when polar Oo e ®&
long chain acid, aldehydes, and ke
tones form in the oil rom oxidation
and thermal degradation ofthe lbri- better Long ie bine ols will havea product. Feld demonstrations allow
Thevamı
h can result
ant These precursor eventuall com- value 0f>10,000 reported hours for careful monitoring of the fluid in
bine or react with eachother and form The ateother dation texts which read applications. The fluid is
longerchainpolymeriespeces The il canalioasesstubineol performance. introduced and monitoring is conduc:
il ho his material in solution uni These include ASTM D4310 (1000 hour cd on scheduled basis that i aged
3 saturation point is reached and the TOST) which measures sludge forma: upon with the end ser
resulting stud” drops out on cooler tion, ASTM D2272 Rotating Pressure AI turbine oils should be subjected
partsof the system (often during shut- Vessel Oxidation Test (RPVOT), and 10 a proactive oil analysis monitoring
down). Overtime, the sludge twas the Dey TOST Test (ASTM D7873). system. Tere are many published tue
into varnish and eventually a lacquer The Dry TOST Test (ASTM D7873) bine oil condition monitoring guide
as temperatures increase promotes the oxidation of the turbine lines avaiable from industry bodies
cil in the presence of heat (120°C), suchas ASTM and ISO. Original equip
INTHE LAB metals (tel and copper coils) but no met manufacturer (OEM) alo publish
“Once a fluid has been developed, water. The testis conducted fora pe- guidlines to help dhe nd user monitor
several tests are conducted in the ab. riod of 1008 hours, and is designed 0 the urine oil and et the most ticket
‘oratory to ases the performance of a mesure the sludging tendency of the performance, Lubrican supplies will
product, Common physical property fluid by measuring the RIVOT reten also provide guidance 0 help suggest a
teste chas viscosity, ash point pour tion and insoluble oxidation products. scheulefor testing
point and deny are messard along The testi a useful method o predict Test schedules will often include vi
With performance tests. Performance | turbine il performance inthe field. costal acid number (TAN), water
nn
‘Typical Testing Schedule forTurbine Oils
5 Sean Tatiana Suen Unt
= CC EEE
Con 0.122 0 rer.
ited main [osorno — [oa [Om 8192 oe moi
Or
or one [Oui am [Der
TC ST [om nit
i eines (504408) oor ote — [Foto 8M iis
RO (ni) an horny | 25% ot fea
Domus ostuoro) am a
ina] | Gran PORT
Teoning mim) Font md [45010 a
Turbine ls should be tested ono regulr basis o help extend the He of he fu nd estem.
‘Sage: Srl ba bons
Predicting the Onset of Varnish 2
mec.
A
Turine os canbe lst using he MPC testo help prec the onset of
vor. Increasing vis poenhal suis ino deter ler pic.
Sao: Se bbe SoLo
content, clemental analysis by ICH oil
lealines (pate coun), RPVOT, de
‘mul, foam performance, RULER
Tos, and either MPG (membrane patch
cali) or QSA (quantitative spec
wophotometrc analysé) 10 ases Yar
‘ish potential in the fd
Varnish potential screening meth
‘os have been successful in dentifine
system wit a high potential var
sh by Kolaing insoluble oxidation
products and metaring their concen
ratio in the system. By assigning a
rating system, an end user can take di
ferent courses of ation o help protect
Aheir system.
La high ting is observed, there are
many systems available which can be
[ra]
‘sed tohelp remove varnish precursor
from turbine oils or other Inbriating
oils. Popular methods clude the use
‘of electrostatic ier balanced charge
agglomeration systems, eleco-phys
ical separation processes (ESP), depth
fication, and Gers which minimize
«ecos discharge.
The best route to minimize varnish
formation involves a. two-pronged
strategy. Fst, a high
où should be selected. The oi should
not only have exellent oxidation re
sistance, but shoul alo be resistant
deposit formation. Second, a proactive
‘ll monitoring program can go along
‘way in minimizing problems resulting
from oil degradation extendingthe fe
‘ofthe il and providing higher evel
‘of protection for the system. Dove:
time and unplanned maintenance an
bereduced or eliminated
CONCLUSION
Stell recently introduced a new line
of turbine oil which provide a very
igh level of performance for sam,
os, and combined-cycle turbine The
technology is based on the use of Shell
{GIL Group bse ols in combination
with specially developed alive sy
tem. Testing in the laboratory and in
the ell has shown hat hese products
have a very high resistance to oxidation
and thermal brallown, minimizing
the formation ofsluges and varish on
cial turbine surface. These products
have very ap ae reese and ate low
foaming helping improve the overall
‘ficiency of the urine operation, The
‘se of Shell luto 4 X or Shel Turbo St
(GX (or tries ruin protection of
an). in combination with a suitable
¿Al monitoring program can help 10 x
tend the if of critical ubine compo-
nents and help extend the life ofthe ur
Bine il This can result in lower costs,
les unplanned dowatime, and higher
inc PE
5 Sean Tatiana Suen Unt
= CC EEE
Con 0.122 0 rer.
ited main [osorno — [oa [Om 8192 oe moi
Or
or one [Oui am [Der
TC ST [om nit
i eines (504408) oor ote — [Foto 8M iis
RO (ni) an horny | 25% ot fea
Domus ostuoro) am a
ina] | Gran PORT
Teoning mim) Font md [45010 a
Turbine ls should be tested ono regulr basis o help extend the He of he fu nd estem.
‘Sage: Srl ba bons
Predicting the Onset of Varnish 2
mec.
A
Turine os canbe lst using he MPC testo help prec the onset of
vor. Increasing vis poenhal suis ino deter ler pic.
Sao: Se bbe SoLo
content, clemental analysis by ICH oil
lealines (pate coun), RPVOT, de
‘mul, foam performance, RULER
Tos, and either MPG (membrane patch
cali) or QSA (quantitative spec
wophotometrc analysé) 10 ases Yar
‘ish potential in the fd
Varnish potential screening meth
‘os have been successful in dentifine
system wit a high potential var
sh by Kolaing insoluble oxidation
products and metaring their concen
ratio in the system. By assigning a
rating system, an end user can take di
ferent courses of ation o help protect
Aheir system.
La high ting is observed, there are
many systems available which can be
[ra]
‘sed tohelp remove varnish precursor
from turbine oils or other Inbriating
oils. Popular methods clude the use
‘of electrostatic ier balanced charge
agglomeration systems, eleco-phys
ical separation processes (ESP), depth
fication, and Gers which minimize
«ecos discharge.
The best route to minimize varnish
formation involves a. two-pronged
strategy. Fst, a high
où should be selected. The oi should
not only have exellent oxidation re
sistance, but shoul alo be resistant
deposit formation. Second, a proactive
‘ll monitoring program can go along
‘way in minimizing problems resulting
from oil degradation extendingthe fe
‘ofthe il and providing higher evel
‘of protection for the system. Dove:
time and unplanned maintenance an
bereduced or eliminated
CONCLUSION
Stell recently introduced a new line
of turbine oil which provide a very
igh level of performance for sam,
os, and combined-cycle turbine The
technology is based on the use of Shell
{GIL Group bse ols in combination
with specially developed alive sy
tem. Testing in the laboratory and in
the ell has shown hat hese products
have a very high resistance to oxidation
and thermal brallown, minimizing
the formation ofsluges and varish on
cial turbine surface. These products
have very ap ae reese and ate low
foaming helping improve the overall
‘ficiency of the urine operation, The
‘se of Shell luto 4 X or Shel Turbo St
(GX (or tries ruin protection of
an). in combination with a suitable
¿Al monitoring program can help 10 x
tend the if of critical ubine compo-
nents and help extend the life ofthe ur
Bine il This can result in lower costs,
les unplanned dowatime, and higher
inc PE
Maintaining
Maximum
Efficiency
in Power
Generation
het losses, fiction, and other mech
e
nisms the theoretical workable fom
‘thetubine (Wan be approximate by
"hefolowin segona equation
DAD BUECKER. CONTHBUTNG E00 "Ws at ch Ba lr
nally everyone in the m = mas ow mae of seam dough
power, chemical pro- thetubine
fe and other indus medal y frios exhast seam
{is leno doubt avert hy emba fitness
ofthe great expand
«fons to lower carbon desde em. A Basic Rankine Cycle
Sone om Indus sau. Ts con
Cem comes I ceed eons
into maximizing plant efficiency both E
through god epeag nit and N
{hugh don improvements Th an
Scam seve ofthese tes wih
reposa georgia
AN OVERVIEW OF THE
RANKINE CYCLE
Power production via seam generation
to dive a tbe Based on the Ra
ne ele whose fundamena line is
onen bean
en this simple dlagam (Figure 1)
ely Masas several fundamental
aspects rom the fsa second as of
‘hermodymmis Fist ad for the ine
ing ignoring entro increases de 12
Author
Bod Barr apres spect wih
‘out Engreotng ra Dos Company
‘eno Kons
Q,=hestinpuntoche steam enero
Q = heat exracen the condenser
W, ok done bythe at pump
(usa negligible in this parla cal
culation)
The diagram also indes a hey com
ponen ofthe Second lw: for any pro:
tha produces work, not al of the
Ieatnpa can be utilize for work, some
heat must be extract as wate ene
‘We wil Later examine how his them:
dynamic aspect makes condensers, and
proper operation of them, so important
Fox power generation
Im he meantime, le conside ana
er important sue rom Figure 1. Ifthe
steam fom this simple system were 1
be immediately nected ino à wine
very lle wock woud occur as the team
ou immediatly bein condensing 10
‘water upon pase through the blades
For this son among othe all ula
steam generators inca speisen 10
rise the scam temperate well above
saturation and allow much more work
from the wrbine, Evens, the ne ef
dency of Rankine ole only plant rang
‘fom 1/3 in the least fie plants
1
High Presse
Maximum
Efficiency
in Power
Generation
het losses, fiction, and other mech
e
nisms the theoretical workable fom
‘thetubine (Wan be approximate by
"hefolowin segona equation
DAD BUECKER. CONTHBUTNG E00 "Ws at ch Ba lr
nally everyone in the m = mas ow mae of seam dough
power, chemical pro- thetubine
fe and other indus medal y frios exhast seam
{is leno doubt avert hy emba fitness
ofthe great expand
«fons to lower carbon desde em. A Basic Rankine Cycle
Sone om Indus sau. Ts con
Cem comes I ceed eons
into maximizing plant efficiency both E
through god epeag nit and N
{hugh don improvements Th an
Scam seve ofthese tes wih
reposa georgia
AN OVERVIEW OF THE
RANKINE CYCLE
Power production via seam generation
to dive a tbe Based on the Ra
ne ele whose fundamena line is
onen bean
en this simple dlagam (Figure 1)
ely Masas several fundamental
aspects rom the fsa second as of
‘hermodymmis Fist ad for the ine
ing ignoring entro increases de 12
Author
Bod Barr apres spect wih
‘out Engreotng ra Dos Company
‘eno Kons
Q,=hestinpuntoche steam enero
Q = heat exracen the condenser
W, ok done bythe at pump
(usa negligible in this parla cal
culation)
The diagram also indes a hey com
ponen ofthe Second lw: for any pro:
tha produces work, not al of the
Ieatnpa can be utilize for work, some
heat must be extract as wate ene
‘We wil Later examine how his them:
dynamic aspect makes condensers, and
proper operation of them, so important
Fox power generation
Im he meantime, le conside ana
er important sue rom Figure 1. Ifthe
steam fom this simple system were 1
be immediately nected ino à wine
very lle wock woud occur as the team
ou immediatly bein condensing 10
‘water upon pase through the blades
For this son among othe all ula
steam generators inca speisen 10
rise the scam temperate well above
saturation and allow much more work
from the wrbine, Evens, the ne ef
dency of Rankine ole only plant rang
‘fom 1/3 in the least fie plants
1
High Presse
such devices as absorption efigration to Be condensers al eat exchangers
Fouled CondenserTubes 2 hr which are common devices für clan from chemical and biologia de
«ig large fie bil. Again posits, ad als operating proper, om
er henisa ptentilsuc fenegy à mechanical perspective aid only
thse systems. impacts We wil examine est transfer
Net efficiencies of up © 80 perent issues teow, starting With a non-<on
Ihmebeen pot forco-generaton po- desing steam wrbine
cesses. he power industry comes Equation 1 approximates the heat
see steady instalation ofcombinedcele transfer ian dea team bin, while
owe plans, which abo oferneressed in actual tubes are spill 5040
ficiency, These plants, of comme, use 90 per fit. To simpif he ds.
combustion turbines for paral power cussion, we will consider an sentopic
production with het every steam gen (no energy loses) bin, a his exam
Lo pethaps a it above 25 fr the most ratos (HRSG) or alionl power gn: pl stil quite sufficient to oui the
fein plans. The primary reason e- rtlon fom aseam turbine ortubines principles intended. Conditions fr the
ding tis seemingly low efiieny is This is tuya combined le process as nom condeasng steam turbine example
thatthe usable energy iscomaied inthe the HRSCs operate onthe Rankine cycle ate:
tupethea of the seam, perhaps 500 o while the combustion turbines operate Main Steam (Turbine Ink) Pesun -
(60 Bb is ot large athe tm onthe Brayton ile. Maximum ein. 2000 ps
nent ex approximately 1000 Bb. cis in some units have now topped 60 Main Stem Temperture 000
Wie vil examine several examples short percent whichis immensely ter than Turbine Okt Seam Presse Ato
13, when examining condenser and hat eficenciesforsome ofthe olfcoal pants spheric (17 psa)
changer lies. at are stil operating. From a combus- Testa tables show tha hal
This then is one aspect, among ser. tin turbine aspect. hey iniigicor py fe ain int sta 174.
al aiii doy towards gh to efieney the para um, à per pound o id (a
fcieney machines. The two processes sic power requirement “This iS FTUIY hom. Thermodynamic
Aa sandout re combined poner. fr he ete compes- COMBINE CYCIE ets ine ht
tencalonandombinedbeataedporet we Bs mud near theexingetaly om
Location Melanie of ae mine ty DTOCESS CS he een ogy aay
HP generation fis omering the combus- HRSGS Operate im (cam quliy is
the previos example fom the Han- Won uinceihanhen ON thE RANKING 80%). fer Equation à
Une ye oda much he aos Im seat fr Rankine the maxima un wo
during the condensation process in the cycle power generation. oycle while the available from this ideal
o mn Bcn sn ar COMDUSHION ne a peur taf
enthetofhe cum. Howe: sign ccoo; improve TUFDINES OPErale thm - 10184 By/bm)
cape ole conderrstchaim mens sl very ON the Brayton 157 ln. op
y ade hs csi oran a math we EY Oe {hs io pata pr
there ink hese stampede fm an ope : ‘pee ame am
‘to het exchangers o ie chemical ngsandpeim, Thee pala ve flow o be 1000800 Bi. Te vel
process or een sil to warm water when comes lo ope cooing war _ works the 45700000 Mur = 135
fo ana hui uen much ete and veam generac lines mets)
Tan teat prod alized. Co “this poly best came
sie 100.000 me of rd stem KEEP THE HEAT tanspored fc came ee QUE
Tring à ha exchanger wih wa EXCHANGERS CLEAN pure een caen woul be
asthe pro, ring het À head though al of he cho ps Howe nthe ower nds
Energy wan rom condensation sone oes mentioned above stat the ex sem condeanion a ey portant
could warn praia 3000000 Ra ea fom the sim genero sep. Tete contra snd exam
Tbr of te war TO 1D, press ms be waned In one ev ple hereiheunhasacandensrihai
e Ma het sa euro. ms eat xanga. I paramount docs bine eus pes
a a
Fouled CondenserTubes 2 hr which are common devices für clan from chemical and biologia de
«ig large fie bil. Again posits, ad als operating proper, om
er henisa ptentilsuc fenegy à mechanical perspective aid only
thse systems. impacts We wil examine est transfer
Net efficiencies of up © 80 perent issues teow, starting With a non-<on
Ihmebeen pot forco-generaton po- desing steam wrbine
cesses. he power industry comes Equation 1 approximates the heat
see steady instalation ofcombinedcele transfer ian dea team bin, while
owe plans, which abo oferneressed in actual tubes are spill 5040
ficiency, These plants, of comme, use 90 per fit. To simpif he ds.
combustion turbines for paral power cussion, we will consider an sentopic
production with het every steam gen (no energy loses) bin, a his exam
Lo pethaps a it above 25 fr the most ratos (HRSG) or alionl power gn: pl stil quite sufficient to oui the
fein plans. The primary reason e- rtlon fom aseam turbine ortubines principles intended. Conditions fr the
ding tis seemingly low efiieny is This is tuya combined le process as nom condeasng steam turbine example
thatthe usable energy iscomaied inthe the HRSCs operate onthe Rankine cycle ate:
tupethea of the seam, perhaps 500 o while the combustion turbines operate Main Steam (Turbine Ink) Pesun -
(60 Bb is ot large athe tm onthe Brayton ile. Maximum ein. 2000 ps
nent ex approximately 1000 Bb. cis in some units have now topped 60 Main Stem Temperture 000
Wie vil examine several examples short percent whichis immensely ter than Turbine Okt Seam Presse Ato
13, when examining condenser and hat eficenciesforsome ofthe olfcoal pants spheric (17 psa)
changer lies. at are stil operating. From a combus- Testa tables show tha hal
This then is one aspect, among ser. tin turbine aspect. hey iniigicor py fe ain int sta 174.
al aiii doy towards gh to efieney the para um, à per pound o id (a
fcieney machines. The two processes sic power requirement “This iS FTUIY hom. Thermodynamic
Aa sandout re combined poner. fr he ete compes- COMBINE CYCIE ets ine ht
tencalonandombinedbeataedporet we Bs mud near theexingetaly om
Location Melanie of ae mine ty DTOCESS CS he een ogy aay
HP generation fis omering the combus- HRSGS Operate im (cam quliy is
the previos example fom the Han- Won uinceihanhen ON thE RANKING 80%). fer Equation à
Une ye oda much he aos Im seat fr Rankine the maxima un wo
during the condensation process in the cycle power generation. oycle while the available from this ideal
o mn Bcn sn ar COMDUSHION ne a peur taf
enthetofhe cum. Howe: sign ccoo; improve TUFDINES OPErale thm - 10184 By/bm)
cape ole conderrstchaim mens sl very ON the Brayton 157 ln. op
y ade hs csi oran a math we EY Oe {hs io pata pr
there ink hese stampede fm an ope : ‘pee ame am
‘to het exchangers o ie chemical ngsandpeim, Thee pala ve flow o be 1000800 Bi. Te vel
process or een sil to warm water when comes lo ope cooing war _ works the 45700000 Mur = 135
fo ana hui uen much ete and veam generac lines mets)
Tan teat prod alized. Co “this poly best came
sie 100.000 me of rd stem KEEP THE HEAT tanspored fc came ee QUE
Tring à ha exchanger wih wa EXCHANGERS CLEAN pure een caen woul be
asthe pro, ring het À head though al of he cho ps Howe nthe ower nds
Energy wan rom condensation sone oes mentioned above stat the ex sem condeanion a ey portant
could warn praia 3000000 Ra ea fom the sim genero sep. Tete contra snd exam
Tbr of te war TO 1D, press ms be waned In one ev ple hereiheunhasacandensrihai
e Ma het sa euro. ms eat xanga. I paramount docs bine eus pes
a a
[POWER PANT OPTIVIZATON
1 pia (approximately 2 inches of mer ie from 1 psia to 2 psa in the con- DON'T FORGET ABOUT
eur). Apainassumingan deal turbine, denser backpresure equats to a loss THE STEAM GENERATOR
the enthalpy ofthe turbine exhaust is of 3.900.000 Alu or 99 MW of Although we have focused upon
len. The unit work output work. This is a primary reason why methods to maximize heat extraction
as MA 87106081 Mu pope cing water chen a om Ihe sr pro PEU
Sm. A 1000000 fr seam foment and coment perfomance impact remember St ho
thew workin 3100000 Mur > mono vermont Str. Inpec) sd be mantel
Teta ren asaprm fs my ela Coni unt avn. Po ke mar ment
ince ia ma wo fom te Tol Y tc on lo sul esa Cl) pens
{thon orth sem sa ces Fouled Cooling 3 Same cero. Wi baler
effect upon turbine efficiency. Tower Film Fill failures often result from poor chem-
One tan ae ak a i example th nn unl Wh sl
fom psa pee Ca food (ramen pga, ob
tos ine te ea ay Ene The a commodo
tribe tine ex me! Steam entries eral
pants 7 pco. seua, a ‘cm oon panic ut
ol ees morta cal Senate Inthe ones
Sime osea in Bas ‘tor yen (The cena en
nl nme ga Sen linen
common fr ng moi te Sorte ende) do lb
Jo psa une) Ts man tha icy val pen wi the poe
Spence the seam scons teva hear and hee
fe Mene e reis A mney de np
seam es upa ecerlune0t237 ings om ing conte ibe
rl RS toe sure Tor un wi
warn the dene hol a ee DE SES ‘cox conde paste eri
alor semper ODIOS 1 able mat
ites Tar the demon rs ty memes power pro ore mel of tlle
rec me nny 10008 lc ic Men occ a one by heal ig of à
de Tecndeningstampeneme be cms éme comin cs Pi a pr ha
de rum I he and to cme ip cone hu tank Noten wl dep ae
whic aly a do exchange and ang tower pe at wasn ea te ao
pa sean oh the nine mame’ These nde mar eco ate an nce I be eal em
(The strong vacuum ako pulls in aie biocides, improved cooling tower film peratures which ca rad 1 aceeratod
from outside sources, where excessive fi, more rugged condenser tube ma- metal deformation Known as “creep”
in-leakage can seriously affect heat trial, and enhanced instrumentation Final, and often most important. is
ranser) for monitoring physical and chemical that some deposits and most notably
In the next example, we can see why operating parameter tmansponted ton anes ae porous and
à is important to maintain. proper Similar forco-generationand CHP can allow impurities in he bulk boiler
cleanliness in condensers and heat ex faites itisimportantto keep heatex- waert conceate underneath the de
changers. Consideragain a condensing changes fre of depositsand corrosion posits. Local and rapid corrosion may
e-butwhere wales fouling or 10 ensure maximum efficiency and bethe resul. In fat the ecc Power
scaling (or excess ar indeakage) aus. equipment avait. Research Instat (EPRI) now recom-
+ Abe condenser presu to increase Often, cooling tower are meleced mends normal (and very low) limit
from pi 10 2 psi because they may be slated from the of 2 pars-perbilion for chloride and
Thermodynamic calculations show main equipment. Improper chemistry sulfate in condensate, precisely because
thatthe work output of the turbine control in chilrs and building heat these impurivis, and chloride in anto
¿ops fom 603.1 10 5692 Muulbm. systems may lead to severe comsion. ular, can generate severe under deposit
So, at 1,000,000 Ihr steam flow, a The lit gocson. «orosion inthe stam generator. PE
1 pia (approximately 2 inches of mer ie from 1 psia to 2 psa in the con- DON'T FORGET ABOUT
eur). Apainassumingan deal turbine, denser backpresure equats to a loss THE STEAM GENERATOR
the enthalpy ofthe turbine exhaust is of 3.900.000 Alu or 99 MW of Although we have focused upon
len. The unit work output work. This is a primary reason why methods to maximize heat extraction
as MA 87106081 Mu pope cing water chen a om Ihe sr pro PEU
Sm. A 1000000 fr seam foment and coment perfomance impact remember St ho
thew workin 3100000 Mur > mono vermont Str. Inpec) sd be mantel
Teta ren asaprm fs my ela Coni unt avn. Po ke mar ment
ince ia ma wo fom te Tol Y tc on lo sul esa Cl) pens
{thon orth sem sa ces Fouled Cooling 3 Same cero. Wi baler
effect upon turbine efficiency. Tower Film Fill failures often result from poor chem-
One tan ae ak a i example th nn unl Wh sl
fom psa pee Ca food (ramen pga, ob
tos ine te ea ay Ene The a commodo
tribe tine ex me! Steam entries eral
pants 7 pco. seua, a ‘cm oon panic ut
ol ees morta cal Senate Inthe ones
Sime osea in Bas ‘tor yen (The cena en
nl nme ga Sen linen
common fr ng moi te Sorte ende) do lb
Jo psa une) Ts man tha icy val pen wi the poe
Spence the seam scons teva hear and hee
fe Mene e reis A mney de np
seam es upa ecerlune0t237 ings om ing conte ibe
rl RS toe sure Tor un wi
warn the dene hol a ee DE SES ‘cox conde paste eri
alor semper ODIOS 1 able mat
ites Tar the demon rs ty memes power pro ore mel of tlle
rec me nny 10008 lc ic Men occ a one by heal ig of à
de Tecndeningstampeneme be cms éme comin cs Pi a pr ha
de rum I he and to cme ip cone hu tank Noten wl dep ae
whic aly a do exchange and ang tower pe at wasn ea te ao
pa sean oh the nine mame’ These nde mar eco ate an nce I be eal em
(The strong vacuum ako pulls in aie biocides, improved cooling tower film peratures which ca rad 1 aceeratod
from outside sources, where excessive fi, more rugged condenser tube ma- metal deformation Known as “creep”
in-leakage can seriously affect heat trial, and enhanced instrumentation Final, and often most important. is
ranser) for monitoring physical and chemical that some deposits and most notably
In the next example, we can see why operating parameter tmansponted ton anes ae porous and
à is important to maintain. proper Similar forco-generationand CHP can allow impurities in he bulk boiler
cleanliness in condensers and heat ex faites itisimportantto keep heatex- waert conceate underneath the de
changers. Consideragain a condensing changes fre of depositsand corrosion posits. Local and rapid corrosion may
e-butwhere wales fouling or 10 ensure maximum efficiency and bethe resul. In fat the ecc Power
scaling (or excess ar indeakage) aus. equipment avait. Research Instat (EPRI) now recom-
+ Abe condenser presu to increase Often, cooling tower are meleced mends normal (and very low) limit
from pi 10 2 psi because they may be slated from the of 2 pars-perbilion for chloride and
Thermodynamic calculations show main equipment. Improper chemistry sulfate in condensate, precisely because
thatthe work output of the turbine control in chilrs and building heat these impurivis, and chloride in anto
¿ops fom 603.1 10 5692 Muulbm. systems may lead to severe comsion. ular, can generate severe under deposit
So, at 1,000,000 Ihr steam flow, a The lit gocson. «orosion inthe stam generator. PE
POWER-GEN.COM
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OWER
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REGISTER BY OCTOBER 5 AND SAVE!
OWE GENERATION PROVIDE NOD SAGE FR THE CAS EA ND SOLUTIONS THA HAE FORMED OUR
INSTR FoR MOR THAN VD ECATS POWER EN TERA AS VOLVED ITO THE AGES MOST RESPECTED
owe ENERADON EVENT THE WORLD RESTE RYAN TE ADVANTAGE TERA BRD DSCNS!
Pow Renniberg
OWER
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WEEK2015
For ina mp Ipowereng tens co RSH
Autor
fcr Mate &
allowed à larger Combuston/Exploion
5 P
Risk Review Leads iio
meet worst-case requirements (We usa
to Alternative Plan +":
Y Fire Prevention Association (NFPA)
or Jamaica Fue Coto Sn ag € hm
lng Pol INC) ety
Conversion ee
enema ae coms
somente doc lt io un ra a
YA corales. ae cesta. ab oh is de
fu ls e ng mips deal in ae ee
ut Inon ed un soni and us pci alee ori HONG oi
(une mella. bo aie. on De ie a
e Dn ed o tt rie
(reportes iceman eee, Co Seca pee dor eier ag
o Re
bre Sn eme Vile bee ef gece ce?
Tremere nd athe told psa ¿peta 50 clos sl Ces
tol de Cri li Dr al pri) eo ey
bin ade ur neg Spot ob ls
a ves eels) m ie Gon nd armen. We tne e Vie
y door dE Toca sing sate sal ss
{ing uc nue Posa a Open 2 Logo ty LG De. NE Caen li be
cl sted caen Pete Sel Arey sage lem.
hell ves ios Bu Jal Senn
Qu an seen ren nnd ged pean UC) alg se er
ee ee Doc alan
Mar ened AS fron ide slaty nr ened cone de ak NC
Denen aot) eet sl Ag lye
{he other investors or for) = or tansponed 0 à plntide ta) scope ofthis review, we avise the cl
Designed or a net capacity of 120 vi a eyogenikc pipeline In addition 10 entt complete a through nancial and
MW, the refueled Hogue plant is comparing the meris ofthe LNG and technical de diligence of potential sp.
equipped with two GE MSGODIB gas LPG solutions we were asked 0 advise pie ad sign airmsuppy agreement
furbines, two HRSGs and a single on which LNG tank location - porsie with a erlitwarthy supplie - before
steam wine. Although it id no af. or plantsio ~ presente less technical moving ahead with any pla that eld
fect the scope ofthis review, MarubenGnancial and ey i on bulk LG dele
‘lected eain the capability to oper
ue on oll a. backup in the event of A UNIQUE SET OF OUR RECOMMENDATION.
disupion othe LNG supplychain. _ CHALLENGES AND LOGIC
(Option 1: Smal Quantiy ING ship The prographkal eomplicaions - an While we add the client that ci
Doveryand SO Container Overand land location with an inland plant weer plan was feauble as proposed we
Transport quiring both porside and plantsite commend significant modifications
‘his plan would be based on small faciles — in ation to the regional 0 bot. For the LNG solution, we ree
scale ship delivery of LNG wit overland mark condos and economics made ommended relie smalcıle LNG
anspoa via à Meet of smallvlume this an ineresting assignment The port import extensive due diignce before
KO container, Once the LNG was side area offered famous of vacant contacting with any supple pore
pumps from the ship tothe container, property fr sting of sorge tank. This sorge and overland trampor of the
fcr Mate &
allowed à larger Combuston/Exploion
5 P
Risk Review Leads iio
meet worst-case requirements (We usa
to Alternative Plan +":
Y Fire Prevention Association (NFPA)
or Jamaica Fue Coto Sn ag € hm
lng Pol INC) ety
Conversion ee
enema ae coms
somente doc lt io un ra a
YA corales. ae cesta. ab oh is de
fu ls e ng mips deal in ae ee
ut Inon ed un soni and us pci alee ori HONG oi
(une mella. bo aie. on De ie a
e Dn ed o tt rie
(reportes iceman eee, Co Seca pee dor eier ag
o Re
bre Sn eme Vile bee ef gece ce?
Tremere nd athe told psa ¿peta 50 clos sl Ces
tol de Cri li Dr al pri) eo ey
bin ade ur neg Spot ob ls
a ves eels) m ie Gon nd armen. We tne e Vie
y door dE Toca sing sate sal ss
{ing uc nue Posa a Open 2 Logo ty LG De. NE Caen li be
cl sted caen Pete Sel Arey sage lem.
hell ves ios Bu Jal Senn
Qu an seen ren nnd ged pean UC) alg se er
ee ee Doc alan
Mar ened AS fron ide slaty nr ened cone de ak NC
Denen aot) eet sl Ag lye
{he other investors or for) = or tansponed 0 à plntide ta) scope ofthis review, we avise the cl
Designed or a net capacity of 120 vi a eyogenikc pipeline In addition 10 entt complete a through nancial and
MW, the refueled Hogue plant is comparing the meris ofthe LNG and technical de diligence of potential sp.
equipped with two GE MSGODIB gas LPG solutions we were asked 0 advise pie ad sign airmsuppy agreement
furbines, two HRSGs and a single on which LNG tank location - porsie with a erlitwarthy supplie - before
steam wine. Although it id no af. or plantsio ~ presente less technical moving ahead with any pla that eld
fect the scope ofthis review, MarubenGnancial and ey i on bulk LG dele
‘lected eain the capability to oper
ue on oll a. backup in the event of A UNIQUE SET OF OUR RECOMMENDATION.
disupion othe LNG supplychain. _ CHALLENGES AND LOGIC
(Option 1: Smal Quantiy ING ship The prographkal eomplicaions - an While we add the client that ci
Doveryand SO Container Overand land location with an inland plant weer plan was feauble as proposed we
Transport quiring both porside and plantsite commend significant modifications
‘his plan would be based on small faciles — in ation to the regional 0 bot. For the LNG solution, we ree
scale ship delivery of LNG wit overland mark condos and economics made ommended relie smalcıle LNG
anspoa via à Meet of smallvlume this an ineresting assignment The port import extensive due diignce before
KO container, Once the LNG was side area offered famous of vacant contacting with any supple pore
pumps from the ship tothe container, property fr sting of sorge tank. This sorge and overland trampor of the
he to the plant in a gcous state vis woulleliminaethe needforacrogenie and gravel foundation, and moisture
resuszed pipeline Forhe LG option, pipeline with al of is attendant capital barre 16 improve proton from fre
forte argesokime,regeated, and OSM expense, Trans and earthquakes, While this
ort LPG tank) wih parte va insialaco woul have larger tri
Portion fail that would ako tans: AN ALTERNATIVE {than the single ar tn, we bei the
porte felt the plant in pacos form LPG SOLUTION CCEA woul stil be confine to the va
via peste pipeline, In response to cur recommendations, ant property and adacen water at por
‘Our mediation ofthe LNG option thecientrequesed an estimated endro- sid, although a more dete engineer
called for replacement of onerland ans end construction time w bic, ec ing investigation would be quite 10
por in 180 container witha pressur and bing online a 13,000 megs: vey this
ied, ambintempeaur pipeline SO ate, vertalyinder PG tankbasedon To confrm feasibly ofthe bull
container athe sale quid to sup he posible configurations ing tank solution, we rscarched à similar
Bogue wouldintoducesubstannlsfıy doublewall and ful-contanment. Our instalation currently under constr
rito penonnel as well as considerable csimats were to rc uen market ion onthe sland of St.Thomas in the
‘operational compleiy. While the lo condions and any exising botenecks
faste delivering and receiving hat could impact construction tine
uk shipments o NG in the quanities Ras on our consulaion with thee
require to operate Hogue could be cred: tank apes (one of which sumen
li ib near tem, no vendor we con- doing business in he Cain mare)
‘acted as abl to make such shipments and our own experienc, we propose à
tothe port of Montego ay atthe tne of thin alternative a portsde install
inqui However ifassiabesmallacale of 10 iki, horizontally ec
supplier could be ound we advised that bull tanks measuring 21 x 180 fet
ping te LNG terminal facility small each with a capacity of 1400 m3 at 50
would reduce dhe construction schedule percent fl The estate construction
rom an estimated two-year duration 1 time would compare very fvoraby with
asin ear times fora vertical tinder of sing
As for the proposed LPG plan, the wall, doublewall or fullconainment U.S. Virgin Island, and forwanded our
stable supply chain for delivering. contruction findings o the client. We also noted
LNG in bulk quantities othe Caribbean» Refgerte bullet tanks: 10 1400 that lager ble tanks ae available =
maketelimintesmuchoftherikpossl a= 810 months up 1 5,000 m capacity with dimen
boy am LNG soon, at leat inthe ear» Siglewall veal finder: 1 x sions of 40 x 160 feet. However, we
term. By opting fr the portsde sor 1300010= 18 months ave no seen tanks this age used on
getan ion the den could ely + Doublewall veal cinder: 1 x land and do not know of many shops
achieve compliance (pending à more 15000m= 24 months that have the capability tool see for
‘kil engineering investigation) with Fullcotainmentveral finder 1 240. 00t diameter pressure vessel
a singel tank design due to the X 1.000 m° = 24 months
lamer expanse of malle CENA, This With the bullsttink soliton, the THE CHOSEN SOLUTION
woul! alo shorten the construction fundan bus, and tank rica —Uimaely, the client elected 10 go
timeline and subst ede capital in could proceed concuealy which with an LNG solution, which was key
expense. Vaporizing the fuel portsde woul! substantially reduce constriction prompted by fuckpricing analysis that
Aime. addition several take abris lay outside the scope of NAES invest
lecitedonthetS.CulfCosstcoulship gation. Based on smallquantty ISO
ct aie (ontiner shipment, the fel would be
‘We also recommended mounding the vaporized atthe terminal and tan
builettnksveithanengineeredsolsand portd t the plant vn presrize,
ambien temperature pipeline. To fai
‘ate the supply Manubenihas contract
with a vendor to transport he ISO
containers weekly from is small<cale
liquefaction fait in lida PO.
— (E
resuszed pipeline Forhe LG option, pipeline with al of is attendant capital barre 16 improve proton from fre
forte argesokime,regeated, and OSM expense, Trans and earthquakes, While this
ort LPG tank) wih parte va insialaco woul have larger tri
Portion fail that would ako tans: AN ALTERNATIVE {than the single ar tn, we bei the
porte felt the plant in pacos form LPG SOLUTION CCEA woul stil be confine to the va
via peste pipeline, In response to cur recommendations, ant property and adacen water at por
‘Our mediation ofthe LNG option thecientrequesed an estimated endro- sid, although a more dete engineer
called for replacement of onerland ans end construction time w bic, ec ing investigation would be quite 10
por in 180 container witha pressur and bing online a 13,000 megs: vey this
ied, ambintempeaur pipeline SO ate, vertalyinder PG tankbasedon To confrm feasibly ofthe bull
container athe sale quid to sup he posible configurations ing tank solution, we rscarched à similar
Bogue wouldintoducesubstannlsfıy doublewall and ful-contanment. Our instalation currently under constr
rito penonnel as well as considerable csimats were to rc uen market ion onthe sland of St.Thomas in the
‘operational compleiy. While the lo condions and any exising botenecks
faste delivering and receiving hat could impact construction tine
uk shipments o NG in the quanities Ras on our consulaion with thee
require to operate Hogue could be cred: tank apes (one of which sumen
li ib near tem, no vendor we con- doing business in he Cain mare)
‘acted as abl to make such shipments and our own experienc, we propose à
tothe port of Montego ay atthe tne of thin alternative a portsde install
inqui However ifassiabesmallacale of 10 iki, horizontally ec
supplier could be ound we advised that bull tanks measuring 21 x 180 fet
ping te LNG terminal facility small each with a capacity of 1400 m3 at 50
would reduce dhe construction schedule percent fl The estate construction
rom an estimated two-year duration 1 time would compare very fvoraby with
asin ear times fora vertical tinder of sing
As for the proposed LPG plan, the wall, doublewall or fullconainment U.S. Virgin Island, and forwanded our
stable supply chain for delivering. contruction findings o the client. We also noted
LNG in bulk quantities othe Caribbean» Refgerte bullet tanks: 10 1400 that lager ble tanks ae available =
maketelimintesmuchoftherikpossl a= 810 months up 1 5,000 m capacity with dimen
boy am LNG soon, at leat inthe ear» Siglewall veal finder: 1 x sions of 40 x 160 feet. However, we
term. By opting fr the portsde sor 1300010= 18 months ave no seen tanks this age used on
getan ion the den could ely + Doublewall veal cinder: 1 x land and do not know of many shops
achieve compliance (pending à more 15000m= 24 months that have the capability tool see for
‘kil engineering investigation) with Fullcotainmentveral finder 1 240. 00t diameter pressure vessel
a singel tank design due to the X 1.000 m° = 24 months
lamer expanse of malle CENA, This With the bullsttink soliton, the THE CHOSEN SOLUTION
woul! alo shorten the construction fundan bus, and tank rica —Uimaely, the client elected 10 go
timeline and subst ede capital in could proceed concuealy which with an LNG solution, which was key
expense. Vaporizing the fuel portsde woul! substantially reduce constriction prompted by fuckpricing analysis that
Aime. addition several take abris lay outside the scope of NAES invest
lecitedonthetS.CulfCosstcoulship gation. Based on smallquantty ISO
ct aie (ontiner shipment, the fel would be
‘We also recommended mounding the vaporized atthe terminal and tan
builettnksveithanengineeredsolsand portd t the plant vn presrize,
ambien temperature pipeline. To fai
‘ate the supply Manubenihas contract
with a vendor to transport he ISO
containers weekly from is small<cale
liquefaction fait in lida PO.
— (E
Battery thermal protection
Eanes ness u. TE Out
Potten ted enw A ee
Te IAN ice ae ente
Se a 385 1150 ma) go
one POS)
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JEFFREY GO RADER
BOILER FEED SYSTEMS
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TESTED
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TESTED
Media Baring Sender
CROWN ELECTRIC
MITSUBISHI HITACHI
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Solution for Existing &
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for and in the Americas
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M
Installation
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513 539-7394 air
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NUSCALE
POWER:
a els]
CROWN ELECTRIC
MITSUBISHI HITACHI
POWER SYSTEMS
Solution for Existing &
Evolving Energy Needs
for and in the Americas
blasting solution for you.
M
Installation
Upgrades’ Uprates.
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513 539-7394 air
MOLE-MASTE
175 Edison Dr SERVICES CORPORATION
www.mhpowersystems.com
NUSCALE
POWER:
a els]
General Manager
2 Sho-Me Power Electric Cooperative, Marshfield, Missouri
‘The Board of Directors of Sho-Me Power Electric Cooperatives seeking qualified
candidates fr the position of General Manager. The General Manager reports toa nine-
member Board of Directors that sets policy and approves electric rates for both members
and non-members of Sho-Me Power, Sho-Me Power Electric Cooperative isa generation
and transmission electric cooperative owned by nine distribution cooperatives who serve
over 200,000 retail customers in southern Missouri. ho-Me's power requirements are
supplied by Associated Electric Cooperative, Inc. (AECI, created by Sho-Me and five other
GAT cooperatives in 1961
Sho-Me Technologies, a wholly owned subsidiary of Sho-Me Power provides fiber optic
broadband communication services to rural Missouri, Headquartered in Marshfield,
operations personnel are strategically located at 3 crew facilites to minimize emergency
response times, Facilities include Marshfield, Cuba and Willow Springs, Missouri.
The cooperative has 150 employees, operating and maintaining over 1,800 miles of electric
transmission line, operated at voltages from 69 kV to 345 kV, connecting 22 transmission
and 133 distribution substations throughout south central Missouri In 2014, the GET had
Consolidated annual operating revenues of $207,058,927, total operating expenses of
201,091,540 and a total net utility plant of $265,717,000. Thirty-seven of the
cooperatives’ 150 employees are assigned to its subsidiary Sho-Me Technologies which
‘operates over 5,000 miles of fiber optic communication equipment and provides services
to cel towers, educational institutions, medical facilities, government, and financial
institutions in Missouri
Candidates should have a minimum of ten years of electric utility experience, preferably
within the rural electric program and a least five years senior management experience.
Candidates must have broad electric utility experience encompassing the areas of
operations finance, engineering, technology, marketing, power supply strategic planning,
union relations, member communications and board relations. Excellent communication
skis, proven leadership ability and a strong commitment to cooperative principlesis
required. A bachelor’s degree in an appropriate field required.
Interested candidates should include a resume, cover letter and a minimum of three (3)
Professional references or letters forwarded to: Andereck, Evans, Widger Johnson & Lewis,
LLC, ATTN: Rodric A, Widger, 3816 South Greystone Court, Suite B, Springfield, Missouri,
65804 417-864-6401. Electronic copies should be forwarded to
Evidgerdlawofficemocon] Applications wll be accepted from September 1 through
October 1, 2015. Allinquires and applications are confidential.
Shoe Por Bet Cooperate an ei opty prove and ep ye
qn picor can onsen omplo ment bro reget, ee eo zus
protected on
Fora FO AS 450
2 Sho-Me Power Electric Cooperative, Marshfield, Missouri
‘The Board of Directors of Sho-Me Power Electric Cooperatives seeking qualified
candidates fr the position of General Manager. The General Manager reports toa nine-
member Board of Directors that sets policy and approves electric rates for both members
and non-members of Sho-Me Power, Sho-Me Power Electric Cooperative isa generation
and transmission electric cooperative owned by nine distribution cooperatives who serve
over 200,000 retail customers in southern Missouri. ho-Me's power requirements are
supplied by Associated Electric Cooperative, Inc. (AECI, created by Sho-Me and five other
GAT cooperatives in 1961
Sho-Me Technologies, a wholly owned subsidiary of Sho-Me Power provides fiber optic
broadband communication services to rural Missouri, Headquartered in Marshfield,
operations personnel are strategically located at 3 crew facilites to minimize emergency
response times, Facilities include Marshfield, Cuba and Willow Springs, Missouri.
The cooperative has 150 employees, operating and maintaining over 1,800 miles of electric
transmission line, operated at voltages from 69 kV to 345 kV, connecting 22 transmission
and 133 distribution substations throughout south central Missouri In 2014, the GET had
Consolidated annual operating revenues of $207,058,927, total operating expenses of
201,091,540 and a total net utility plant of $265,717,000. Thirty-seven of the
cooperatives’ 150 employees are assigned to its subsidiary Sho-Me Technologies which
‘operates over 5,000 miles of fiber optic communication equipment and provides services
to cel towers, educational institutions, medical facilities, government, and financial
institutions in Missouri
Candidates should have a minimum of ten years of electric utility experience, preferably
within the rural electric program and a least five years senior management experience.
Candidates must have broad electric utility experience encompassing the areas of
operations finance, engineering, technology, marketing, power supply strategic planning,
union relations, member communications and board relations. Excellent communication
skis, proven leadership ability and a strong commitment to cooperative principlesis
required. A bachelor’s degree in an appropriate field required.
Interested candidates should include a resume, cover letter and a minimum of three (3)
Professional references or letters forwarded to: Andereck, Evans, Widger Johnson & Lewis,
LLC, ATTN: Rodric A, Widger, 3816 South Greystone Court, Suite B, Springfield, Missouri,
65804 417-864-6401. Electronic copies should be forwarded to
Evidgerdlawofficemocon] Applications wll be accepted from September 1 through
October 1, 2015. Allinquires and applications are confidential.
Shoe Por Bet Cooperate an ei opty prove and ep ye
qn picor can onsen omplo ment bro reget, ee eo zus
protected on
Fora FO AS 450
1
| A
WE BUY
GENERATORS
Help Us
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SSIFIEDS
u | CLAS
orn. pero Ts AS 453
SHAFT-RIDING BRUSHES
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| A
WE BUY
GENERATORS
Help Us
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E Quality
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SSIFIEDS
u | CLAS
orn. pero Ts AS 453
SHAFT-RIDING BRUSHES
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Fr [TER ES NS 451
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DIESEL & TURBINE GENERATORS
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Brand Energy and 5 Rentech Boiler Systems, Inc.
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1. Mitsubishi Power
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11 PennWell Corporation 8 contents (including tex! repre
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13 POWER-GEN 3 odverisements printed, and also
International assume responsibility for any
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15 ProEnergy Services LLOA against Ie publisher is he oo
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When you need BIG POWER,
total integration generates
bigger and better results.
"No matter the business — rofinary, uty, manufacturing or patrochemicl — i you are in an industry that
demands big power, you!
For more than 80 years
that continually maximize.
(ur oil integration is that every component — rom gas inlet 10 stack outlet — is designed, engineered and
‘manutactued by just one company,
‘To find your nearest representative
Eleaverbrooks.comt
visit Eleaverbrooks.cont or call 800.250.5883.
Visit Stand F18 at the 2015 Power-Gen Middle East Show
‘rt Tp seis
total integration generates
bigger and better results.
"No matter the business — rofinary, uty, manufacturing or patrochemicl — i you are in an industry that
demands big power, you!
For more than 80 years
that continually maximize.
(ur oil integration is that every component — rom gas inlet 10 stack outlet — is designed, engineered and
‘manutactued by just one company,
‘To find your nearest representative
Eleaverbrooks.comt
visit Eleaverbrooks.cont or call 800.250.5883.
Visit Stand F18 at the 2015 Power-Gen Middle East Show
‘rt Tp seis
WHEN YOU NEED THEM 2
Accelerate your next power project with ProEnergy's EPC FastTrack.
# ProEnergy
Forint. Fü Inneren tins con] ass E 7
Accelerate your next power project with ProEnergy's EPC FastTrack.
# ProEnergy
Forint. Fü Inneren tins con] ass E 7
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