2022030016- alisha pathology presen.pptx

Pathology

1. Integrated plant disease management – For soil, seed , Air,vector borne plant disease

2. Integrated plant disease management (IPDM) is a method for managing plant diseases that involves using a variety of strategies to reduce the impact of pathogens on crops while minimizing negative effects on the environment and society.

3. Strategies of idM Using multiple approaches Minimizing synthetic pesticides Understanding the pathogen Manipulating the environment Monitoring pathogens Using economic thresholds

4. Principles of plant disease management Avoidance : Choosing a time of year or location that is free from disease Exclusion : Preventing the introduction of inoculum Eradication : Eliminating, destroying, or inactivating the inoculum

5. Protection : Preventing infection with a toxicant or barrier Resistance : Using cultivars that are tolerant or resistant to infection Therapy : Curing plants that are already infected

6. Quarantine and regulatory measures Quarantine is a legislative (regulatory) attempt to exclude pests from invading into the areas By monitoring the import and export of plant, seed/planting material to prevent the spread of disease It is a tool of exclusion

7. Cultural Control It usually influence the development of disease in plants by affecting the environment Three stages of parasite’s life cycle namely, survival between crops, production of inoculum for the primary cycle and inoculation can be controlled by following preventive measures

8. Deep ploughing Flooding the field Crop rotation Other practices

9. Deep ploughing The deep ploughing may bury the pathogen for inactivation by soil microflora or pathogen present in the soil. ❖ After ploughing, the pathogen may be brought to soil surface and inactivated by heat (solar radiation) and drought.

10. Flooding of the Field If flooded the field up to 30cm deep for 8-10 weeks will help in eradicating several soil borne pathogens due to creations of anaerobic and low oxygen conditions in soil.

11. Crop rotation It disturbs disease cycles and reducing the buildup of pathogens in the soil. Prevents pathogen buildup Interrupts disease cycle Effective for pathogens with a narrow host range Most successful and widespread disease control practice Also helps manage pests

12. Cultural control Reduce pathogen contact Create unfavourable conditions Reduce pathogen inoculum
Tilling
Improving crop growth conditions
Intercropping or strip cropping
Choosing planting dates
Weed control
Using trap plants

13. In order to prevent soil borne pathogen, decontamination of farm tools and equipment should be done Avoid soil movement from one place to another . Weed management is important for the control of viral disease.Because weed act as alternate /collateral host for many vegetable viruses The pathogen inoculum reduced by removing plant material after harvest

14. Physical and mechanical Control It kills pathogen directly or make environment unsuitable for it. Hot water treatmen t:Some seed borne disease like loose smut of wheat ( 52°C for min),leaf scald (50°C for 2-3 hrs),Red rot of sugarcane (50°C for 8 hrs) Can be treated by hot water treatment by immmersing the infected Seeds in hot water.

15. Hot air treatment is given to remove excess of moisture from plant eatment ans and protect from fungal and Bacterial attack .several virus infected dormant plants are treated by this teatment at a temperature ranging from 35-54°C for 8 hrs . Refrigeration :Most common method used to prevent post harvest disease of fruits and vegetables. Soil sterilization :At 50-60°C for about 30 min kills all soil borne pathogen

16. Biological control Commercially available biological control include the fungi Trichodermma viridae , Gliocladium Virens and the actinomycetes Streptomyces griseoviridis Bacteriophages have been found to be an effective biocontrol agent for managing bacterial spot on tomato. Paecilomyces lilacinus is a common saprobic, filamentous fungus has been detected in the rhizosphere of many crops. The fungus has shown promising results for use as a bio-control agent to control the growth of destructive root-knot nematodes

17. Chemical control When all the above methods are not-effective and pathogens cause destructive loss of the crops then we should go for chemical measures.
Fungicides and bactericides are an important component of many disease management programs. It is important to remember that chemical use should be integrated with all other appropriate tactics.

18. Chemical control Depending on the kind of pathogens they affect, the chemicals are called fungicides, bactericides, nematicides , viricides , pesticides and herbicide. When using chemical controls, it’s important to Use the chemicals at the recommended rates and application frequencies.
Ensure the equipment is properly calibrated.
Apply the chemicals correctly.
Read the pesticide labels and follow the instructions carefully.

19. Advantages of integrated plant disease management 1. Promotes healthy plant
2. Promotes the sustainable bio based disease management alternatives. .3. Reduces the environmental risk associated with management by encouraging the adoption of more ecologically benign control tactics 4. Reduces the potential for air and ground water contamination 5. Reduces the need for pesticides and fungicides b y using severalmanagement methods

20. 6. Reduces or eliminates issues related to pesticide residue
7. Reduces or eliminates re-entry interval restrictions 8. Decreases workers, tenants and public exposure to chemicals
9. Alleviates concern of the public about pest & pesticide related practices.
10. Maintains or increases the cost-effectiveness of disease management programs