25.1 the beginnings of industrialization

1. 25.1 The Beginnings of 25.1 The Beginnings of
IndustrializationIndustrialization
The Industrial Revolution starts in The Industrial Revolution starts in
England and soon spreads to England and soon spreads to
other countries.other countries.

2. Charles Dickens: From Poorhouse to MansionCharles Dickens: From Poorhouse to Mansion
English author English author
Charles Dickens Charles Dickens
(1812-1870)(1812-1870)

3. Charles Dickens: From Poorhouse to MansionCharles Dickens: From Poorhouse to Mansion
Original cover of Original cover of The The
Posthumous Papers Posthumous Papers
of the Pickwick Clubof the Pickwick Club
(commonly known as (commonly known as
The Pickwick The Pickwick
PapersPapers), the first ), the first
novel by Charles novel by Charles
Dickens. Dickens.

4. Charles Dickens: From Poorhouse to MansionCharles Dickens: From Poorhouse to Mansion
First First
edition edition
front piece front piece
of of A A
Christmas Christmas
CarolCarol
(1843)(1843)

5. Front Front
piece of piece of
the first the first
edition of edition of
Oliver Oliver
TwistTwist
(1838).(1838).
Charles Dickens: From Poorhouse to MansionCharles Dickens: From Poorhouse to Mansion

6. Charles Dickens: From Poorhouse to MansionCharles Dickens: From Poorhouse to Mansion
First Edition cover of First Edition cover of
David CopperfieldDavid Copperfield
(1850)(1850)

7. Gads Hill Place: Country Home of Gads Hill Place: Country Home of
Charles DickensCharles Dickens
Dickens family on their
porch at Gads Hill Place

8. Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain
New Ways of WorkingNew Ways of Working

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution—greatly increases —greatly increases
output of machine-made goods.output of machine-made goods.

Revolution begins in England in the middle Revolution begins in England in the middle
1700s.1700s.

9. Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain
The Agricultural Revolution Paves the The Agricultural Revolution Paves the
WayWay

EnclosuresEnclosures—large farm fields enclosed by —large farm fields enclosed by
fences or hedgesfences or hedges

Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once
owned by village farmers.owned by village farmers.

Enclosures allowed experimentation with new Enclosures allowed experimentation with new
agricultural methodsagricultural methods

11. Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain
Rotating CropsRotating Crops

Crop rotationCrop rotation——
switching crops each switching crops each
year to avoid depleting year to avoid depleting
soilsoil

Livestock breeders Livestock breeders
allow only the best to allow only the best to
breed, improve food breed, improve food
supply.supply.
Satellite image of rotated crops in
Kansas in June 2001

12. Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain
Why the Industrial Revolution Began in Why the Industrial Revolution Began in
EnglandEngland

IndustrializationIndustrialization—move to machine —move to machine
production of goodsproduction of goods

Britain has natural resources—coal, iron, Britain has natural resources—coal, iron,
rivers, harborsrivers, harbors

Expanding economy in Britain encourages Expanding economy in Britain encourages
investmentinvestment

Britain has all needed factors of production—Britain has all needed factors of production—
land, labor, capitalland, labor, capital

13. Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization
Changes in the Changes in the
Textile IndustryTextile Industry

Weavers work Weavers work
faster with faster with
flying shuttlesflying shuttles
and and spinning spinning
jenniesjennies

Water frameWater frame
uses water uses water
power to drive power to drive
spinning wheelsspinning wheels

15. Spinning Jenny

18. ““Carding” is a mechanical process that breaks up Carding” is a mechanical process that breaks up
locks and unorganized clumps of fiber and then aligns locks and unorganized clumps of fiber and then aligns
the individual fibers so that they are more or less the individual fibers so that they are more or less
parallel with each other. This enabled them to be more parallel with each other. This enabled them to be more
easily spun into thread. The old method was done by easily spun into thread. The old method was done by
hand using these tools.hand using these tools.
carding carding
machine-machine-
replaces the replaces the
hand process hand process
of combing out of combing out
the fibers the fibers
before they before they
can be spun can be spun
into yarn or into yarn or
thread.thread.

19. Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization

Power loomPower loom, and , and spinning mulespinning mule (next (next
slide) speed up production, improve slide) speed up production, improve
quality.quality.

21. Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization

Factories—Factories—
buildings that buildings that
contain contain
machinery for machinery for
manufacturingmanufacturing

22. Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization

Cotton ginCotton gin
boosts boosts
American American
cotton cotton
production production
to meet to meet
British British
demanddemand
"The First Cotton Gin" - An engraving "The First Cotton Gin" - An engraving
from from Harper's MagazineHarper's Magazine, 1869. This , 1869. This
carving depicts a roller gin, which carving depicts a roller gin, which
preceded Whitney's invention.preceded Whitney's invention.

23. James Watt
Improvements in TransportationImprovements in Transportation
Watt’s Steam EngineWatt’s Steam Engine

Need for cheap, convenient Need for cheap, convenient
power spurs development power spurs development
of steam engineof steam engine

James Watt improves James Watt improves
steam engine, financed by steam engine, financed by
Matthew BoultonMatthew Boulton

Boulton—an Boulton—an entrepreneurentrepreneur
—organizes, manages, —organizes, manages,
takes business risks.takes business risks.
Matthew Boulton

24. Steam engine
designed by
Boulton & Watt.
Engraving of a
1784 engine.
Reproduction of James Watt's steam engine

25. Improvements in TransportationImprovements in Transportation
Water TransportationWater Transportation

Robert Fulton builds first Robert Fulton builds first
steamboat, the Clermont, steamboat, the Clermont,
in 1807in 1807

England’s water transport England’s water transport
improved by system of improved by system of
canalscanals

26. Fulton’s North River Steamboat as it appeared in 1807, later named Clermont

27. Improvements in TransportationImprovements in Transportation
Road TransportationRoad Transportation

British roads are British roads are
improved; improved;
companies operate companies operate
them as toll roads. them as toll roads.
These were called These were called
“turnpike trusts”.“turnpike trusts”.
The A4 is a
historic major
road in England,
portions of
which are
known as the
Great West
Road and Bath
Road.

28. Improvements in TransportationImprovements in Transportation

By the early Victorian period By the early Victorian period
toll gates were perceived as toll gates were perceived as
an impediment to free trade. an impediment to free trade.
The multitude of small trusts The multitude of small trusts
were frequently charged with were frequently charged with
being inefficient in use of being inefficient in use of
resources and potentially resources and potentially
suffered from petty suffered from petty
corruption.corruption.

The railway era spelt The railway era spelt
disaster for most turnpike disaster for most turnpike
trusts.trusts.
The Round House (Old Toll
House) at Stanton Drew

29. The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins
Steam-Driven Steam-Driven
LocomotivesLocomotives

In In 1804, Richard 1804, Richard
TrevithickTrevithick builds first builds first
steam-driven steam-driven
locomotivelocomotive

30. Trevithick's No. 14 engine, built by Hazledine and Co., Bridgnorth, about 1804, and
illustrated after being rescued circa 1885; from Scientific American Supplement,
Vol. XIX, No. 470, January 3, 1885.

31. The Coalbrookdale company then built a rail locomotive for him, but little is
known about it, including whether or not it actually ran.

32. Trevithick's 1804 locomotive. This full-scale replica of steam-powered railway
locomotive is in the National Waterfront Museum, Swansea

33. The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins
Sir Topham Hatt Sir Topham Hatt
(nicknamed “The Fat (nicknamed “The Fat
Controller”) was a famous Controller”) was a famous
railway administrator on railway administrator on
the Island of Sodor the Island of Sodor
located between England located between England
and the Isle of Mann. and the Isle of Mann.
Called by Thomas (the Called by Thomas (the
Tank Engine) the father Tank Engine) the father
of the Sodor Railway!of the Sodor Railway!

35. Attention: The previous two slides Attention: The previous two slides
were a joke. The Sir Topham Hatt were a joke. The Sir Topham Hatt
and the Isle of Sodor are fictional!and the Isle of Sodor are fictional!
April Fool!April Fool!

36. The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins

In 1825, George In 1825, George
Stephenson builds Stephenson builds
worlds first railroad worlds first railroad
line.line.

He is called the He is called the
“Father of Railways”.“Father of Railways”.

His rail gauge of 4 feet His rail gauge of 4 feet
8½ inches (1,435 8½ inches (1,435
mm), sometimes mm), sometimes
called "Stephenson called "Stephenson
gauge", is the world's gauge", is the world's
standard gauge.standard gauge.

37. The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins
Liverpool-Manchester RailroadLiverpool-Manchester Railroad

Entrepreneurs build railroad Entrepreneurs build railroad
from Liverpool to Manchesterfrom Liverpool to Manchester

38. The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins

Stephenson’s Stephenson’s RocketRocket acknowledged as the acknowledged as the
best locomotive (1829)best locomotive (1829)

41. A cutaway view of the cylinder and steam valve of the replica Rocket

42. Rocket
replica

43. The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins
Railroads Revolutionize Life in BritainRailroads Revolutionize Life in Britain

Railroads spur industrial growth, create jobsRailroads spur industrial growth, create jobs

Cheaper transportation boosts many Cheaper transportation boosts many
industries; people move to citiesindustries; people move to cities