250184907-Blood-Composition-Powerpoint.ppt

Blood

1. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slides 10.1 – 10.31
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 10
Blood
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

2. BloodBlood
Slide 10.1a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The only fluid tissue in the human body
Classified as a connective tissue
Living cells = formed elements
Non-living matrix = plasma

3. Adults have
~5 Liters of
blood.

4. Physical Characteristics of BloodPhysical Characteristics of Blood
Color range
Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red
Oxygen-poor blood is dull red
pH must remain between 7.35–7.45
Blood temperature is slightly higher than
body temperature

5. Blood PlasmaBlood Plasma
Slide 10.3
Composed of approximately 90 percent
water
Includes many dissolved substances
Nutrients
Salts (metal ions)
Respiratory gases
Hormones
Proteins
Waste products

6. Plasma ProteinsPlasma Proteins
Slide 10.4
Albumin – regulates osmotic pressure
Clotting proteins
- help to stem
blood loss when
a blood vessel
is injured
Antibodies
- help protect
the body from
antigens

7. Formed ElementsFormed Elements
Erythrocytes = red blood cells
Leukocytes = white
blood cells
Platelets =
cell fragments

10. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
The main function is to carry oxygen
Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes
Biconcave disks
Essentially bags of hemoglobin
Anucleate (no nucleus)
Contain very few organelles
Outnumber white blood cells 1000:1

11. HemoglobinHemoglobin
Iron-containing protein
Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen
Each hemoglobin molecule has four
oxygen binding sites
Each erythrocyte has
250 million
hemoglobin
molecules

13. Sickle Cell AnemiaSickle Cell Anemia
A substitution mutation
of a single base in the
gene for the protein
hemoglobin replaces
glutamic acid with
valine. As a result red
blood cells sickle and
clog small blood
vessels.

14. Sickle Cell AnemiaSickle Cell Anemia
Sickle cell anemia
occurs chiefly in black
people who live in the
malaria belt in Africa
and their descendants.
Anopheles mosquito carries
the malaria parasite.

15. Blood Type

16. ABO Blood Groups

17. Link to Wikipedia prevalence chart

18. Agglutination

19. Rh factor

21. Whole Blood Transfusions
Plasma Transfusions

22. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
Crucial in the body’s defense against
disease
These are complete cells, with a
nucleus and organelles
Able to move into and out of blood
vessels (diapedesis)
Can move by ameboid motion
Can respond to chemicals released by
damaged tissues

23. Leukocyte Levels in the BloodLeukocyte Levels in the Blood
Normal levels are between 4,000 and
11,000 cells per millimeter
Abnormal leukocyte levels
Leukocytosis
Above 11,000 leukocytes/ml
Generally indicates an infection
Leukopenia
Abnormally low leukocyte level
Commonly caused by certain drugs

24. Types of LeukocytesTypes of Leukocytes
Granulocytes
Granules in their
cytoplasm can be
stained
Include
neutrophils,
eosinophils, and
basophils

25. Types of LeukocytesTypes of Leukocytes
Agranulocytes
Lack visible
cytoplasmic
granules
Include
lymphocytes and
monocytes

26. GranulocytesGranulocytes
Neutrophils
Multilobed nucleus with fine granules
Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection
Eosinophils
Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules
Found in repsonse to allergies and parasitic
worms

27. GranulocytesGranulocytes
Basophils
Have histamine-containing granules
Initiate inflammation

28. AgranulocytesAgranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Nucleus fills most of the cell
Play an important role in the immune
response
Monocytes
Largest of the white blood cells
Function as macrophages
Important in fighting chronic infection

29. PlateletsPlatelets
Derived from ruptured multinucleate
cells (megakaryocytes)
Needed for the clotting process
Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm
3

30. HemophiliaHemophilia
Inherited disorder that results in diminished
clotting ability
Even small cuts can be
life-threatening; plasma
transfusions are necessary
Genes involved in blood
clotting are on the
X-chromosome
Occurs more frequently
among boys

31. HematopoiesisHematopoiesis
Blood cell formation
Occurs in red bone marrow
All blood cells are derived from a
common stem cell (hemocytoblast)
Hemocytoblast differentiation
Lymphoid stem cell produces lymphocytes
Myeloid stem cell produces other formed
elements

34. Fate of ErythrocytesFate of Erythrocytes
Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins
Wear out in 100 to 120 days
When worn out, are
eliminated by
phagocytes in the
spleen or liver
Lost cells are replaced
by division of
hemocytoblasts

35. Control of Erythrocyte ProductionControl of Erythrocyte Production
Rate is controlled by a hormone
(erythropoietin)
Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as
a response to reduced oxygen levels in
the blood
Homeostasis is maintained by negative
feedback from blood oxygen levels

36. Control of Erythrocyte ProductionControl of Erythrocyte Production
Figure 10.5

37. Control of BleedingControl of Bleeding
Loss of too much blood leads to hypoperfusion, AKA shock.
The signs of Shock:
1.Altered mental status (e.g. anxiety,
restlessness, combativeness)
2.Pale, cool, clammy skin
3.Nausea and vomiting
4.Vital signs change
a.Pulse increases, becoming weak and thready
b.Respirations increase, becoming shallow and
labored
c.Blood pressure drops
d.Other signs include thirst, dilated pupils, and
cyanosis

38. Control of BleedingControl of Bleeding
To Stop Bleeding:
1.Apply direct pressure to the site of bleeding.
2.Elevate the wound above the level of the heart (if
possible)
3.Pressure points: Arms=brachial artery,
Legs=femoral artery
4.Cold application (in
conjunction with other
techniques)
5.Tourniquet (this is a last
resort)

39. Control of BleedingControl of Bleeding
Hemostasis – phases are completed within 3-6 minutes
after vessels are broken.
1.Platelet plug formation – platelets, normally repelled by
endothelium, become sticky and cling to exposed collagen
fibers. A platelet plug (AKA white thrombus) forms
2.Vascular spasms – anchored platelets release serotonin,
which causes the tunica media in blood vessels to spasm,
decreasing blood flow locally.
3.Coagulation – (a) injured tissue releases thromboplastin, (b)
a phospholipid on the surface of platelets, PF
3, interacts with
thromboplastin initiating the clotting cascade.
4.Fibrin precipitates – an enzyme in the blood plasma, called
thrombin (converted from prothrombin), joins soluble
fibrinogen into long fibrin molecules.

40. Hemostasis
Link to
Hemostasis
animation