2ND TOPIC.pptx lesson for smaw discussion

sfasas

1. APPLY SAFETY PRACTICES

2. LO1. Identify hazardous areas LO2. Use protective clothing and devices LO3. Perform safe handling of tools, equipment and materials LO4. Perform first aid LO5. Use Fire extinguisher

3. LO1. Identify hazardous area

4. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS AREA What is Hazard? A  hazard  is something that can cause harm, e.g. electricity, chemicals, working up a ladder, noise, a bully at work, stress, etc. A  hazard  is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone.

5. TYPES OF HAZARDS Safety  hazards  · Biological  hazards   Physical  hazards   Ergonomic  hazards   Chemical  hazards  

6. 1. SAFETY HAZARDS Are unsafe working conditions that can cause injury, illness, death and are the most common workplace risks. They include: Anything that can cause spills or trips such as cords running across the floor. Anything that can cause falls, such as working from heights, including ladders, scaffolds, roofs, or any elevated work area.

7. 2. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS Are organic substances that present a threat to the health of people and other living organisms. Some examples of biological hazards are: Mold and Fungi. Blood and Body Fluids. Sewage. Airborne pathogens such as the common cold Stinging insects. Harmful plants. Animal and Bird Droppings

8. 3. PHYSICAL HAZARDS Are substances or activities that threaten your physical safety? These include unsafe conditions that can cause injury, illness and death Physical hazards  include exposure to slips, trips, falls, electricity, noise, vibration, radiation, heat, cold and fire.

9. 4. ERGONOMIC HAZARDS Are physical conditions that may pose risk of injury to the musculoskeletal system, such as the muscles or ligaments of the lower back, tendons or nerves of the hands/wrists, or bones surrounding the knees, resulting in a musculoskeletal disorder.

10. 5. CHEMICAL HAZARDS Is a type of occupational hazard caused by exposure to chemicals in the workplace? Exposure to chemicals in the workplace can cause acute or long-term detrimental health effects. Hazardous chemicals  are substances that can cause adverse health effects such as poisoning, breathing problems, skin rashes, allergic reactions, allergic sensitization, cancer, and other health problems from exposure. Many  hazardous chemicals  are also classified as dangerous goods

11. WELDING SAFETY – the basics In order to perform the basic welding processes safely, welding operators need to know and understand the six major areas of welding safety

12. Six major welding safety topics Electric shock Visible light, infrared and ultraviolet radiation Burns Fumes and gases Fire explosion

13. Electric shock Be certain that there is a well established path for the flow of electric current (ground clamp). Never allow your body to complete the electric circuit. (Electricity will follow the path of least resistance) Inspect equipment to ensure it is in good working order. Ensure all welding equipment is properly installed per code and mfg. instructions. Avoid welding in a wet or damp environment. (Wet gloves, water on floor, etc.) Use common sense.

14. Visible light, infrared and ultraviolet radiation Use the proper filter plate for the welding process and amperage level being performed. Be certain welding helmet is not compromised. Cover all exposed skin. Never stare/look at an open arc. Use flash screens to protect others.

15. burns Wear appropriate clothing and gloves. Wear leather footwear, preferably steel toe work boots. Assume all metal in a welding environment is hot and act accordingly. Avoid torn or tattered garments. No polyester or nylon garments, ever!

16. Fumes and gases Make certain that the work area is properly ventilated. Keep your head out of the welding smoke plume. Do not position yourself between the work and the ventilation source. Remove all chemical de-greasing residue, paint and grease/oil from metal prior to welding. Use partial mask or other PPE if you have respiratory problems.

17. fire Remove all flammable material from the immediate work area. Thoroughly check work area for “hot spots” when welding is completed. Have fire extinguishers in the work area and know how to use them. Use a Fire Watch when working in an area with flammable materials that cannot be removed.

18. explosion When welding containers that contained flammable materials, follow established safe working procedures. Keep paint, solvent and other chemicals out of the work area. Secure compresses gas cylinders well away from the work area. When in doubt, error on the side of caution

19. Proper shop attire for welders Long pants and long sleeve shirt made from cotton or flame retardant fabric (at a minimum). NO SHORTS!!!!!!!!!!!! Leather cape/sleeve combination or coat (preferred). Leather footwear (steel toe boot preferred). Safety glasses Leather work gloves park cap for out of position welding

20. Safety precautions for the hand grinder Be aware of where your sparks are flying. Always wear a face shield. Clamp small pieces in a vise. Make sure the switch is turned off before plugging the grinder in.

21. Safety precautions for the stationaty griner Keep fingers away from the grinding wheel. Never grind on the side of the wheel. Do Not use the grinder if the support is more than 1/8” away from the wheel. Clamp small pieces in a vise-grip. Keep the guard in its proper position.

22. Proper cooling techniques Always cool (IF APPLICABLE)as soon as possible. Use a pliers to handle hot materials. Dip material slowly in water, a little at a time. Hot material submerged in water will produce steam, which could scald your skin

23. In conclusion: Working with the common arc welding processes being used in manufacturing can be done in a safe manner if the following steps are taken: Know and follow safe working practices Follow equipment manufacturers operating instructions closely Use good judgment and common sense

24. Operate shop equipment correctly ALSO……….Operate shop equipment correctly receive instruction readily and follow directions be a good citizen control temper show enthusiasm about work have pride in your work Avoid wasting materials and man hours provide self-discipline and restraint strive for self-improvement keep a neat appearance keep work area neat and clean use all tools for what they are intended to be used for respect others and their property

25. Safety is sometimes neglected but who will implement it? the management rules and regulations accredited safety implementor No matter what they do if YOU will not accept this, there will be no SAFETY

26. WELDING SAFETY SIGNS AND SYMBOLS Signs and symbols are pictures that represent something and have a meaning. Signs always have a clear meaning often giving information or an instruction. Symbols also represent something but you need some knowledge to understand what the symbol represents.

27. MANDATORY SIGNS A mandatory sign is a visual communication tool used to convey specific actions or behaviors that must be followed in a particular setting, such as a workplace, public space, or industrial area. These signs are designed to promote safety, prevent accidents, and ensure compliance with relevant regulations

28. PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT MUST BE WORN IN THIS AREA

29. WARNING SIGNS Signs which warn of a hazard or hazardous condition that is not likely to be life- threatening. The symbolic shape used on warning signs is black triangle with yellow interior and black symbol. The word warning is not required to print on the sign, although it is often used for added impact.

30. DANGER SIGNS Safety signage has many uses and can warn of many dangerous situations – such as fuel storage, radiation, high voltage, chemicals, open holes and much more

31. FIRE SIGNS Advice the location of fire alarms and firefighting equipment. Fire signs contain a white symbol and/or text on a red background

32. EMERGENCY INFORMATION SIGNS Indicate the location of, or direction to, emergency- related facilities (exits, first aid, safety equipment, etc.). These signs feature a white symbol and/or text on a green background

33. LO2. use protective clothing and devices

34. Personal protective equipment - The use of PPE is a good safe practice and may be required by regulatory agencies. Appropriate protection selected and used in accordance with OHS requirements or industry company policy.

35. Examples of PPE equipment and clothing are: WELDING MASK WELDING GLOVES OVERALL / APRON SAFETY SHOES SAFETY GOGGLES SAFETY GLASS EARPLUG EARMUFFS RESPIRATOR mask

36. SAFE WELDER

37. LO3. perform safe handling of tools, equipment and materials

38. a. Safe handling of tools Tools and equipment are very important therefore important to ensure that you are able to handle tools and equipment in the safest way possible. This goes a long way in ensuring that you will greatly lower the possibility of injuries and accidents from occurring. The maintenance of tools and equipment is ensuring that the tools are maintained to their best working condition.

39. Lack of proper maintenance of tools is expensive in that it may bring about grave injuries and can equally bring about the breakdown of the equipment. Therefore, it is important to ensure that tools used are well taken care of and properly maintained.

40. 1. Regular cleaning of tools Clean tools and equipment after every single use. This to ensure that rust and other related damage that occurs to tools due to dirt are greatly reduced.

41. 2. Tool boards or storage cabinets The tool board should be large enough to handle all of the hand tools used in the shop. A vertical tool board is recommended so all of the tools are visible at once and easily accessible

42. tool board or storage cabinet should have closing doors that can be locked for security. The tools should be fitted so that each can hang individually when not in use. A system should be set up to store similar tools in the same section to facilitate inventory checks. Nails and clips can be used to hang each tool. Ideally, each tool is outlined, so that each tool can be returned quickly to the correct spot. Missing tools are easily detected using this method.

43. b. Here are 10 quick easy steps for safety handle with hand tools 1. INSPECT YOUR TOOLS Never use a damaged or defective hand tool. Always make sure they are in good working order before and after each use. 2. PICK THE RIGHT TOOL Make sure you are using the correct tool for the task at hand. 3. WEAR YOUR PPE Issue personal protective equipment to your employees and make sure they wear them properly. This comprises of items like safety goggles, hard hats, etc.

44. 4. DON’T ALTER YOUR TOOLS Never remove guards or disable safety devices on power tools. Don’t paint or cover up your tools as this could prevent you from noticing chips or cracks. 5. HANDLE WITH CARE Never throw or toss a tool in the direction of or directly to a coworker. Never use electrical cords to lower or lift a tool to get it to a workspace. 6. KEEP YOUR DISTANCE When working with hand tools be sure you have enough room to safely operate without coming into contact with other objects or coworkers. 7. PICK UP AFTER YOURSELF Don’t leave idle hand tools lying around the job site. They can lead to tripping or be accidentally knocking on someone’s head.

45. 8. UNPLUG AND DISCONNECT Don’t leave electric power tools plugged in when not in use, when making adjustments such as replacing blades and bits, or loading fasteners. 9. KEEP YOUR WORKSPACE CLEAN A cluttered floor can lead to accidental trips or falls which can be extremely dangerous when working with hand and power tools. 10. GET TRAINED UP Make sure you and your employees are thoroughly trained on the proper use of hand tools required for the task at hand.

46. a. Safe handling of equipment REGULAR MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENT  Moving parts in equipment should be regularly lubricated. This is to reduce the effects of friction that brings about excessive wear and tear of the moving parts. Exposed equipment should be lubricated on a daily basis to ensure that the effects of direct exposure to the environment do not affect their efficiency.

47. a. Safe handling of equipment 2. REGULAR INSPECTION OF EQUIPMENT The regular inspection is undertaken on equipment is also quite important in that it helps in ensuring that defects in the equipment are identified. Other than inspection, it is also important to ensure that replacement of parts or of the whole equipment especially equipment that is prone to wear and tear.

48. Example of how to handle equipment safety Ensure the correct equipment is used for the job. Provide appropriate manual of equipment. Plan any work to minimize risks identified. Use appropriate warning signs. Provide appropriate training and guidelines to worker. Maintain and check equipment regularly. Lubricate the moving parts of equipment before and after used. Never leave the equipment not unplug when not in used. Put your equipment in its proper place after used. Dot not used your equipment if you have found abnormalities.

49. a. Safe handling of materials 1. MATERIAL STORAGE Angle iron, steel rods, and scrap iron should be stored in vertical rack s facilitate both long and short items and utilize wall space better than most other material storage systems. The desire materials can also be easily reached without removing too many additional materials. Separate vertical racks should be used to store different types and widths of lumber and various metal material. Do not store materials past the horizontal stabilizer bars. The materials will no longer be supported from falling and can cause serious injury.

50. a. Safe handling of materials 2. PROPER STACKING AND STORAGE Steel pipes should be stacked in the proper storage racks when they are in storage. Because pipes are often in constant contact with each other during transportation and during the stacking process, there is a potential for friction or impact which could damage the surface of the pipe. When metal is damaged, it can be more vulnerable to contaminants,  extreme heat  or cold, or corrosion from exposure to moisture. This is why you should use the several products designed to minimize contact and motion between pipes.

51. LO4. perform first aid

52. i . Basic first aid in case of emergency 1. COOL DOWN A VICTIM OF HEAT EXHAUSTION OR STROKE RIGHt AWAY Although generally mistaken for each other, heat exhaustion and heat stroke are two different things. Heat exhausting can occur anywhere that has poor air circulation (e.g., in confined spaces, around an open furnace or heavy machinery). The body reacts to this through rapid increase in the heart rate.

53. Simple heat exhaustion can also occur when the victim loses body fluids salt. The symptoms are usually excessive fatigue, dizziness and disorientation. The victims skin tone and temperature may appear normal but he is likely to complain about a damp and clammy feeling.

54. To treat heat exhaustion Move the victim to a cool spot and encourage him to drink cool water immediately and rest. Fan the victim to provide good air circulation until medical help arrives. Heat stroke on the other hand is much more serious and occurs when the body’s sweat glands have shut down. Some symptoms of heat stroke are dry and mottled skin, fever, metal confusion, fainting and unconsciousness.

55. i . Basic first aid in case of emergency 2. TAKE THE POISONING VICTIM AWAY FROM THE SOURCE QUICKLY In the case of poisoning, the very first thing to you should do is to get the victim away from the poison as quickly as possible. After doing this, you may now provide treatment appropriate for the kind of poisoning involved.

56. To treat the poisoning victim If the poison is in solid form, such as pills, remove it from the victim’s mouth using a clean cloth wrapped around your finger. If the poison is a gas, you may need a respirator to protect yourself. After checking the area first for your safety, lead or drag the victim away to where he can quickly get a breath of fresh air. If the poison is corrosive to the skin, remove the victims clothing from the affected area and run cool or tap water over the burn for some 30 minutes. Take the poisons container or label with you when you call for medical help because you will need to be able to answer questions about it. Try to stay calm and follow the instructions you are given. If the poison is in contact with the eyes, flush the victim’s eyes for a minimum of 15 minutes with clean water.

57. i . Basic first aid in case of emergency 3. PERFORM THE HEIMLICH MANEUVER ON CHOKING VICTIMS This emergency technique is a standard and universally tested method for removing a foreign object lodged in the air ways that is preventing a person from breathing.

58. To treat choked victim To perform the Heimlich Maneuver, first ask the victim to cough, speak, or breathe. If he cannot do any of these things, stand behind the victim and locate his bottom rib with your hand. Move one hand across the victim’s stomach to the area above the navel, and then make a fist and place your thumb side on the stomach. Place your other hand over your fist and press into the victim’s stomach with a quick upward thrust until the food or solid object is dislodged.

59. i . Basic first aid in case of emergency 4. DON’T MOVE AN INJURED PERSON UNLESS ABSOLUTELY NECESSAR Y Never move or attempt to move an injured person unless there is a fire in the building or explosive material is threatening to blow up. Moving the victim can make injury worse, which is especially true with spinal cord injuries. If you must move an injured person, try to drag him or her by the collar or sleeves. If possible, tow the person carefully onto a blanket or large cloth and then drag the blanket.

60. i . Basic first aid in case of emergency 5. QUICKLY TREAT PHYSICAL SHOCK Some of the symptoms of shock include cold and pale or bluish skin, dull and sunken eyes, vomiting, and unusual thirst. Shock requires medical treatment, so as a first aid responder, all you can do is prevent it from getting worse. You can maintain an open airway so that the victim can breathe easier and try to control any obvious bleeding, you can also elevate the victim’s legs about 12 inches above the body, unless an injury makes this impossible.

61. You can also prevent the loss of body heat by covering the victim with blankets. Don’t give the victim anything to eat or drink because this may cause vomiting. Generally, keep the victim lying flat on his back. A victim who is unconscious or bleeding from the mouth should be made to lie on one side so breathing is easier. Stay with the victim until medical help arrives.

62. i . Basic first aid in case of emergency 6. PRESS ON BLEEDING WOUNDS One of the best ways to stop bleeding is to place a clean cloth on the wound and apply pressure with the palm of your hand until the bleeding stops. If it is possible, you should also elevate the wound above the victim’s heart to slowdown bleeding. Once the bleeding stops, do not try to remove the cloth that you have pressed against the open wound because this can restart the bleeding. If the bleeding is very serious, apply pressure to the nearest major pressure point, located either inside the upper arm between the shoulder and elbow, or at the groin area where the leg joins the body.

63. Direct pressure is better than applying weight at a pressure point or using a tourniquet because it stops blood circulation only at the wound. Only resort to using the pressure points if elevation and direct pressure cannot control bleeding. It is not advisable to use tourniquet (like a bandage tightened with a stick) to control the flow of blood, except during an extreme emergency, where the victims arm or leg has been severed or cut off. Tourniquets can damage nerves and blood vessels, and may cause the victim to lose an arm or leg.

64. i . Basic first aid in case of emergency 7. CALL FOR MEDICAL HELP AT ONCE Remember always to get immediate treatment from a doctor for every injury, regardless how small you may think it is. In many reported cases, a seemingly minor and unimportant injury, such as a splinter wound or a puncture wound, has quickly led to an infection, threatening the general health and even the life of the employee.

65. i . Basic first aid in case of emergency 8 . RUN COLD OR TAP WATER OVER BURNS There are many different types of burns: thermal, chemical, electrical or contact burns. All of these burns can be inflicted in different ways, but treatment for them is very similar. For thermal, chemical, or contact burns, the first step is to run cold water over the burn for a minimum of 20 minutes. If the burn is small enough, keep it completely under water. Always run water over the burn FIRST. Doing this should take priority over calling for help.

66. Cover the burn with a clean, cotton material. If you do not have clean, cotton material, do not cover the burn with anything. Do not scrub the burn and do not apply any soap, ointment, or home remedies. Also, don’t offer the burn victim anything to drink or eat, but keep the victim covered with a blanket to maintain normal body temperature until medical help arrives Once the victim is stable, begin to run cold water over the burns for a minimum of 20 minutes.

67. LO4. use fire extinguisher

68. I. FIRE EXTINGUISHER Each fire extinguisher is designed to put out fires on certain types of material. Some fire extinguisher can be used on more than one type of fire. However, using the wrong kind of fire extinguisher can be dangerous, causing the fire to spread, an electrical shock, or an explosion.

69. The FIVE kinds of fire extinguisher are: Type A Type B Type C Type D Type K

70. 1. TYPE A FIRE EXTINGUISHER: Green Are used for combustible solids such as paper, wood, and cloth. The symbol for type A fire extinguisher is a green triangle with the letter A in the center. 2. TYPE B FIRE EXTINGUISHERS: Red Are used for combustible liquids, such as oil, gas, and paint thinner. The symbol for a type B fire extinguisher is a red square with the letter B in the center. 3. TYPE C FIRE EXTINGUISHERS: Blue Are used for electrical fires for example, they are used on fires involving motors, fuse boxes, and welding machines. The symbol for type C fire extinguisher is blue circle with the letter C in the center .

71. 4. TYPE D FIRE EXTINGUISHERS: Orange Are used on fires involving combustible metals, such as zinc, magnesium, and titanium. The symbol for type D fire extinguisher is a yellow star with the letter D in the center. 5. TYPE K FIRE EXTINGUISHERS: Black Are used on fires involving cooking media (fats, grease, and oils) in commercial cooking sites such as restaurants. These fire extinguishers work on the principle of saponification.

72. i . How to use fire extinguisher 1. Pull the Pin. This will Allow you to discharge the extinguisher. 2. Aim at the base of the fire. If you aim at the flames (which is frequently the temptation), the extinguishing agent will fly right through and no good. You want hit the fuel. 3. Squeeze the top handle or lever. This depresses a button that releases the pressurized extinguishing agent in the extinguisher.

73. 4. Sweep from side to side . Until the fire is completely out. Start using the extinguisher from a safe distance away, then move forward. Once the fire is out, keep an eye on the area in case it re-ignites.

74. II. PARTS OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER A water extinguisher is like a giant water pistol, but instead of using pressure from your finger to fire out the water, it uses pressure from a trapped gas (the propellant). Typically, this is nitrogen or carbon dioxide.

75. 1. A ring or pin on the handle stops the fire extinguisher from being set off by accident. It also acts as a tamper-proof seal: if the ring is broken or missing, you know the extinguisher needs to be checked. 2. Inside the sturdy  steel  case, there's a canister containing high-pressure gas (orange with blue hashing). 3. Most of the extinguisher is filled with water (blue). 4. A tube runs right up the inside of the tube to a nozzle outside (gray). 5. The nozzle often ends in a piece of bendy  plastic  so you can easily direct it toward the base of a fire.

76. 6. To operate the extinguisher, you pull the ring and press the handle. 7. Pressing the handle opens a valve (shown here as a green arrow) that releases the pressurized gas from the canister. 8. The gas immediately expands and fills the inside of the extinguisher, pushing the water downward 9. As the water is pushed down, it rises up the tube 10. A jet of water emerges from the nozzle.

77. MAINTAIN AND TESTING 1. All portable extinguishers are pressure vessels and must therefore be regularly checked. 2. The dry powder extinguisher is tested to 35 bar once every four years. Most extinguishers should be tested by discharge over a period of one to five years, depending on the extinguisher type.

78. 3. Where practicable the operating mechanisms of portable extinguishers should be examined every three months. Any plunger should be checked for free movement, vent holes should be clear and cap threads lightly greased. Most extinguishers with screw-on caps have a number of holes in the threaded region. These are provided to release pressure before the cap is taken off: they should be checked to be clear.