3.1 Identify the physiological changes that drugs bring about in the human body during clinical placement and in case studies. 3.2 Reporting of adverse effects when observed.Physiological changes 06 March.pdf

3.1 Identify the physiological changes that drugs bring about in the human body during clinical placement and in case studies.
3.2 Reporting of adverse effects when observed.

1. Recognize the
physiological
changes that
drugs bring
about in the
human body
Pharmacology 2

2. Objectives
•3.1Identify the physiological changes that drugs bring about in the
human body during clinical placement and in case studies.
•3.2 Reporting of adverse effects when observed.

3. The physiological changes that medication
bring about in the human body
•Altered Neurotransmitter Activity: Many medications target
neurotransmitter systems in the brain to produce their therapeutic
effects.
•What are neurotransmitters?
•Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across the
synapses (gaps) between neurons (nerve cells), muscles, or gland cells.
•They play a crucial role in the communication within the nervous system and
are essential for various bodily functions including cognition, mood
regulation, muscle movement, and physiological processes.
•There are many different neurotransmitters, each with specific functions.

4. The physiological changes that medication
bring about in the human body
•How does normal neurotransmitter activity work?
•Watch video (uploaded)
•Communication between neurons: neurotransmission.
•The types of psychoactive drugs that affect those neurotransmitters.
•The impacts that these neurotransmitters have on psychological disorders
such as depression, schizophrenia, etc.

5. The physiological changes that medication
bring about in the human body
•Modulation of Hormonal Levels: Some medications can influence
hormone levels in the body.

6. The physiological changes that medication
bring about in the human body
•Changes in Blood Chemistry: Medications can affect the levels of
various substances in the blood, such as glucose, electrolytes, and
cholesterol.
•For example, antidiabetic drugs help regulate blood sugar levels, while statins
lower cholesterol levels.
•Cardiovascular Effects: Many medications can impact cardiovascular
function.
•For instance, beta-blockers reduce heart rate and blood pressure, while
vasodilators widen blood vessels, leading to decreased blood pressure.
Anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs help prevent blood clot formation.

7. The physiological changes that medication
bring about in the human body
•Respiratory Effects: Certain medications affect respiratory function.
•Bronchodilators widen the airways to improve breathing in conditions like asthma
and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), while opioids can depress
respiration.
•Gastrointestinal Effects: Medications can influence digestion and
gastrointestinal motility.
•For example, proton pump inhibitors reduce stomach acid production to treat acid
reflux and ulcers, while laxatives promote bowel movements.
•Renal Effects: Some medications affect kidney function and urine output.
•Diuretics increase urine production to reduce fluid retention and lower blood
pressure, while drugs like ACE inhibitors help protect kidney function in conditions
like diabetes.

8. The physiological changes that medication
bring about in the human body
•Immunomodulation: Certain medications modulate the immune system to
treat autoimmune diseases or prevent organ rejection after
transplantation.
•Examples include corticosteroids, immuno-suppressants, and biologic agents.
•Muscle and Skeletal Effects: Medications can impact muscle function,
bone density, and calcium metabolism.
•For instance, corticosteroids can cause muscle weakness and osteoporosis with long-
term use
•Metabolic Effects: Some medications influence metabolism and energy
balance.
•For example, thyroid hormone replacement therapy restores normal thyroid function
in hypothyroidism, while antipsychotic medications can lead to weight gain and
metabolic syndrome.

9. Reporting of adverse effects when observed
•Reporting adverse effects of medications is crucial for ensuring
patient safety and improving public health.
•Healthcare professionals, patients, and sometimes even
pharmaceutical companies are responsible for reporting adverse
effects.

10. Reporting of adverse effects when observed
•Healthcare Professionals: Physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and other
healthcare providers are often the first to observe and recognize
adverse effects in patients. They should promptly report any
suspected adverse reactions to the relevant regulatory authority in
their country (SAHPRA).
•Patients: Patients can report adverse effects directly to healthcare
providers or to regulatory agencies. Encouraging patients to report
adverse reactions empowers them to play an active role in monitoring
medication safety. In many countries, there are systems in place for
patients to report adverse reactions to regulatory authorities or
pharmacovigilance agencies.

11. Reporting of adverse effects when observed
•Pharmaceutical Companies: Pharmaceutical companies are required
to monitor the safety of their products and report adverse events to
regulatory agencies. This includes both solicited reports from clinical
trials and spontaneous reports from post-marketing surveillance.
Companies must promptly investigate and report any adverse events
that come to their attention.
•Regulatory Authorities: They analyze the data to identify potential
safety concerns, update product labeling as needed, and take
regulatory action if necessary to protect public health.

12. Reporting of adverse effects when observed
•Medical Literature: Healthcare professionals also contribute to the
reporting of adverse effects through publication of case reports and
studies in medical journals. These reports can provide valuable
information about rare or unexpected adverse reactions and
contribute to ongoing pharmacovigilance efforts.

13. Prescription Charts
•Prescriptionchartsareessentialdocumentsusedbyhealthcare
professionalstoprescribemedicationstopatients.
•Theycontaincrucialdetailsabouttheprescribedmedication,
includingdosage,frequency,routeofadministration,andduration
oftreatment.
•Understandinghowtoaccuratelyinterpretandfilloutprescription
chartsisessentialforhealthcareproviderstoensurepatientsafety
andoptimaltherapeuticoutcomes.

14. Prescription Charts:
Key Components of a Prescription Chart
•Patient Information:This includes the patient's full name, age, sex,
weight and any relevant medical history or allergies. Ensuring
accuracy in patient information is crucial to avoid medication errors.
•Prescriber Information:This section includes the name, title, and
contact information of the healthcare provider prescribing the
medication. This information is necessary for communication and
clarification if needed.
•Date:The date of the prescription is essential for documenting when
the medication was prescribed and for tracking purposes.

15. Prescription Charts:
Key Components of a Prescription Chart
•Medication Details:
•Name of Medication:The generic name of the prescribed medication should be
clearly stated to avoid confusion.
•Dosage:This refers to the amount of medication to be administered per dose. It may
be expressed in various units such as milligrams (mg), micrograms (mcg), or milliliters
(ml).
•Frequency:Indicates how often the medication should be taken (e.g., once daily,
twice daily, every 6 hours).
•Route of Administration:Specifies how the medication should be administered (e.g.,
orally, intravenously, topically).
•Duration:The length of time the medication should be taken. It may be expressed in
days, weeks, or months.
•Special Instructions:Any additional instructions or precautions regarding the
medication's administration may be included here.

16. Prescription Charts:
Key Components of a Prescription Chart
•Signature and Prescriber's Information:The prescription must be
signed by the prescribing healthcare provider.
•‘STAFF NUMBER/PERSAL NUMBER’
•Dispensing Information:This section is usually completed by the
pharmacist and includes details such as the number of refills
authorized and any special instructions for dispensing the medication.

17. Best Practices for Prescription Chart
Documentation:
•Legibility:Ensure that all information written on the prescription chart is
legible to avoid misinterpretation.
•Accuracy:Double-check all details, including dosage, frequency, and
patient information, to minimize the risk of errors.
•Clear Communication:Use standardized abbreviations and terminology to
enhance clarity and understanding among healthcare providers.
•Patient Education:Provide patients with clear instructions on how to take
their medications and address any questions or concerns they may have.
•Review and Reconciliation:Periodically review and reconcile patients'
medication lists to identify any discrepancies or potential interactions.

18. The terms "generic name" and "brand name" are used to
differentiate between two types of names for medications
•Generic Name:
•The generic name refers to the active ingredient or chemical compound of
a medication. It is the name given to a drug when it is first developed and
approved by regulatory authorities, such as the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) in the United States.
•Generic names are usually derived from the drug's chemical structure and
are often simpler and easier to pronounce than brand names.
•Examples of generic names include acetaminophen (for the pain reliever
commonly known by the brand name Tylenol), ibuprofen (for the anti-
inflammatory medication sold under brand names like Advil or Motrin),
and amoxicillin (for the antibiotic commonly sold as Amoxilor Trimox).
•For example, the generic name for the pain reliever commonly known by
the brand name Panadoin South Africa is paracetamol.

19. Brand Name
•The brand name, also known as the trade name or proprietary name, is
the name given to a medication by the pharmaceutical company that
manufactures and markets it.
•Brand names are often chosen for their uniqueness, memorability, and
marketability, and they are subject to trademark protection.
•The same medication may have different brand names in different regions.
•Brand names are used for marketing and promotional purposes to
distinguish a particular product from others containing the same active
ingredient.
•Examples of brand names include Tylenol (for acetaminophen), Advil (for
ibuprofen), and Amoxil(for amoxicillin).

20. Generic name
active compounds

22. Frequencies of medication refer to how often a medication should be taken over a
given period of time. The frequency is typically indicated on prescription labels or
medication instructions and may vary depending on the specific medication, the
condition being treated, and individual patient factors.
•Once Daily (DLYor QD or OD)
•Twice Daily (BDor BID)
•Three Times Daily (TID)
•Four Times Daily (QID)
•Every 6 Hours
•Every 8 Hours
•As Needed (PRN

23. •Schedule 0: These substances are typically harmless and include products like
vitamins and certain herbal remedies.
•Schedule 1: These substances have some potential for abuse but also have
recognized medical uses. They include certain prescription medications and
narcotics.
•Schedule 2 to Schedule 5: These schedules include substances with increasing
potential for abuse and dependency. They include various prescription
medications, such as opioids, stimulants, and sedatives.
•Schedule 6 and Schedule 7: These schedules contain substances with a very high
potential for abuse and severe dependence. They include substances like cocaine,
heroin, and methamphetamine.
•Schedule 8 and Schedule 9: These schedules contain highly addictive and
dangerous substances. They include certain prescription medications with high
abuse potential, as well as illicit drugs such as LSD and ecstasy.

24. Duration