3 2 bryophytes -funaria

1. PLANT DIVERSITY
BRYOPHYTES
-FUNARIA
R. VELMURUGAN
Assistant Professor
Ancillary Botany
Saiva Bhanu Kshatriya College
Aruppukottai
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2. BRYOPHYTES
-FUNARIA
POINTS TO REMEMBER
⚫Funaria is a Latin Word.
⚫Funismeans Rope.
⚫Commonly called Cord Moss.
⚫Funaria is a Moss type of Bryophytes.
⚫The plant body is Haploid Gametophyte.
⚫Grows Up to 2-3 cm Height.
⚫Leaves are Sessile and Ovate with Distinct Midrib.
⚫Branch is Monopodial and Extra-axillary.
⚫Rhizoids are Branched and Multicellular.
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3. BRYOPHYTES
-FUNARIA
POINTS TO REMEMBER
⚫The Gametophyte is also called Gametophore.
⚫Antheridia and Archegonia are Present in Different Branches of Same
Plant.
⚫Funaria is a Homothallus.
⚫Antheridial Branches are called Male Moss Flowers.
⚫Archegonial Branches are called Female Moss Flowers.
⚫The Neck Contains 8-12 Neck Canal Cells.
⚫Sporophytic Body is also called Sporogonium.
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4. BRYOPHYTES
-FUNARIA
SYSTEMATIC POSITION
DIVISION : BRYOPHYTA
CLASS : BRYOPSIDA
ORDER : FUNARIALES
FAMILY : FUNARIACEAE
GENUS : FUNARIA
SPECIES :117
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5. FUNARIA
STRUCTURE OF PLANT BODY OF FUNARIA
STRUCTURE OF FUNARIA or
PLANT BODY OF FUNARIA or
GAMETOPHYTIC BODY OF FUNARIA
⚫Funaria is a Moss type of Bryophytes.
⚫It is Commonly called Cord Moss.
⚫It Grows in Dense Patches in Shady PlacesonMoist Soils,
Rocks and Tree Trunk of Forest.
⚫The Plant Body is Haploid Gametophyte, Grows up to 2 cm
Height.
⚫It Consists of
⚫Stem
⚫Leaves
⚫Rhizoids and
⚫Sex Organs.
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6. FUNARIA
STRUCTURE OF PLANT BODY OF FUNARIA
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STEM
•TheStemisGreen,Erectand
Branched.
•BranchisMonopodialand
Extra-axillary.
•ItisinvolvedinSupportand
Conduction.
LEAVES
•LeavesareSessileandOvate
withDistinctMidrib.
•TheyArrangedSpirallyonthe
stem.
•TheLeavesareGreenand
Photosynthetic.

7. FUNARIA
STRUCTURE OF PLANT BODY OF FUNARIA
RHIZOIDS
⚫Rhizoids are Root like Structures.
⚫They are Branched and Multicellular.
⚫They are involved in Fixation and Absorption.
SEX ORGANS
⚫TheMaturePlantProducesMaleSexOrganscalledAntheridiaand
FemaleSexOrganscalledArchegoniaindifferentBranchesofSame
Plant.
⚫TheMaleSexOrgansAntheridiaproducedinclustersatthetipof
AntheridialBranchandtheFemaleSexOrgansArchegoniaproduced
inclustersatthetipofArchegonialBranch.
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8. FUNARIA
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF STEM
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INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF
FUNARIA STEM
The Transverse Section (T.S)
of Funaria Stem shows
Epidermis
Cortex and
Central Cylinder.

9. FUNARIA
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF STEM
EPIDERMIS
⚫It is an Outer Most Multicellular Unilayer.
⚫Cuticle and Stomata are Absent.
⚫It Gives Protection to the Internal Tissue.
CORTEX
⚫It is a Tissue Present below the Epidermis.
⚫It is made up of Parenchyma Cells.
⚫It is Involved in Storage.
CENTRAL CYLINDER
⚫1. It is an Innermost Tissue.
⚫2. It is made up of Elongated Parenchyma Cells.
⚫3. It is Involved in Conduction and also Gives Mechanical Support.
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10. FUNARIA
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF LEAF
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INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF FUNARIA LEAF
The Transverse Section (T.S) of Funaria Leaf shows
Leaf lamina and
Midrib.

11. FUNARIA
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF LEAF
LEAF LAMINA
⚫1. It is Single Layered Cells of Wings on both sides of central midrib.
⚫2. It is made up of Chlorenchyma Cells.
⚫3. Cells are larger in Midrib and gradually smaller towards the margin.
⚫4. It is involved in Photosynthesis.
MIDRIB
⚫It is in the Middle of Wings.
⚫It is multilayered and consists of
⚫Upper Epidermis
⚫Lower Epidermis and
⚫Central cylinder.
⚫The Central cylinder is made up of Elongated Parenchyma Cells. It is
Involved in Conduction.
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12. FUNARIA
REPRODUCTION
REPRODUCTION
The Gametophytic body is Reproduced by
▪Vegetative Method and
▪Sexual Method.
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13. FUNARIA
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
It takes place by
⚫Secondary Protonema
⚫Bulbils and
⚫Gemmae
SECONDARY PROTONEMA
⚫It is Green Filamentous Structure Develops from the Base of Stem.
⚫It Produces Many Small Lateral Buds.
⚫Later, these Buds Develops in to New Gametophytes.
BULBILS
⚫Bulbils are Small Resting Buds, develops from the Protonema.
⚫During Favorable Season, the Bulbils Produce Green Filamentous
Protonema with Many Small Lateral Buds.
⚫Later, these Buds Develops in to New Gametophytes.
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14. FUNARIA
VEGETATIVEREPRODUCTION
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GEMMAE
•Gemmae are Multicellular Buds Like structure, develops on the
Leaves.
•Gemmae are made up of thin walled Chlorenchyma Cells.
•Later, Gemmae are detached andgrown in to new Gametophytes

15. FUNARIA
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
⚫SexualReproductionisofOogamoustype.
⚫FunariaisMonoecious.FunariaProducesMaleandFemale
SexOrgansindifferentBranchesofSamePlant.
⚫TheBranchesare
⚫AntheridialBranchand
⚫ArchegonialBranch.
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16. FUNARIA
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
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Antheridial Branch Archegonial Branch
Antheridia
(MALE SEX ORGANS)
Archegonia
(FEMALE SEX ORGANS)
Antherozoids
(MALE GAMETES)
EGG
FEMALE GAMETE)
ZYGOTE
FUNARIA

17. FUNARIA
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
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ANTHERIDIAL BRANCH
•ItProducesManyAntheridiaat
theTip.ItisalsocalledMale
BranchorAntheridialPhore.
•Antheridiaareproducedin
clustersalongwithParaphyses
andalsosurrounded by
PerichaetialleavestoformMale
MossFlower.

18. FUNARIA
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
. ANTHERIDIUM
⚫It is a Male Sex Organ.
⚫It is Club Shaped Structure.
⚫It has Multicellular Stalk.
⚫It consists of
⚫Outer Jacket Layer and
⚫Inner Androcyte Mother Cells.
⚫The Outer Protective Jacket Layer made up of Sterile Cells.
⚫The upper few cells of Jacket Layer in Antheridium are called Opercular Cells.
⚫The Opercular Cells are thick walled, they helps for Dehiscence of Antheridium.
⚫The Inner Androcyte Mother Cells are Fertile.
⚫Each Androcyte Mother Cell divides and to forms Two Androcytes.
⚫Androcytesare Develops in to Male Gametes called Antherozoids.
⚫Male Gametes are Spirally Coiled and Biflagellate.
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19. FUNARIA
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
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ARCHEGONIAL BRANCH
•It Produces Many
ArchegoniaattheTip.itis
alsocalledFemaleBranch
orArchegonialphore.
•Archegoniaareproducedin
clusters along with
Paraphyses and also
surroundedbyPerichaetial
leavestofromFemaleMoss
Flower.

20. FUNARIA
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
ARCHEGONIUM
⚫It is a Female Sex Organ
⚫It is Flask shaped structure.
⚫IthasshortMulticellularStalk.
⚫ItconsistsofTwopartsNamely
⚫Venterand
⚫Neck
⚫TheLowerSwollenVentercontains
⚫AVentralCanalCell(VCC)and
⚫AFemaleGametecalledEgg
⚫TheUppernarrowNeckcontains8-12NeckCanalCells(NCC).
⚫ThemouthoftheNeckisclosedby4LidorCoverCells.
⚫Aftermature,theNCCsandVCCareDisorganizeintoMucilage
SubstancethatcreateapressuretoopenthemouthofArchegonium.
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21. FUNARIA
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
FERTILIZATION
⚫ItisaProcessofFusionofMaleandFemaleGametes.AsaResult
ZygoteisFormed.
⚫ManyAntherozoidsReachestheArchegoniumfromAntheridium
alongwithSplashingRainDropsduringRainy.
⚫ThemucilagesubstancepresentinthemouthofArchegoniumthat
receivestheAntherozoidsandallowtoenteringtheVenter.
⚫AnyoneoftheAntherozoid(n)FusewithEgg(n)toformDiploid
Zygote(2n)
⚫Later,theZygoteDevelopsintoDiploidSporophyte.
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22. FUNARIA
SPOROPHYTIC BODY
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STRUCTURE OF SPOROPHYTIC BODY OF FUNARIA
REPRODUCTION OF SPOROPHYTIC BODY OF FUNARIA
ASEXUALREPRODUCTION OF FUNARIA
•TheSporophyteofFunariaisaDiploidand
itDependsupontheGametophyteforits
Nutrition.
•TheDiploidZygotedevelopsintoGlobular
Pro-EmbryoandthenDiploidSporophyte
orSporogonium.
•TheMatureSporophyteconsistsof
•Foot
•Setaand
•Capsule

23. FUNARIA
SPOROPHYTIC BODY
FOOT
⚫ItisaLowerSwollenPartofSporophytethatusedforAttachment
theSporophytetothetipofArchegonialBranchofGametophyte.
⚫ItismadeupParenchymaCells.
⚫ItisInvolvedinAbsorptionofWaterandFoodfromGametophyte.
SETA
⚫ItisaMiddleLongCylindricalPartandactasaStalkofCapsule.
⚫Itconsistsof
⚫OuterEpidermis
⚫MiddleCortexand
⚫InnerMedulla
⚫ItisInvolvedinConductionofWaterandFoodfromFootto
Capsule
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24. FUNARIA
SPOROPHYTIC BODY
CAPSULE
•ItisanUpperPear-Shaped
GreenYelloworOrange
PartofCapsule.
•ItisaFertilepartof
Sporophyte.
•Itconsistsof
•Apophysis
•Thecaand
•LidorOperculum
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25. FUNARIA
-SPOROPHYTIC BODY OF FUNARIA
APOPHYSIS
⚫ItisaLowerPartofCapsule.
⚫Itconsistsof
▪OuterEpidermis
▪MiddleCortexand
▪InnerMedulla
⚫TheOuterEpidermisisaMulticellularUnilayerwithFewStomata
forGasExchange.
⚫TheMiddleCortexisMadeupofSpongeParenchymacontains
Chloroplast,involvedinPhotosynthesis.
⚫TheInnerMedullaismadeupofElongatedThinWalled
ParenchymaCells,involvedinConduction
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26. FUNARIA
-SPOROPHYTIC BODY OF FUNARIA
THECA
⚫It is a Middle FertilePart of Capsule
⚫It consists of
▪Capsule Wall
▪Air Space
▪Spore Sac
▪Columella and
▪Peristome.
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27. FUNARIA
-SPOROPHYTIC BODY OF FUNARIA
CAPSULE WALL
⚫It is an Outer Most Protective Wall Consists of
▪Epidermis
▪Hypodermis and
▪Spongy layer
⚫The Outer Epidermis is a Multicellular Unilayer with Few Stomata
for Gas Exchange.
⚫The Middle Hypodermis is made up of Double Layers of
Parenchyma Cells
⚫The Inner Spongy layer is made up of Thin Walled Parenchyma
Cells, contains Chloroplasts.
AIR SPACE
⚫It is Present Next to Capsule Wall
⚫It is Cylindrical and divided in to many Air Chambers by Narrow
Strands called Trabeculae
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28. FUNARIA
-SPOROPHYTIC BODY OF FUNARIA
SPORE SAC
⚫It is a Spore Producing Sac Present Next to Air Space
⚫It is Barrel-Shaped consists of
▪Spore Mother Cells and
▪Spore Sac Wall
⚫The Spore Sac wall is made up of a Layer of elongated Cells
⚫The Spore Mother Cells are Diploid.
⚫Each Spore Mother Cell undergoes Meiosis to from Four
Haploid Spores.
⚫Spores are Identical and Formed in Tetrad.
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29. FUNARIA
-SPOROPHYTIC BODY OF FUNARIA
COLUMELLA
⚫ItisanInnerTissuemadeupofThinWalledParenchyma
Cells,involvedinConductionofWaterandFood.
PERISTOME
⚫PeristomeisToothedPlateLikeAppendagesthatattachedto
theRimorMouthoftheCapsuleandactasFringeand
ReleasestheSporesGradually.
⚫FunariahasTwoPlatesofPeristome,eachPlatehasSixteen
PeristomeTeeth.
⚫TheouterringofPeristometeetharelong,red,slightlyCurved
withtaperingendsandjoinbycentralsteriletissue.
⚫TheinnerringofPeristometeethareSmallandColourless.
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30. FUNARIA
-SPOROPHYTIC BODY OF FUNARIA
LID or OPERCULUM
⚫ItisaConicalCaplikeTerminalPartofCapsule.
⚫Itismadeupof4-5LayersofCellsinwhichtheOutermost
LayeriscalledEpidermis.
⚫TheLowerPartofLidhasaRingofthinWalledCellscalled
Annulus.
⚫TheLidisSeparatedfromtheThecabyaConstriction.
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31. FUNARIA
-SPOROPHYTIC BODY OF FUNARIA
DEHISCENCE OF CAPSULE
⚫After Mature the Capsule, the Lid is Thrown Away by the Rupture of
Annulus and Open.
⚫When the Capsule dries, the spores are released from Capsule by the
rupture of sterile tissue in the tip of Peristome.
⚫The Peristome Tooth acts as Fringe Around the Mouth of the Spore
Sac and Releases the Spores in Gradually.
⚫The Released Spores are Carried by Wind.
GERMINATION OF SPORES
⚫Spores are Haploid and it Germinate in to Protonema with Many
Lateral Buds
⚫Protonema is a Branched Green Filamentous Structure.
⚫Later, each Lateral Bud Develops in to Gametophytic Body of Funaria
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32. FUNARIA
-LIFE CYCLE
LIFE CYCLE of Funaria
⚫ItisAlternationsofgenerationanditconsistsoftwobodies
namely
▪SporophyticBodyand
▪GametophyticBody
⚫InwhichsporeproducingSporophyticbodyandgamete
producingGametophyticbodyaredependseachotherand
alternatewithoneanother.
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33. FUNARIA-LIFE CYCLE
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FUNARIA
GAMETOPHYTIC BODY
(n)
ANTHERIDIAL
BRANCH
ARCHEGONIAL
BRANCH
ANTHERIDIA ARCHEGONIA
ANTHEROZOIDS
(n)
EGG (n)
ZYGOTE (2n)
SPOROPHYTIC BODY OF
FUNARIA (2n)
CASULE
SPORE MOTHER
CELLS (2n)
SPORES
(n)
SECONDARY PROTONEMA
BULBILS and
GEMMAE
PROTONEMA

34. BRYOPHYTES
-ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF BRYOPHYTES
BRYOPHYTES AS A SOURCE OF FOOD
⚫SphagnumasaBaseFoodforHumanBeingsinsome
Countries.
⚫Bryum,PolytrichumandsomeMossesarealsousedas
FoodSourceforBirdslikeGeeseandDucksandMammals
likeReindeer,Sheep,Musk-OxandotherRodents.
MEDICINALUSESOFBRYOPHYTES
⚫Marchantia,AnthocerosandRicciaareusedtocure
Tuberculosis.
⚫TheDecoctionofDriedSphagnumMossisusedinthe
treatmentofAcuteHemorrhageandEyeDiseases.
⚫TeaPreparedfromPolytrichumhelpstoDissolveKidney
andGallBladderStone.
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35. BRYOPHYTES
-ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
MEDICINAL USES OF BRYOPHYTES
Antibiotic Activities of Bryophytes
Antitumor Property
⚫MarchantiaandPolytrichumhavingAntitumorProperty
AntifungalActivity
⚫ExtractofCenocephalumshowsAntifungalactiveagainst
thefungiCandidaSp.
AntibacterialActivity
⚫ExtractofSphagnumMossinhibitthegrowthofGram
NegativeandPositiveBacteria
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36. BRYOPHYTES
-ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
ECOLOGICAL ROLE OF BRYOPHYTES
WaterHoldingCapacity
⚫BryophyteshaveahighWaterHoldingCapacityduetotheir
structure.TheycanQuicklyAbsorbWaterandReleaseit
SlowlyintotheSurroundingEnvironment,andmaintainForest
Microclimate.
Formationofsoil
⚫TheMossesthatGrownonRockySurfacesSecretesOrganic
AcidswhichGraduallyBreaktheRocksintoSoil.
PreventionofSoilErosion
⚫TheMossesGrownonSoilasaDenseCovertoformaMator
CarpetlikestructurethatPreventtheErosionofSoil
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37. BRYOPHYTES
-ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
ECOLOGICAL ROLE OF BRYOPHYTES
BRYOPHYTES AS POLLUTION INDICATORS
BRYOPHYTES AS INDICATORS OF WATER POLLUTION
⚫Amblystegium -found in Sewage Water.
⚫Eurhynechium -found only in Heavy Metal Polluted Water.
BRYOPHYTES AS INDICATORS OF SOIL POLLUTION
⚫Funaria –found only in those sites where the Soil is Rich in Caand P
BRYOPHYTES AS INDICATORS OF AIR POLLUTION
⚫Sphagnum -found only in Cations Heavy Metal Polluted Air
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38. BRYOPHYTES
-ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
BRYOPHYTES INEXPERIMENTAL BOTANY
⚫TheLiverwortsandMosseshaveplayedanimportantroleas
ResearchToolsinthevariousbranchofBotanysuchasGeneticsand
Physiology
⚫TheMechanismofSexDeterminationinplantswasdiscoveredina
Liverwort-Sphaerocarpos.
BRYOPHYTES ASHOLYPLANT
⚫MossesarealsoPlantedin“Moss-Gardens”,ParticularlyatBuddhist
Temples,wheretheyCreateanAtmosphereofBeauty,Harmony,and
PeacefulnessForReflectingtheSpiritofBuddhism.
ROLEOFBRYOPHYTES INAGRICULTURE andHORTICULTURE
⚫BryophyteActasSuitableSubstratumforBlueGreenAlgaethat
FixesNitrogenfromtheAirintoSoilandIncreaseSoilFertility.
⚫InJapan,GrowingMossesisaTraditionalPartofHorticulture.The
MiniatureLandscapesUnderBonsaiTreesareCreatedwithMossesin
aTray.
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