3.2 Polyphagous Chewing pests-2022.ppt

Polyphagous chewing pest , their life cycle, nature of damage and management

1. POLYPHAGOUS CHEWING PESTS
1. American bollworm
Helicoverpaarmigera(Hubner) Hardwick (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)
•DistributedinIndiaandallovertheworld
Hostplants:
•Polyphagous,multivoltine,persistencepestandithasmorethan
150hosts.
•Cotton,gram,pigeonpea,pea,cowpea,Tomato,tobacco,potato,
chilli,okra,groundnut,wheat,maize,Jowar,bajra,cressetc.

2. MarksofIdentification:
Adult:
-Kidneyshapedblackspot
-Mothsareyellowishbrown
withblackdotsonforewing.
-Greyishwavylineonfront
wing.
-Blackishbandsonhindwing.
Caterpillar:
-Shininggreenishyellowand
round.
-Greenishwithdarkbroken
blackorashcolouredlines
alongtheside.
-Morethan13different
colours.
Pupa:
-Browncolourandpupation
insoil.

3. Eggs
LarvaPupa
Adult
Larval
period is
about 13-
19 days.
Pupal period: 8-
15 days and
pupates in side
the soil.
Adult
period: 7-9
days.
Total life cycle:
35-40days with
8 generations
per year
Life cycle

4. Natureofdamage:
Inearlystagelarvaefeedon
leaves,flowersandbuds,
Secondinstarlarvafeedson
pods,bolls,grains,fruitsetc.
Duringfeedinglarvaeinsertthe
anteriorhalfportionoftheir
bodyinsidebudorbolland
makethemhollow.
Holesareboreatthebaseof
thebuds,whicharehollowed
out.
Whilefeedinganteriorportion
ofthebodyremainsinside&
remaininghalfportionoutside.
Feedsongrainsofheat,bajra,
jowar.
FeedsonleavesofGroundnut&
Potato.Fruits,flowers&budsof
tomato,chilli,okra.

5. Controlmeasures:
•Deepploughing
•Timelysowing
•Useofresistantvarieties
•Mixed&intercroppingwithnonpreferred
hostplantslike,barley,mustard
•GrowingofAfricanmarigoldinbetween&
around5linesoftomato.
•Lighttrap
•Pheromonetraps
•NPV@450PIB/haor250LE
•NSKS5%
•Trichogramma1.5lakh/haofsixreleases
andChrysoperla@10000/ha,3releases
synchronizewiththeappearanceofthe
pest.
•Sprayofchlorantraniliprole18.5SC(3ml)
orquinalphos25EC(20ml)orIndoxacarb
15.8EC(5ml)orspinosad45SC(3ml)or
emamectinbenzoate1.9EC(10ml),
lufenuron5.40EC(11ml)Novaluron10EC
(20ml)orflubendiamide480SC(3ml)
with10litreofwater.
•Biotechnology approaches
Delta endotoxin

6. 2. Tobacco leaf eating caterpillar
SpodopteralituraFabricius
(Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)
•Itiswidelydistributedintropical&sub-tropical
partsoftheworld.
•Thisispolyphagous,multivoltinesporadicpest.
•Hostplants:Castor,Groundnut,Tomato,Cabbage,
Cauliflower,Potato,Sunfloweretc.

7. MarksofIdentification
Eggs:Slightlyyellowishto
brown.
Larva:Younglarvatransparent
andlightgreen.Inadvances
stages(instar)blackpatches
wasobserveon1standlast
abdominal segment.Full
grownuplarvaisdirtybrown,
5-orangelines,2-oneach
sideandoneinthemiddleof
thedorsalside.
Pupa:brownincolourand
pupationtakeplaceinthesoil.
Adults:Forewingsaregrayto
reddish-brown, with a
complexpatternofcreamy
streaksandpalerlinesalong
theveins.Hindwingsare
grayish-whitewithgrayish-
brownmargins.

8. Eggs
LarvaPupa
Adult
Larval
period:
13-19
days
Pupal period:
6-10 days and
pupated in the
soil.
Adult
period:8-
10 days
Life cycle

9. NatureofDamage:
•1stinstarlarvae
feedgregariously
undersurfaceof
leaf.Nibblethe
holeandscrapup
lowerepidermis.
•Asthelarvaegrow,
feedsisolatedand
defoliate the
plants.
•Thewholenursery
of tobacco
whippedoutunder
severeinfestation
ofleafeating
caterpillar.

10. Controlmeasures:
Deepploughinginsummer
Collectionanddestructionsofeggmassandlarvae.
Trapcrop–Castor
Lighttrap
Pheromonetrap
SNPV@250-450LE/ha
[email protected]/ha(Cutlass,Biolap,Biolap)
Naturalenemies:Campoletisspp,Reduviidbug,Geocoris
bug,Trichogramma,Chrysoperlacarne,tobaccobugs,
spiders
Botanicals:NSKS5%
Insecticides:Quinalphos25EC(20ml/10Lwater)
Thiaomethoxam75SG(5g/10Lwater)
Indoxacarb15.5EC(10ml/10Lwater)
Novaluron10EC(10ml/10Lwater)
Fenpropathrin10EC(6ml/10Lwater)
Flubendiamide20WG(3g/10Lwater)

11. 3. Gujarat Hairy Caterpillar (Katra)
AmsactamooreiButler (Arctiidae: Lepidoptera)
•Thispestiswidelydistributedallovertheworld.
Theactivityofthispestisveryhighinsandyloam
soil.
•Hostplant:Bajra,Maize,Jowar,Cotton,Tobacco,
Pulses,Oilseeds,Vegetablesetc.

12. MarksofIdentification:
•Eggs:Greenish-spherical
•Larva:Reddishamberto
olivegreen-longhairs.Full
growncaterpillar5cmlong,
thicktuftofbrownishhairs
•Moth:Forewingwhite+red
anteriormarginalstreak,
abdomenisredcoloured
withblackstripsanddots.

13. Eggs
LarvaPupa
Adult
3-5 days
Larval period:
15-25 days
Life cycle

14. Natureofdamage:
Mothsemergeoutfromhibernatingpupafromsoilduringfirst
heavymonsoonrain.
Freshlyemergedoutlarvaefeedonweedplantsofthehedges
andmigrateonthemaincropanddefoliatethem.
Theinfestationincreasesohighontheifdryspelloftherain.
Thepopulationisgenerallyhighinthefieldinwhichgreen
manureisbeingcarriedout(sunnhempismostpreferredhost).
Laterinstarlarvaedomoredamageinthefield.Fullgrown
Katramigratebacktohedges&descendintosoilforpupation
fromAugusttonextmonsoon.

15. Controlmeasures:
Deepploughinginsummerandscrapthehedgesduringsummer
todestroythehibernatingstage(pupa).
Installthelighttrap(UVtrap)andoperateduringnighthoursat8-
121trap/haafterreceivinggoodrain
Collectionanddestructionsofeggmassesandgregariousfeeder
larvae.
Spraybotanicals-5%NSKS-asantifeedent
Spraychrolpyriphos20EC(20ml)ordeltamethrin2.8EC(5ml)or
chlorantraniliprole18.5SC(3ml)orquinalphos25EC(20ml)or
Indoxacarb15.8EC(5ml)oremamectinbenzoate5SC(5g)or
flubendiamid480SC(3ml)orthiodicarb75WP(20g)with10litre
ofwater.
Applyquinalphosdust1.5%dustonthehedgesandboarderrows
ofthecrop.
Telonomusremusisthedominanteggparasitoidofthispest

16. 4. LOCUSTS
(ACRIDIIDAE: ORTHOPTERA)
1.Desert locust: Schistocera
gregaria F.
2. Migratory locust: Locusta
migratoria L
3. Bombay locust: Patanga
succincta L

17. Locust:Termappliedtograsshopperspecieswhich
multipliesinlargenumbersunderfavourable
conditions,formsswarms&migratesinmillions
fromcountrytocountryorplacetoplace.Such
swarmsontheirwaysettleongreenvegetation&
destroytheminshorttime.
Hostplants:Highlyadaptable.Grasses,maize,millet,
sorghum,sugarcane,wheat,riceetc.

18. ThreespeciesIndia:
1.Desertlocust:Mostdestructivespecies.Theswarms
thatformduetobreedinginWestIran&Eastern
Arabiaduringwinter-springmigrateduringMay-July
toIndo-Pakistanregion.
2.Bombaylocust:FoundinIndia,SriLankaand
Malaysia
3.Migratorylocust:Breedsduringthespringin
Baluchistan&theadultsmigratetodesertareasof
India&breedthereduringthesummer.

19. MarksofIdentification:
•Youngwinglesshoppersarein
solitaryphase,Greenishwith
tracesofblackmarkings.
•Swarmingphaseisblackishbrown
withapalemedianlineonthe
head&body.Freshlydeveloped
wingedlocustsareinswarming
phase.Theyarepinkishwith
elongatedleatherywings
brownishtowardsthematuration
andfinallyternintobrightyellow
atsexuallystage.
•Adultofsolitaryphaseremains
greythroughouttheirlife.

20. Eggs
Nymph
Adult
Nymphal period:
4-6 weeks
Adult
period: 4-6
weeks
Life cycle

21. NatureofDamage:
•Nymphsandadultsdodefoliationthroughnibblingandmay
causelodginginseedlings&plants.
•Plantsareofteneatendowntomidrib.
•Severedamagetoyoungplants,reducesizeofthecroprather
thandie.
•Adultflyasswarm&migrateoverlongdistances,settleon
greenvegetationontheirway&destroythestandingcropofa
largearea.
•Byreorganizationofspecificnoise,migrationcanbenoticed.

22. Locustscandisplaythefollowingbehaviour:
•Hopperbandsform2to3weeksafterhatching,mainly
alongfencelines,roadverges,scrublines,pasture
paddocksand,insomeinstances,crops.
•Hopperbandsarelikelytomoveintocropsfrom
aroundtheedges.
•Lateinstarhopperscanmoveupto400metersina
day.
•Adultsareactiveduringwarmsemi-calm(somebreeze)
conditions,andsettleincoldorwindyconditions.
•Adultsfeedactivelyongreenorpartiallygreencrop
whichcancausesignificanteconomicdamage.
•Maturecropsarelessattractivetoadultlocustsunless
greenweedgrowthispresent.
•Adultsusuallysettleatnightanddonotfeed.

23. Thedecisiononhowlocustsincropsarebestmanaged
isaffectedbyarangeoffactors:
•Growthstageofthecrop(i.e.whetheranygreenplant
materialremainsorwhetherthecrophascompletely
driedoff).
•Abilitytoharvestearly.
•Risktomarketfrompesticideresidues.
•Abilitytocleanphysicallocustcontaminationfrom
harvestedgrain.
•Hoppersaremostlikelytohatchinpasturepaddocks
andalongroadsides,fence-linesandthenon-
cultivatedgroundaroundthecropperimeter,but
somehoppersmayhatchfromeggbedslaidwithin
crops.

24. Monitoring:
•Ashopperbandsform,land-ownersshould
regularlymonitorpasturepaddocksandcrops.
•Monitoringshouldincludecropedges,fencelines
androads,wherebandsarelikelytofirstoccur.
•Susceptiblecropsshouldbemonitoredwhenadults
firstappear.
•Adultdensitiesaslowasfourpersquaremeter
maycauseeconomicdamage

25. ControlMeasures:
•Locustshouldbecontrolledatallitslifecyclestagesi.e.
eggs,nymphsandadults.
•Destroytheeggsfromwhereitislaidintothefieldby
ploughing,harrowinganddigging.
•Athopperstage:Applyquinalphos1.5%dust
•Adultsmovequicklyoverextensiveareasasswarmand
difficulttocontrol.
•Whenswarmssettleonvegetationorground,collectand
beatentodeathORburnwithflamethrowers.
•SprayapplicationofNSKS5%(500g)orneembase
insecticide5EC10mlin10literwater
•Applyquinalphos1.5%dust25kg/haormalathion5%
dust.
•Sprayofmalathion96%ULVwithhelpofAlvamasterat
morningtime
•KitesandCrowsarepredatorofhopperandadults.
•Apermanentlocustwarningorganizationisfunctioning
since1939underthecontrolofthePlantProtection
AdvisortotheGovernmentofIndia,NewDelhi.

26. 5. WHITE GRUB
Holotrichia consanguinea Blanch(Scarabaeidae:
Coleoptera)
•Hostplants:Itpreferablyattacksbajra,
groundnut,sorghum,sugarcane,grasses,
blackgram,soybeanetc.

27. MarksofIdentification:
•Adultisamediumsized
chaferbeetlebrownishin
colourand35mmlong.
•Thelarvaearedullbrown
incolourand'C'shaped
havingbrownishhead
andlegs.

28. •LifeCycle:Onthefirstheavymonsoon
rain,beetlesemergedoutfromthesoil
andtheycongregateonhosttreeslike
neem,ber,babul,khejrietc.andfeedon
tenderfoliageandcopulatethere.
•Intheearlymorning,thefemalereturn
tonearbyfieldandlayswhitishpearly
eggsscatteredinmoistsoilatdepthof
10-15cm.about60-70eggs.
•Eggperiod:10days
•Larvalperiod:1st15days,2ndinstar30
days,3rdinstar30days
•Pupalperiod:Pupateasearthencocoon
atadepthof30-60cmandthepupal
periodisabout12-15days.
•Adultperiod:Adultshibernateinthe
soiluptothenextmonsoon(November
tomidJune).

29. Eggs
LarvaPupa
Adult
10days
Larval period: 1st
15 days, 2nd instar
30 days, 3rd instar
30 days
Life cycle

30. Natureofdamage:
•Theemerginggrubsfeed
onorganicmatterinitially
andthenstartfeedingon
roots.
•Asaresult,theattacked
plantswithersoon.
•Itmovestonearbyplant
andfeedonitsroots.
•Duetoheavyincidence,
completelossofcropmay
beobserved.

31. Controlmeasures:
Collectionanddestructionofadultoncooperativebasis
Shakingofhostsplant
Smokinghosttreesbyburningstrawtodislodge&
collectthebeetles
Useoflighttrap
Culturalcontrol:
Branchesofhostplantsaretransplantedinendemic
areatoattractadultbeetleswhicharecollectedand
destroyed.
Ratooningofsugarcaneshouldbeavoided
Croprotation:Sugarcane–Paddy
Deepploughinginsummertodestroyingadultandgrubs
Mechanicalcollectionofbeetlesfromhosttrees(Neem,
Babul,Ber,Drumstick,Khijdio).

32. Applyquinalphos25EC@20mlorchlorpyriphos20
EC@20mlonhosttrees.
Seedtreatmenttothegroundnutseedswith
quinalphos25ECorchlorpyriphos20EC@25
ml/kg;soybeanseedswithimidacloprid70%WS@5
g/kg
Microbialinsecticide-Bacilluspopillaevarholotrich
Metarrhiziumanisopliae.
Useofaggregationpheromonei.e.methoxybenzene
Applicationofcastorcake@500kg/ha
Givequinalphos25ECorchlorpyriphos20EC@4
liter/hawithirrigationwater.

33. 6. American Serpentine Leaf miner
Liriomyzatrifolii(Burgess)
Agromyzidae: Diptera
Host plants:
•Castor
•Tomato
•Cucurbitaceous crops
•Melon
•Marigold

34. Marksofidentification:
Egg:Translucent-Not
visible
Male:Orangeyellow
Female:1.5-2mmlong
Greyishblack,Redeyes
Pupa:Browncoloured-in
soil-5-10cm

35. Life cycle:
Siteofoviposition:Femalelayseggs
individuallyinleaftissue(200-700eggs
/female).
Eggperiod:2-5days;larvaefeedson
mesophylltissues.
Larvalperiod:3instars,fullgrownlarva
comesoutfromtheminesanddropdown
onsoil.Larvalperiodisabout3-6days
Pupalperiod:6-10days
Totallifecycle:15-20days

36. Natureofdamage:
•Leafminerfeedsonthetissue
betweentheupperandlower
epidermallayersofleaves.
•Leafminersbecomeaserious
problemonvegetablesthatare
harvestedfortheirfoliage.
•Larvafeedsonmesophylltissues
betweentwolayersofleafleaving
behindapaperythinlayer.
•Larvaecreateacharacteristic
serpentinemine.Initiallynarrow,
broadertowardstheend,mines
arewhitestwhenseenfromupper
surface.

37. Controlmeasures:
•Collection&destructionofinfestedleaves.
•Coverthesoilwithmulchingtoavoidpupation.
•Fieldshouldbekeptweedfree.
•Properorganicfertilizersandirrigationto
maintainplanthealth.
•Installedyellowstickytrap.
•NSKS3-5%@10daysintervalasovipositional
deterrent.
•Sprayspinosad45SC3mlorcyantraniliprole
10OD20mlorchlorantraniliprole8.8+
thaimethoxam17.5SC10mlinto10literwater

38. Termite/ White ant
•OdontotermisobesusRamb.,
•MicrotermesobesiHolm.
(Temitidae:Isoptera)
•Termiteisasocialinsectand
livesincolonyknownas
‘termeteria’.

40. There are two forms:
1. Sexual form:Reproductive caste:
a. Prince(King-Nuptial king)
b. Princes(flight Queen)
In sexual forms,winged appears on
onset of monsoon and mates in
air or ground (flying mating) and
than wing shaded off and enter in
to the soil to start the new colony.
2. Sterile form (Working caste):
a. Workers:Economic importance
caste and cause economic damage
to crops, furniture, fixtures, trees
etc.
b. Soldier:(Mandibulate and
Nasuti type)

41. Queen:
Onlythecastewhichperfectly
developed.
Developfromcolonizing
individuals(wingedform
appearinginmonsoon)or
winglessform(complementary
caste-shortwinged/wingless
form).
Largestsizeincolony,live5-10
years,onlyonequeenina
colony
Livein”RoyalChamber”inthe
centreofthenest.
Egglayinglikemachine

42. King:
Develop unfertilized
eggs.
Become fully develop
by superior diet.
Accompany queen in
“Royal chamber”
Much smaller than
queen
Life much shorter
than queen

43. Workers:
Developfromfertilized
eggs
Mostabundantincolony
Welldevelopsmandibles
Cutandchewfoodand
wood.
Doalldutiesexcept
reproduction and
protection.

44. Soldiers:
Developfromunfertilizedeggs.
Recognisedbylargehead&strongsickleshaped
mandibles
Remainun-develop
Twotypes:
1.Nasute:Amedianfrontalrostrumandsmall
jaws.
2.Mandibulate:Largeandpowerfulmandibles.
Additionalforms:
(a)Colonizingindividuals:
•Wingedbothsexes.
•Largenumberduringrainymonsoon.
•Emergefromcolonywhentemp.&moistureis
optimum.
(b)Complementarycaste:
•Shortwinged/winglessofbothsexes.
•Livesubterranean.
•Whenqueen/kingdieun-timely,theydevelop
sexually.

45. Life cycle:
In the rainy season, colonizing form emerge from
colony-both sexes
Attracted to light-Shed wing before/after mating.
The royal pair excavate small amount of soil &
make a burrow/chamber/galleries.
Eggs laid by queen. Egg period-7 days.
First batch looked after by them.
Newly hatched nymphs fed by royal pair.
Queen develop gradually (1-2 two years), large
numbers of eggs are laid.
From the nymphs: king, soldier, worker (lives for 6
months)

47. Damage:
•Food: cellulose form woody materials
(dead vegetation and live vegetation)
•‘Helophobic’ remains underground.
•Feed on root & move upwards
•Trunks hollowed
•Mud galleries on tree trunks
•Serious damage in nursery, grafts etc.
•Young plant dry away

48. Controlmeasures:
•Deepploughingaroundtreestodestroynestoftermite.
•Soiltreatmentwithquinalphos1.5DP
•Removemudgalleriesandapplydust.
•Newplantation:pitstreatedwith0.2%chlorpyriphos20EC
orfipronil70WS
•Seedtreatment:wheat:fipronil5SC@500ml+5litresof
water+100kgseedorchlorpyriphos20EC,400ml+5litres
ofwater+100kgseed–nextdaysowing.
•Instandingcropgive,chlorpyriphos20EC3lit./hawith
irrigationwaterOrmixwith100kgsandandbroadcast/ha
andthengivelightIrrigation.
•Throughirrigation(Chemigation:inwheatcrop,pour20-30
litresoftokillqueenintermeteria.
•Sprayingchlorpyriphos20EC0.05%onbunds.
•UseofCalotropisproceraleavesandseedkernelsof
Azadirachtaindica.