3. EcoSan , SustSAN & SanBuss for project and lecture material at aksum university pptx

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1. Ecological Sanitation

2. outline Introduction Objective Types of Ecosan Technologies - UDDT - FOSSA ALTERNA - ARBORLOO - GREY WATER TOWER Design considerations/Assumptions for [UDDT & FA} Operation and maintenance aspects of each

3. Introduction Ecological sanitation generally referred as Ecosan & can be defined as four step process dealing with human excreta Source separation Containment Sanitization & Reuse It helps: to protect human health and the environment t o reduce the use of water in sanitation systems and to recycle the nutrient to reduce the need for chemical fertilizer in agricultural sector Ecosan represents the conceptual shift of the relationship between the people and the environment . It is built on the strong foundation of closing the loop concept

4. Cont’d.. Closing the loop concept

5. Cont’d.. Table 1: Annual excretion of a person, compared with the amount of fertilizer needed to produce cereal

6. Cont’d… Ecological sanitation, through urine diversion, may contribute to food security, less pollution, better resource management; water, nutrients and soil It is likely that it can also contribute to health and well-being in a direct ways like; less transmission of disease, by killing pathogens at the source, and Increased food security, by increasing nutrient intake . It is far more feasible financially and ecologically than conventional approaches, not only by reducing inputs into the system, but increasing savings throughout urban economies It results in decentralized systems, empowering people, providing for local livelihoods, and enhancing community cohesion. It can be made safer than conventional sanitation approaches and less polluting, reducing urban expenditures for health care and environmental clean-up as well as potentially increasing tourism dollars.

7. Cont’d… In general, Ecosan would be a backbone for;

8. Objective Promotes health & prevents disease by breaking the pathogen cycle Protects the environment and conserve the resources Recovers and recycles nutrient

9. Types Ecosan Technologies UDDT Urine feaces Bowl anal wash Husk, ash, soil

10. Cont’d… Urine-diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) are simple, low-cost, on-site sanitation facilities that make use of desiccation (dehydration) processes for the hygienically safe on-site treatment of human excreta. Urine-diversion dehydration toilets divert all liquids (i.e. urine and anal cleansing water, if applicable) in order to keep the faeces as dry as possible. Adding wood ash, lime, dry earth etc. after defecation helps in lowering the moisture content and to raise the pH, which enhances pathogen die-off during storage . Separately collected urine is rich in nutrients and low in pathogens and can be used as fertilizer. Faeces from UDDTs can be composted or stored and dried before using them as soil amendment for crop production.

11. Cont’d… If wet anal cleansing habits prevail in a community, anal cleansing water must be diverted (e.g. by providing a separate washbowl) for practical reasons . Urine is collected in containers for direct use, storage, further processing(desiccation, struvite production, etc .) Hygienised   urine  can be used at small or at large scale, or locally discharged by infiltration into the soil (e.g. evapotranspiration bed).  Faeces  collected in UDDTs can either be dehydrated (storage and dehydration) or composted (co-composting   small-scale or  large scale) before they are used as soil amendment . Double-vault urine diversion dehydration toilet, Vietnamese style, Bhutan .

12. Cont’d… There are two distinct types of UDDTs: double-vault and single-vault UDDTs. In order to facilitate collection of the finished compost-like material (desiccated faeces and cover material), the former ones are designed to operate in batches whilst the latter ones provide only one collection storage compartment for containment of faeces. Therefore , off-site storage and drying or secondary treatment (e.g. co-composting  small-scale or large scale, etc.) have to be planned for . In general, UDDTs are built entirely above ground to provide for easy access to the processing chambers, which are placed on a solid floor of concrete, bricks or clay and the floor is built up to at least 10 cm above ground so that heavy rains do not flood it Note that in some countries UDDTs are also referred to as composting toilets. This is sometimes misleading as urine-diversion dehydration toilets and composting toilets operate in slightly different ways.

13. Design considerations/Assumptions The size and dimension of the vaults depend on the number of users, their frequency of use and the required storage time of 6 months up to 12 months . The number of users per UDDT can range from usually 1-10 persons for households to 30 students or more in schools Rate of faeces generation : 0.12 – 0.4kg/day/person Rate for adults: 0.4kg/day/person Rate for Children & old people: 0.15kg/person/day In some cases also sanitary items or even solid waste may be part of the faeces joining the compartment, addition of bulk material could be considered 100 % of faeces volume

14. Operation and maintenance Addition of drying material to the  faeces after each use . Removal of  faeces  when vaults are full and changing of  urine  tanks. Control in order to prevent liquid infiltration into the dehydration chambers .  See Summary

15. Advantages Suitable for hard rock soil areas, high ground water levels and areas prone to flooding no contamination of groundwater sources due to contained processing of human faeces Single-vault UDDTs have very low construction costs and are more in the communal setting They allow for an easy treatment and reuse of excreta Urine can be used directly/ struvite as a fertilizer No need for water Simple in construction

16. Disadvantages Double-vault UDDTs require large surface area for construction Possibility of smell if not well operated and too much liquid (urine, anal cleansing water, etc.) enters the processing compartment Regular shifting of containers from single-vaults Transport of not yet hygienised human excreta to secondary storage and/or processing site may be required Difficult to use for small children

17. Cont’d… FOSSA ALTERNA Supper structure Cont’d… Shallow depth = 1.5m Top cover, concrete circular slab

18. Cont’d… The fossa alterna is an alternating, waterless (dry) double pit technology. Compared to the double-pit ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP), which is just designed to collect, store and partially treat excreta, the fossa alterna is designed to make compost, which can be used in agriculture to improve soil quality. The fossa alterna pits have a depth of maximum 1.5 m and require a constant input of soil.

19. Cont’d… The  fossa alterna  toilet system consists of two partially lined pits; pit covers with a hole or a toilet bowl (optionally including a  urine diversion  system); and a  superstructure . One of the pits is used at a time. When the first pit is filled up (after approximately 12 to 24 months depending on the size of the pit and the number of users) it is closed and the other pit is put in use. Before starting using a pit, a layer of leaves should be put into the bottom of the pit in order to prepare the soil for taking up the liquid. During the period of time that the second pit is filling, the content of the full pit is degraded and transformed into a dry, earth-like mixture similar to  compost  

20. Design considerations Faeces generation rate: all the same to that of UDDT (should be researched for specific condition) The size and dimension of the pit depend on the number of users, depth of humus: 1.2 – 1.5meters Time span of filling the active pit is 12 – 24 months In some cases also sanitary items or even solid waste & leaves may be part of the faeces , in addition to bulk material which could be considered 100 % of faeces volume

21. O & M of Fossa A Soil, ash, and/or leaves should be added to the pit after each defecation/ urination. The soil and leaves introduce a variety of organisms like worms, fungi and  bacteria , which help in the degradation process. The dry material also absorbs humidity (reducing flies and odours ) and contains carbon what helps to regulate the carbon to nitrogen  ration( C/N ). The addition of ash furthermore  leads to an increased  pH , which improves  pathogen  die-off . Since bulking material is used to continuously cover the  excreta , smells are reduced but the addition of a ventilation  pipe can reduce the smells. See Summery

22. Advantages Can be built and repaired with locally available materials, requires little land because double pits are used alternately, their life is virtually unlimited Excavation of humus is easier than faecal sludge Potential for use of stored faecal material as soil conditioner (similar to compost ) Flies, pathogens and odours are significantly reduced (compared to non-ventilated wet pits ) Does not require a constant source of water Suitable for all types of user (sitters, squatters, washers and wipers ) Low (but variable) capital costs depending on materials; no or low operating costs if self-emptied

23. Disadvantages Requires constant source of cover material (soil, ash, leaves, etc .) Garbage may ruin reuse opportunities of the compost Even though a small land area is required, it needs space for two pits Requires that correct reuse or disposal of the compost Pathogens could spread from overflowing chambers Not suitable with a high groundwater table

24. Cont’d… ARBORLOO Depth, 1.0 – 1.5m

25. Cont’d… To decommission a pit, it can simply be filled with soil and covered. Although there is no benefit recovered, the full pit poses no immediate health risk, and with time, the contents will degrade naturally. Alternatively , the arborloo is a shallow pit (1.0 to 1.5 m deep ) Excreta , soil, ash and leaves are added to the pit . The toilet (consisting of a ring beam, slab and structure) moves from one site to the next at 6 to 12 month intervals. The old site is covered with soil and left to compost. A tree is planted on top and will grow vigorously in the nutrient-rich pit.

26. Cont’d… The depth of the pit is shallow and should not be lined not to prevent the tree or plant from growing properly . Before the pit is used, a layer of leaves is put into the bottom. After each defecation, a cup of soil, ash or a mixture should be dumped into the pit to cover the  excreta If they are available, leaves can also be added occasionally to improve the porosity and air content of the pile. When the pit is full, a new pit is dug and the toilet structure is moved to it. The full pit is covered with 15 cm of soil and the mix is left to compost . When soil, wood ash and leaves are regularly added, the conversion into  compost takes place at a faster rate compared to  excreta  to which nothing has been added.

27. Cont’d… The daily addition of soil and ash also helps to reduce flies and smells. if ash or leaves are not available, already the addition of soil alone can help.   A young tree is planted in the  composting soil . Banana , papaya and guava trees (among many) have all proven to grow successful by using the nutrients  derived from the compost  formed from excreta . A tree should not be planted directly in the raw excreta . The tree starts to grow in the soil and its roots penetrate the  composting pits  as it grows. The growing roots of the young tree first invade the  topsoil  layer, whilst the  excreta  below are turning into  humus . If the trees are very young it may be better to plant them in buckets, pots or larger containers first, so that the root system can grow more extensively and become more resilient before transplanting into the pit.

28. Cont’d… However, it is often best to allow the pit contents to compost  for a while, top up with soil again and then plant the young tree at the start of the rainy season, especially if water is scarce. Other plants such as tomatoes and pumpkins can also be planted on top of the pit if trees are not available. A small-fence constructed with sticks and stacks around the sapling helps to protect it from animals . There is a minimal risk of infection if the pit is properly covered and clearly marked. It may be preferable to cover the pit and plant a tree rather than have the pit emptied, especially if there is no appropriate technology available for treating the  faecal sludge . Users do not come in contact with the faecal material and thus there is a very low risk of  pathogen  transmission. Demonstration projects that allow community members to participate are useful ways of showing both the ease of the system, its in offensive nature, and the  nutrient  value of composted  excreta .

29. Advantages Simple technique for all users Low capital cost Low operating cost Low risk of pathogen transmission May encourage income generation (tree planting and fruit production ) Disadvantages Relatively labor intensive (a new pit needs to be dug every 6 to 12 month) Does not prevent ground water contamination Not suitable with a high groundwater table Is only possible where there is enough space

30. Cont’d Grey water tower

31. Cont’d… A grey water tower is a circular bag, which is filled with soil, ash and/or compost mixture and a gravel column at the center. It is used to treat and reuse grey water - water that has been used for bathing, washing clothes and utensils. Vegetables are planted in holes cut in the sides of the bag and each day the available grey water from a household is poured directly on the gravel column making grow the vegetables .

32. Cont’d… A grey water(the   wastewater  from bath, laundry and kitchen) accounts for around 50 to 80% of the residential  wastewater  with manageable contamination levels. It therefore offers great potential for reuse in agriculture, particularly in areas where water is scarce.  Grey water  towers are low-cost solutions that allow for the reuse of the water and  nutrient  content in  grey water and productively using it for gardening purposes.  Grey water  towers are cylindrical and made out of simple plastic bags or clothes, reinforced with wooden poles, filled with a soil mix (soil, ash and/or  compost / vermin compost ) and anchored into the soil. Vegetables are grown in holes cut in the sides of the bag. Each day, the available  grey water  is poured into the bag. The soapy water contains  nutrient  on which vegetables can grow successfully. The soapy water can be cleared out of the system by pouring two buckets of clean water into the column once a week.

33. Cont’d… It is difficult to predict how much water is required, and the necessary experience will usually come over time. In the beginning it is recommended to apply around 20 L per day and fine-tune it according to the exact water demand. If water forms a puddle around the bottom of the tower, too much water is being applied. A possible answer to this problem would be to make a second tower . Grey water  towers are ideal for leafy crops such as spinach. Ideally the planting holes should not be one above the other but staggered diagonally, providing more space for root development . Different crops which use the soil in a complementary way should be grown to facilitate biological control of disease and pests. Tomatoes and onions can be planted on the top of the tower. Garlic and onions are also useful to prevent plant diseases and pests. If crops require fencings this can be provided by extending the vertical uprights and joining them with wire or string.

34. Cont’d… Advantages Minimal space required Little investment costs and maintenance labor Can be implemented close to the source/household Contribution to household food security and alleviation of food shortages and poverty Reduction of environmental degradation, eutrophication of water sources and health hazards Reuse of valuable water and nutrient resources Good for elder people, as they do not need to bend down

35. Cont’d… Disadvantages Difficult to estimate the effective need for grey water and not very adapted for large fluctuations Unpleasant odors may appear Some space for setting up the grey water towers close to the housing is required Difficult in countries with a cold climate that do not have a continues growing season

36. Sustainable Sanitation

37. Outline Introduction Problems with current approaches to sanitation What is Sustainable Sanitation?

38. Approaches to Sanitation What exactly is wastewater? What should the organisation of a sanitary system look like? How can we better manage wastewater? How can we keep it simple, but yet effective and efficient? 1. Introduction The main objective of a sanitation system is: to protect and promote human health by providing a clean environment and breaking the cycle of disease.

39. Conventional forms of wastewater management and sanitation 2. Problems with Current Approaches to Sanitation Dry (pit) systems (on-site ) Retention of solids Infiltration of liquids Waterborne systems (centralised)

40. Dry (pit) Systems – The drawbacks 2. Problems with current Approaches to Sanitation Source: CONRADIN (2007) Incomplete barrier between human beings and excreta Liquids infiltrate the soil and enter the water cycle Nutrients infiltrate the soil and enter aquatic systems Pathogens infiltrate and enter aquatic system Waterborne diseases Eutrophication

41. Waterborne Systems – The drawbacks End-of-pipe system - 90% of global wastewater does not receive any treatment at all. 2. Problems with current Approaches to Sanitation Water demand Investment costs Maintenance Energy-intensity Technical knowledge Social acceptance ( CORCORAN et al. 2010) Mixing of different wastewater streams Vulnerability Operating costs

42. Conventional systems versus sustainable sanitation Socially acceptable Economically viable 3. What is Sustainable Sanitation? } Sustainable Sanitation Conventional systems Technical aspects Sustainable Sanitation Social Environmental Economical and technical aspects Integrative, holistic approach

43. Objectives of Sustainable Sanitation Health and hygiene Effective barrier between user and environment Prevention of exposure to excreta at all levels of the sanitation process Environment and natural resources Protection of natural resources Recycling, low energy consumption, low emissions Technology and operation Adaptation to local circumstances Robustness against floods, power cuts, water shortages, etc. Financial & economic issues: Consideration of total (lifecycle) costs Socio-cultural & institutional aspects: Acceptance by the community 3. What is Sustainable Sanitation? In order to be sustainable, a sanitation system has to consider:

44. Sustainable Sanitation is a simple Approach The essential principles Wastewater and excreta should not be considered as a waste, but as valuable resources . Sanitation systems should be organised in a socially acceptable and economically viable manner. There is no “ one-fits-all ” approach, much rather, the most adequate solution has to be found from case to case, considering climate and water availability, agricultural practices, socio-cultural preferences, affordability, safety, and technical prerequisites, etc.

45. Integrated, holistic Approach

46. Sanitation Business

47. outline Introduction The entrepreneur Steps of sanitation business planning The idea The investigation The planning The realization 4. Challenges

48. 1. Introduction Lack of sanitation is a major risk factor, especially for people in developing countries. Problems with sanitation services have led to the increasing awareness that the private sector is needed to tackle sanitation service problems. Sanitation business is about investing in solutions for sanitation problems by offering different sanitation products and services at appropriate prices. Improved sanitation is considered to be a huge market for private businesses, since 2,6 billion people or 41% of the world population until now do not have access to services (WBCSD 2008 ). This factsheet offers information on how to start a sanitation business to make use of this business opportunity . Any idea that includes provision of products and services that is associated with the  collection , transport,  treatment, recycling and safe disposal of human waste,  wastewater , storm water and garbage is considered to be a business idea for  sanitation   business .

49. Cont’d… The Private Sector as Provider of Sanitation Products and Services Individual entrepreneurs that usually engage in offering simple products and services that do not require high investments. For instance, repairing and installation of water pipes , toilets  and bathrooms. They can act as masons, plumbers and traders and thus generate income . Small and Medium size Enterprises (SMEs) differ from individual entrepreneurs in the number of employees and turnover, which is much bigger than that of individual entrepreneurs . Large companies are bigger than SMEs and also differ in the number of employees and turnover. They engage in offering more sophisticated  sanitation  products and services.

50. 2 . The Entrepreneur Can identify a niche in the market  – an entrepreneur can spot business opportunities that will fill gaps in the market Can identify key people to help achieve goals  – nobody is an expert in everything ! Takes risks  – even if you have carefully researched the market, there's always a chance that customers may reject your product or service Shows drive and initiative  – if you are launching a business you need determination and energy to overcome any obstacles Is resilient  – all entrepreneurs have failures and successes. Your ability to learn from mistakes and move on is key to the success of your business.

51. Steps of sanitation Business planning

52. Cont’d… Step 1: The Idea You will always start with an idea or a thought that will make you think whether you could make money out of it. The first step is exactly about this . You should try to understand and explain your idea, analyze why you want to go for it and if you have the skills to do so. You might think of starting a new business in constructing latrines for households or you might want to expand your business activities, to pit emptying or processing of human excreta .

53. Cont’d Q1. What do you want to start doing or start doing differently ? [ask yourself about the idea you have in mind] Ans: To earn money, to earn more money. How? Putting better design, more customers Once your idea is clear, then start thinking about your Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats

54. Cont’d…

55. Cont’d…

56. Cont’d… By now you have:   Made clear and explained your business idea Understood the reasons why you want to realize your idea Understood what characteristics you need to have for running a business  

57. Cont’d… Step 2: The investigation Once you have a clear view on what you want to do, then you will need to make sure that apart from you the rest of the world around you thinks that your idea is good. You need to verify in other words that what you aim to provide, is actually wanted by the market . You need to see if you have demand for your products. or services. Step 2 helps you to understand and analyze the demand that your products or services will have . It gives you also some ideas of what can affect the demand for your products.

58. Cont’d… Q2: What can change the demand for your product or service ? Client

59. Cont’d… 2. Competitors “ The people who do the same thing as you ” 3. Macro factors “ The things you can not easily change ” Political/legal directions Socio-cultural Technological Economic Institutional Environmental Could be threat or opportunity for your operation

60. Cont’d… By now you have Defined your business idea, including your product Understood the importance of demand Understood some of the factors that can influence the demand for your product

61. Cont’d… Step 3: The planning If you have your idea and you made sure that there is also market demand for it, then you need to start planning . Step 3 will take you through all the questions you need to ask yourself before starting a business. You are going to plan your marketing strategy, your operations as well as your financials The outcome of step 3 will be a more or less specific plan of how you are going to make your idea reality.

62. Cont’d…

63. Cont’d… Marketing

64. Cont’d… Product check list/positioning Name of your product/ service Quality of your product/Service Design of your product/Service The after sells support To be competitive in the product market

65. Cont’d… Product/ service marketing strategies Standardization Modularization Differentiation Some Differentiation & some Modularization

66. Cont’d… Product position setup Cost of production & operation Clients Willingness to pay Price of your competitors Will you sell in credit or discount Price check list

67. Cont’d… The practical tips you can remember : You cannot put a price to a product that does not cover your basic business costs. Your price has to be close to what your clients can pay. Your price has to be logic for what you offer. Your price has to be comparable with other goods people pay, for ex-ample for water or school fees. Your price has to be close to the price your competitors charge, unless you have a clear strong competitive advantage

68. Cont’d… The location of your competitors. Place check list The location of your clients The location of your suppliers Your activities in your location. The zoning and permit regulations The visibility of your location. Your distribution strategy. The location of your competitors. The availability of necessary utilities

69. Cont’d… Promotion check list The Logo or Brand name of your business Your approach to different types of clients The most common ways for spreading news in your region. The type of promotion materials you want to use. The seasonality of your promotion. The way competitors promote their products

70. Operating Strategy Lantern construction Manual empting Mechanical Empting Health and safety of your operational strategies Cont’d.. Operation

71. Cont’d… Finances

72. Cont’d… By now you have : Planned how you will get your products or services to your market ( Marketing Plan ) Planned how you will organize your operations ( Operations’ Plan ) Planned how much money you will need to start, how much you will earn and how much you might loose (Financial Plan)  

73. Cont’d… Step 4: The realization Then you only need to Go For It! If your planning at step 3 showed that there is a good potential for your idea, then just go for it! Before you do though, Step 4 shows you the last things you need to do, to make sure your business kicks-off as better as possible . Ancient Greeks said that “ Well begun is half done ’’. You should make sure you kick-off your business in the most organized way possible.

74. Cont’d… To start realization Make an Action Plan Decide on the Form of your business (formal or informal) Try to find start-up money Decide on your book keeping forms

75. 4. Challenges The success of business depends on whether the country provides an  enabling environment or not. An enabling environment is about infrastructure, access to finance and business development services as well as provision of effective business regulations. In developing countries it is often very hard to do business because of difficult business environments . Another challenge with big companies is the issue of   privatization. Usually , privatization of former publicly owned sectors or utilities raises concerns. Privatization of the water and sanitation  sector of a town, community or even a whole country, causes more than only concerns – it raises fierce protests and sometimes even violent opposition.

76. Cont’d… Lower-income countries have traditionally supported their public water and  sanitation providers through budgetary grants (from taxes) and low-cost loans (supported via transfers), not expecting or requiring full cost recovery. The result has usually been a poor quality of service, accessed mainly by higher-income households with governmental support nearly always less than anticipated leading to weaknesses in operations and maintenance. Sanitation has become a global issue and the private sector has the responsibility to be part of the solution Therefore , improved  sanitation  is both a contribution to sustainability and good for business.

77. Thanks! Wish u all the best in your effort!!