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1. Nursing as an Art , Science & Profession

2. Objectives 2 Discuss what is art & science of nursing. Explain the general criteria professions . Discuss the importance of nursing associations . Discuss evidence based practice. Discuss current nursing practice. Identify where are we & where do we want to go .

3. Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) The originator 3 and founder of modern nursing & nursing education.

4. What is nursing? 4 Early definition: T he nurse is a person who nourishes, look after and protect a person who is prepared to care for the sick, injured and aged .

5. Put the patient in the best possible condition for nature to act upon him ( Nightingale , 1860)

6. Nursing as an Art 6 What is an Art C omposed of skills that require expertise and proficiency for their competent education . It is the creative use of knowledge in service to others.

7. Nursing as a ‘Science ’ 7 What is a Science? It requires systemized knowledge derived from observation, critical thinking, study and research. It is a body of knowledge based on scientific research and analysis

8. Nursing as a ‘Science’… 8 Gradually , as the body of scientific knowledge grew, nurses aware of the basic principles for practice. These principles summarized as ‘procedures ’ but never tested . Nursing borrowed its ‘science’ from other disciplines.

9. Evidence based practice The promotion of evidence based nursing has become stronger around the world over the last decade . It involves the integration of the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient value to facilitate clinical decision making. Evidence based nursing is used to help determine best practice

10. Best practices are optimal technique, procedure or programs identified by one or more organization that improve care effectiveness or efficiency while providing positive patient outcomes Clinical field experience and evidence based research are used to establish the best practices for patient care

11. Current nursing practice As nursing has grown and changed to meet the needs of society, laws have been made and standards set that govern the practice of the profession In 2004 the American nurses association revised the standard of nursing practice

12. The standard for the professional registered nurse protect the nurse, the patient and the health care agency where nursing care is given. The nursing process emerged during 1970s and 1980s as an organized, deliberate, systematic way to deliver nursing care

13. CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL DECISION ASPECTS OF NURSING

14. Practical nursing Practical nursing was created to fill a gap left by nurses who enlisted in the military services during world war II. Programs were developed to train practical nurses to care for well people and those who were mildly or chronically ill or past acute stage of illness

15. Practical nurses provide direct patient care under the supervision of a registered nurse, physician.

16. Registered nursing Graduates of three different educational programs are qualified to take the registered nurse licensure exam (NCLEX-RN): a hospital based diploma programed at a community college or 4 year baccalaureate nursing program at a university.

17. Advanced practice nursing Graduate program are available in nursing for both masters and doctorate degree Nurses who pursue higher education are prepared as specialist in various clinical branches of nursing

18. Nursing as a Profession 18 Do you think nursing is a profession? Should nursing be considered as a profession?

19. The nursing process provides a way to implement (to put into action) caregiving and it combines the science and the art of nursing. Level of health care ???

20. Nursing as a Profession… 20 A profession is defined as a occupation or vocation, especially one that involves some branch of advanced learning or science.

21. The essence of professionalism is both having a unique or special knowledge and the self-imposed obligation/duty to serve the community.

22. 22 General Criteria for Profession  A body of knowledge on which skills & services are based.  Deliver unique service to other humans.  Colleges & University based education.  Control of standards for practice.  Responsibility & accountability of members their own actions.  Career commitment by members.  Independent function.

23. A Body of Knowledge 23  Knowledge from other disciplines.  Develop own body of knowledge & its own theories.  Both used for the practice of nursing.

24. Control of Standards for 24 Practice  A ‘standard’ is an authoritative or criterion to judge ‘Quality of practice’  Developed by Professional Nursing Organizations. E.g.; certified / licensed / registered.  To get ‘licensed’ or ‘registered’ as a nurse, they need to meet the standards of professional organization. E.g.; ANA, CNA, ICN.

25. 25 Responsibility & Accountability Accountability means assuming responsibility for your actions & accepting the end results of your behavior. A code of ethics essentials to a pr ofession Need to accountable; Patient Health care colleagues Hospital or your field

26. Independent Function 26  Dependent Carried out the orders of the doctors  Independent Nurse initiates a/c own knowledge & skills  Collaborative Activities performed either jointly or a result of joint decision.

27. Professions vs. Occupations

28. No Professions Occupations 1 College or University On the job training 2 Prolonged education Length varies 3 Mental creativity Largely manual work 4 Decisions based on science or theoretical constructs & Values, beliefs & ethics integral part of preparation Guided decision making Values, beliefs & ethics not part of preparation 6 Strong commitment Commitment may vary 7 Autonomous Supervised 8 Unlikely to change professions Often change jobs 9 Commitment > reward Motivated by reward 10 Individual accountability Employer is primarily accountable

29. Forces affecting health care & nursing practice: 29 Increased technology. Increasing number of age people. Increased focus on PHC. Improvement & expansion of community health nursing. Increased education for nurses.

30. As Nurses… 30  The future of nursing & educational preparation of nurses must be directed by nurses. To do this nurses must increase their political power by organizing & supporting a professional organization.

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