3-SOFTWARE QUALITY ASSURANCE...........pptx

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1. Topics to Cover 6/27/2024 1 Quality Quality Types Quality Control Today: Quality Engineering Different views of Quality Quality Models

2. Quality Engineering 6/27/2024 2 Quality engineering is the set of operational, managerial, and engineering activities that a company uses to ensure that the quality characteristics of a product are at the nominal or required levels.

3. SQE in Software Process 6/27/2024 3

4. Quality Control 6/27/2024 4 What is quality control? Quality control is defined as the processes and methods used to monitor work and observe whether requirements are met. It focuses on reviews and removal of defects before shipment of products. It is possible to have the same group that builds the product perform the quality control function, or to establish a quality control group or department within the organizational unit that develops the product.

5. Quality Control 6/27/2024 5 Objective minimize the produced defects, increase the product quality Implementation approaches Fully automated Entirely manual Combination of automated tools and human interactions

6. Zero Quality Control 6/27/2024 6 An approach to quality control pioneered by process-control expert Shigeo Shingo. ZQC incorporates Shingo's concepts of " poka -yoke" and "source inspection" as tools to eliminate quality defects entirely[16]. ZQC is a quality control approach used to help achieve the target of zero defects. It is based on the principle that defects can be prevented by controlling the performance of a process so that it cannot produce defects – even when a mistake is made by a person or machine. The ZQC approach is one that doesn’t point fingers at people. It recognizes and accepts that machines and people sometimes make mistakes and finds ways of preventing these mistakes from turning into defects.

7. Zero Quality Control 6/27/2024 7 Why Zero Defects? Customer Satisfaction An important reason for producing with zero defects is to maintain customer satisfaction and loyalty. Even one defective product getting to a customer can ruin the company’s reputation and in the long run cost the company a lot of money. Cost A defect always costs something – whether it is the cost of scrapping the defect, reworking the product or repairing equipment damage. Foundation of Lean Principles Lean is centered on preserving value with less work . Zero defects are a key factor in a company’s ability to adopt Lean production methods with smaller inventories. Many companies build and store unnecessary stock as a buffer to avoid problems when defects occur. ZQC ensures defects are not produced in the first place.

8. Quality Assurance VS Quality Control 6/27/2024 8 Quality Assurance: A set of activities designed to ensure that the development and/or maintenance process is adequate to ensure a system will meet its objectives. Quality Control: A set of activities designed to evaluate a developed work product. One of the major points of quality control vs. QA is that assurance of quality is done before starting a project whereas the quality control begins once the product has been manufactured. Assurance of quality is a proactive or preventive process to avoid defects whereas quality control is a corrective process to identify the defects in order to correct them.

9. Different Views of Quality 6/27/2024 9 Transcendental View User View Manufacturing View Product View Value based View

10. Different views of Quality 6/27/2024 10 Transcendental view: sees quality as something that can be recognized but not defined. Quality is something that can be recognized through experience, but not defined in some tractable form, those who hold transcendental view would say, “I can’t define it, but I know when I see it.” Associated with intangible properties that delight users

11. Different views of Quality 6/27/2024 11 User view: fitness for purpose or meeting user‟s needs User based definitions are based on the idea that quality is an individual matter, and products that best satisfy their preferences (i.e. perceived quality) are those with the highest quality.  This is a rational approach but leads to problems.  Consumer preferences vary widely, and it is difficult to aggregate these preferences into products with wide appeal. This leads to the choice between a niche strategy or a market aggregation approach which tries to identify those product attributes that meet the needs of the largest number of consumers.

12. Different views of Quality 6/27/2024 12 Manufacturing view : conformance to process standards or the right development of the product quality can be guaranteed by following a well-controlled series of steps. This perspective focuses on improving the development process. It follows the philosophy that by following a good process, we should be able to produce good software; The CMM and ISO 9001 models are based on the manufacturing view.

13. Different views of Quality 6/27/2024 13 Product view : inherent characteristics in the product itself Hypothesis: If a product is manufactured with good internal properties, then it will have good external properties. Example: Modularity enables testability . For example reliability can be measured (e.g. mean time between failure), and the engineer can design to that benchmark. Quality is determined objectively. Although this approach has many benefits, it has limitations as well. Where quality is based on individual taste or preference, the benchmark for measurement may be misleading.

14. Different views of Quality 6/27/2024 14 Value-based view: customers willingness to pay Consumer’s purchase decision is based on quality (however it is defined) at the acceptable price. Central idea How much a customer is willing to pay for a certain level of quality. Quality is meaningless if a product does not make economic sense. The value-based view makes a trade-off between cost and quality.

15. Quality Models 6/27/2024 15 McCall‟s Model ISO 9126 Model Boehm‟s Model FURPS Model GQM Approach