3. Tabulation of data.pptx

tables

1. Organization and presentation of data

2. Introduction The classification of data leads to the problem of presentation of data. The presentation of data means exhibition of the data in such a clear and attractive manner that these are easily understood and analyzed. There many forms of presentation of data of which the following three are well known: ( i ). Textual Presentation, ( ii). Tabular Presentation, ( iii). Diagrammatic Presentation. Here , we discuses in detail Tabular method of data presentation.

3. What is a Table: A table is a symmetric arrangement of statistical data in rows and columns. A table presents data in a concise, systematic manner from masses of statistical data. Tabulation is the first step before data is used for further statistical analysis and interpretation.

4. DEFINITIONS “Table involves the orderly and systematic presentation of numerical data in a form designed to elucidate the problem under consideration.” --- According Prof. L.R.Connor ,” “ Table in its broadest sense is an orderly arrangement of data in column and rows. “ --- According to Prof. M.M. Blaire

5. MEANING In the light of above mentioned definitions we can say in brief, “Table is systematic organization and presentation of data in the form of rows and columns. Whereas rows are horizontal arrangements and columns are vertical arrangements.

6. Objectives of Data Tabulation To carry out investigations To do comparisons To locate omissions and errors in the data To use space economically To study the trends To simplify data To use it as future references

7. Rules of Tabulation There are no hard and fast rules for the tabulation of data but for constructing good table, following general rules should be observed while tabulating statistical data. The table should suit the size of the paper and, therefore, the width of the column should be decided before hand. Number of columns and rows should neither be too large nor too small. As far as possible figures should be approximated before tabulation. This would reduce unnecessary details. Items should be arranged either in alphabetical, chronological or geographical order or according to size.

8. The sub-total and total of the items of the table must be written. Percentages are given in the tables if necessary. Ditto marks should not be used in a table because sometimes it create confusion. Table should be simple and attractive. A table should be logical, well-balanced in length and breadth and the comparable columns should be placed side by side. Light/heavy/thick or double rulings may be used to distinguish sub columns, main columns and totals. For large data more than one table may be used.

9. Features of a good Table Title as compatible with the objective of the study To facilitate comparison. Ideal Size Heading Abbreviation Footnote Total Source of data Size of Columns Simple, Economical and Attractive

10. Parts of an Ideal Table Title Stubs or Row designations Date Column headings Or Captions Body of the table Footnotes & references Source Table number

11. Parts of an Ideal Table Table number: A number must be allotted to the table for identification, particularly when there are many tables in a study. Title: The title should explain what is contained in the table. It should be clear, brief and set in bold type on top of the table. It should also indicate the time and place to which the data refer.

12. Date: The date of preparation of the table should be given. Stubs or Row designations: Each row of the table should be given a brief heading. Such designations of rows are called “stubs”, or, “stub items” and the entire column is called “stub column”. Column headings or Captions: Column designation is given on top of each column to explain to what the figures in the column refer. It should be clear and precise. This is called a “caption”, or, “heading”. columns should be numbered if there are four, or, more columns.

13. Body of the table: The data should be arranged in such a way that any figure can be located easily. Various types of numerical variables should be arranged in an ascending order, i.e., from left to right in rows and from top to bottom in columns. Column and row totals should be given. Source : At the bottom of the table a note should be added indicating the primary and secondary sources from which data have been collected. Footnotes and references: If any item has not been explained properly, a separate explanatory note should be added at the bottom of the table.

14. Importance of Tabulation Under tabulation, data is divided into various parts and for each part there are totals and sub totals. Therefore, relationship between different parts can be easily known. Since data are arranged in a table with a title and a number so these can be easily identified and used for the required purpose Tabulation makes the data brief. Therefore, it can be easily presented in the form of graphs. Tabulation presents the numerical figures in an attractive form.

15. Tabulation makes complex data simple and as a result of this, it becomes easy to understand the data. This form of the presentation of data is helpful in finding mistakes. Tabulation is useful in condensing the collected data. Tabulation makes it easy to analyze the data from tables. Tabulation is a very cheap mode to present the data. It saves time as well as space. Tabulation is a device to summaries the large scattered data. So, the maximum information may be collected from these tables.

16. Methods of Tabulation Simple tabulation: Simple tabulation is when the data are tabulated to one characteristic. For example, the survey that determined the frequency or number of employees of a firm owning different brands of mobile phones like Blackberry, Nokia, I phone, etc. Double tabulation: Double tabulation is when two characteristics of data are tabulated. For example, frequency or number of male and female employees in the firm owning different brand of mobile phones like Blackberry, Nokia, Iphone , etc.

17. Complex tabulation: Complex tabulation of data that includes more than two characteristics. For example, frequency or number of male, female and the total employees owning different brand of mobile phones like Blackberry, Nokia, I phone, etc. Cross tabulations, is also a sub-type of complex tabulation that includes cross-classifying factors to build a contingency table of counts or frequencies at each combination of factor levels. A contingency table is a display format used to analyze and record the possible relationship between two or more categorical variables

18. Types of Tables There are three basis of classifying tables. Purpose of a table Originality of a table Construction of a table.

19. Kinds of Tables General Purpose Table According to Construction According to Originality According to Purpose Drived table Original table Specific Purpose Table Complex table Simple or one way table Manifold table Treble table Double or two way table

20. I. According to Purpose General Purpose Table : General purpose table is that table which is of general use. It is does not serve any specific purpose or specific problem under consideration. Special Purpose Table : Special Purpose table is that table which is prepared with some specific purpose in mind.

21. II. According to Originality Original Table : An original table is that in which data are presented in the same form and manner in which they are collected. Derived Table : A derived table is that in which data are not presented in the form or manner in which these are collected. Instead the data are first converted into ratios or percentage and then presented.

22. III. According to Construction Simple Table Complex Tables Double or Two-Way Table Three-Way Table Manifold (or Higher Order) Table

23. Simple Table In a simple table (also known as one-way table), data are presented based on only one characteristic. Table 1.1 illustrates the concept. Faculties Number of Users Science 50 Commerce 70 Arts 90 Total 210 Table 1.1 Faculty-wise Library Users

24. Complex Tables In a complex table (also known as a manifold table) data are presented according to two or more characteristics simultaneously. The complex tables are two-way or three-way tables according to whether two or three characteristics are presented simultaneously. Double or Two-Way Table Three-Way Table Manifold (or Higher Order) Table

25. Double or Two-Way Table In such a table, the variable under study is further subdivided into two groups according to two inter-related characteristics. The two-way table is shown in Table 1.2. Faculties Numbers of User Total Girls Girls science 20 30 50 Commerce 30 40 70 Arts 35 55 90 total 85 125 210 Table 1.2 Faculty-wise Library Users

26. Three-Way Table In such a table, the variable under study is divided according to three interrelated characteristics. Faculties Number of users Total (1)+(2) Girls Boys I Sem II Sem Total (1) I Sem II Sem Total (2) Science 15 20 35 20 30 50 85 Commerce 35 30 65 45 40 85 150 Art 25 35 60 35 55 90 150 Total 75 85 160 100 125 225 385 Table 1.3 Faculty-wise Library Users

27. Manifold (or Higher Order) Table Such tables provide information about a large no of interrelated characteristics in the data set. Faculties Number of users Total (1)+(2) Girls Boys I Sem II Sem I Sem II Sem Total (1) I Sem II Sem I Sem II Sem Total (2) Science 15 34 20 54 123 20 45 30 27 122 245 Commerce 35 23 30 122 122 45 37 40 29 151 273 Art 25 56 35 22 138 35 34 55 36 160 298 Table 1.4 Faculty-wise Library Users