3. Tissues (nursing).pptx1234...........

for nursing students

1. Pwani University SHHS Tissues and structure of tissues Nursing One

2. Outline Definition tissues and classification Epithelial tissues Connective tissues Muscular tissues Nervous tissues

3. Tissues Collection of Cells with similar structure and function Classification of tissues- Epithelial tissues, connective tissues, muscular tissues, nervous tissues

4. Classification of Tissues

5. Epithelial Tissues Layer/layers of cells that Cover body surfaces, or line the body cavités that Open into it Cells closely packed without intercellular spaces, and they lie on the basement membrane Selective barriers facilitating or inhibit passage of substances Classification – simple( unilaminar / single layered) and Stratified( Multilaminar ) Simple epithelium- one layer of cells rests on basal lamina Stratified epithelium – several layers of cells rests on basal lamina.

6. Epithelium cont.

7. Epithelium cont.

8. Stratified epithelium Consists of several layers Cells in Lower layers Continuously divide pushing the older cells to the top layers Divided into two- Keratinized and non Keratinized. Keratinized- Protects dry surfaces from wear and tear Location: Skin, hair and Nails 2. Non Keratinized -moist surfaces subjected to wear and tear, also prevents them from drying out. Location: Conjunctiva of the eye, vagina,Lining of the mouth

9. Transitional apitheliun Also called urothelium Lines much of urinary tract 4-6 crlls thick Lines organs that undergo considerable distention/ contraction, ( ability to stretch). Called transitional because the cells change shape during stretching from stratified cuboidal to stratified squamous epithelium then back again.

10. Glandular epithelium Secrete substances that alter functions of other tissues/ organs Two types of glands- exocrine and endocrine Exocrine- secrete onto a surface. Have ducts lined by epithelium. Can be simple( one duct) or compound(several ducts). Classified by the shape of their secretory unit. Tubular( shaped like a tube), acinar ( Rounded shape) Endocrine- secrete into the bloodstream, do not have ducts.

11. Glandular cont. Exocrine glands can be unicellular or multicellular Exocrine glands are also known by their modes of secretion:Merocrine , apocrine and holocrine glands Merocrine - secrète from intact cells eg salivary glands Apocrine- accumulate sécrétions at the apex of the cells then they break off and the cell repairs itself eg mammary glands Holocrine - Entire cell and secretions gather at the apex to be secreted then new cells abd secretions are created eg , sebaceous and Sweat glands

12. Glandular cont.

13. Basement membrane

14. Basement membrane and basal lamina

15. Basal membrane cont. https://socratic.org/questions/what-are-the-two-layers-of-the-basement-membrane-and-what-makes-each-layer

16. Connective and supportive tissues Most abundant tissue in the body Cells more widely separated from each other compared to epithelial tissue Made up of cells like fibroblasts, macrophages, fat cells, Leucocytes, Mast cells Connective tissue: connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue( blood, bone, cartilage)

17. Connective tissues of the body are classified into embryonic connective tissue and adult connective tissue. Embryonic connective tissue Embrayonic connective tissue contains mesenchyme & mucous connective tissue. Mesenchyme is the tissue from which all other connective tissue eventually arises. It is located beneath the skin and along the developing bone of the embryo. Mucous (Wharton’s Jelly) connective tissue is found primarily in the fetus and located in the umbilical cord of the fetus where it supports the cord. Adult connective tissue It is differentiated from mesenchyme and does not change after birth. Adult connective tissue composes connective tissue proper, cartilage, osseous (bone) & vascular (blood) tissue

18. Connective tissue : classification Irregular connective tissue:Loose (Areolar)connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue,adipose tissue Regular connective tissue Mucoid tissue

19. https://www.embibe.com/exams/classification-of-connective-tissues/

20. Connective tissue cont. Cells in connective tissue Description Function/remarks Fibroblasts Large cells with irregular processes Manufacture collagen and élasticité fibres Fat cells Also adipocytes Abundant in adipose tissue Macrophages Large irregular Shared cells with granulés in cytoplasm Part of Body défense mechanism Leucocytes White blood cells Immunity function Mast cells Found in loose connective tissues, under the fibrous capsules of some organise également liver and spleen

21. Connective tissue cont. Type of fibre Description Location Collagen Flexible but offer great tensile strength Tendons, ligaments, all types of connective tissues Elastin Stretch and come back to normal size when Stretching force is relieved Ligament nuchae , ligamentum flava , walls of large arteries Reticular fibers Special fibers seen under special stain Connective tissue framework of liver, sperm, lymph nodes

22. Connective tissue cont Histology slide showing connective tissue https://www.slideshare.net/sunnymumu/tissues-types-and-functionsanatomy-easy-explanation

23. Connective tissue: specialized connective tissue Cartilage Hyaline cartilage,fibro cartilage, Elastic cartilage Bone- made of organic and inorganic substances Hemolymphoid tissue- blood and lymphatic tissue

24. Mucosa Epithelial membrane lining internal hollow organs covered by mucous Submucosa-Layer of supporting connective tissue lying underneath muscularis mucosae

25. Serosa Single layer of squamous mesothelial cells Lines pleural, pericardial, peritoneal cavities

26. Fascia Connective tissue layer covering muscles, nerves,blood vessels etc

27. Cartilage

28. Cartilage cont.

29. Cartilage cont.

30. Cartilage cont.

31. Bones Skeleton Axial skeleton Bones along the axis of the body Skull, vertebral column, Ribcage Appendicular skeleton Appendages Upper and lower limbs, shoulder and pelvic girdle Types of bone tissue Location/ consists of Description Cortical bone( compact bone) Contains three elements, periosteum, intracortical Area,Endosteum Contains Volkmann’s canals, Osteons/ Haversian units Cancellous bone( spongy bone) Found in outer cortical layer Lamellae arranged irregular ( honeycomb appearance

32. https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/orthopaedics/skeletal-system-1-the-anatomy-and-physiology-of-bones-27-01-2020/

33. Bones

34. Bones cont.

35. Muscular tissue Muscle tissue consists of highly specialized cells, which provides motion, maintenance of posture and heat production. Classification of muscles is made by structure and function. Muscle tissues are grouped in to skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissue. Three types of muscles: skeletal, smooth and cardiac, Type of muscle Location Skeletal Attached to bone. Helps with locomotion In the limbs, trunk of the body etc Smooth Present in viscera Eg in stomach walls Cardiac Present in the heart Only in the heart

36. Muscle tissue cont. https://theory.labster.com/muscle_tissue/

37. Muscle tissue cont. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19841.htm

38. Summary - Skeletal muscle tissue are attached to bones, it is voluntary, cylindrical, multinucleated & striated -Cardiac muscle tissue: It forms the wall of the heart; it is involuntary, uni-nucleated and striated. -Smooth muscle tissue: located in the wall of hallow internal structure like Blood vessels, stomach, intestine, and urinary bladder. It is involuntary and non-striated.

39. Nervous tissue Consists of central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and autonomic nervous system Two types of cells: excitable ( neurons) and non excitable ( glia) Neuron Nerve cell Working unit of nervous system Consists of cell body with Cytoplasmic Extensions( dendrites, axon, And pole)

40. Nervous tissue cont. https://byjus.com/biology/nervous-tissue/

41. Nervous tissue cont. Form support structure of neurons Insulate and protect neurons Eg -Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes,Microglia and ependymal cells

42. Summary Nervous tissue contains two principal cell types. These are the neurons and the neuroglia. Neurons are nerve cells, sensitive to various stimuli. It converts stimuli to nerve impulse. Neurons are the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. It contains 3 basic portions. These are cell body, axons and dendrites. Neuroglias are cells that protect, nourish and support neurons. Clinically they are important because they are potential to replicate and produce cancerous growths.

43. Membranes Membranes are thin pliable layers of epithelial and/or connective tissue. They line body cavities, cover surfaces, connect, or separate regions, structures and organs of the body. The three kinds of membranes are mucous, serous and synovial. 1. Mucous membranes (mucosa) lines body cavity that opens directly to the exterior. It is an epithelial layer. Mucous membranes line the entire gastro intestine, respiratory excretory and reproductive tracts and constitute a lining layer of epithelium. The connective tissue layer of mucous membrane is lamina propra. To prevent dry out and to trap particles mucous membranes secret mucous.

44. 2. Serous membrane / serosa: contains loose connective tissue covered by a layer of mesothelium. It lines body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior. Covers the organs that lie with in the cavity. Serosa is composed of parietal layer (pertaining to be outer) and visceral layer (pertaining to be near to the organ). Pleura and pericardium are serous membrane that line thoracic and heart cavity respectively. The epithelial layer of a serious membrane secret a lubricating fluid called serious fluid. The fluid allows organs to glide one another easily. 3. Synovial membrane: Unlike to other membranes this membrane does not contain epithelium. Therefore, it is not epithelial membrane. It lines the cavities of the freely movable joints. Like serious membrane it lines structures that do not open to the exterior. Synovial membranes secret synovial fluid that lubricate articular cartilage at the ends of bones as they move at joints.

45. References Gray’s anatomy https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/orthopaedics/skeletal-system-1-the-anatomy-and-physiology-of-bones-27-01-2020/ https://socratic.org/questions/what-are-the-two-layers-of-the-basement-membrane-and-what-makes-each-layer https://www.slideshare.net/abhilashachaudhary4/tissue-and-its-types https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/4-2-epithelial-tissue/ https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/orthopaedics/skeletal-system-1-the-anatomy-and-physiology-of-bones-27-01-2020/

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