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energy technology

1. OCH353 – ENERGY TECHNOLOGY Unit 3 – NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY R.RAMANATHAN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR/EEE MOUNT ZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 3

2. Outline 3.1 – Solar energy, solar thermal systems, flat plate collectors, focusing collectors 3.2 – solar water heating , solar cooling, solar distillation, solar refrigeration, solar dryers, solar pond, solar thermal power generation 3.3 - solar energy application in India, energy plantations 3.4 - Wind energy, types of windmills, types of wind rotors 3.5 - Darrieus rotor and Gravian rotor 3.6 - wind electric power generation, 3.7 - wind power in India, economics of wind farm 3.8 - ocean wave energy conversion 3.9 - ocean thermal energy conversion, 3.10 - T idal energy conversion, geothermal energy MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 3

3. Course Outcome CO1: Understand Non-Renewable Energy Sources CO2: Analyze Energy Production and Consumption CO3: Evaluate Environmental and Social Impacts CO4: Understand Energy Conversion Technologies CO5: Explore Economic Implications CO6: understanding of energy problems at an advanced level. CO7: Analyze Policy and Regulation CO8: Assess the Future of Non-Renewable Energy MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 3

4. PREVIOUS SESSION TODAYS SESSION 3.5 - Darrieus rotor and Gravian rotor 3.6 - wind electric power generation, 3.7 - wind power in India, economics of wind farm 3.8 - ocean wave energy conversion 3.9 - ocean thermal energy conversion, MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 3

5. MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 3

6. OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION 1. Principle of Operation OTEC relies on the temperature gradient between the warm surface waters and the colder deep waters. The basic idea is to use this gradient to drive a thermodynamic cycle that generates electricity. 2. OTEC System Types There are three main types of OTEC systems: Closed-Cycle Systems Working Fluid : These systems use a working fluid with a low boiling point, such as ammonia or a refrigerant, which is vaporized by the warm surface water. Heat Exchanger : The warm surface water heats the working fluid in a heat exchanger, causing it to vaporize. Turbine and Generator : The vaporized working fluid drives a turbine connected to a generator, producing electricity. Condensation : The vapor is then cooled by the cold deep water, condensing back into a liquid, which is then recirculated. Open-Cycle Systems Direct Use of Seawater : Open-cycle systems use warm seawater directly to create a low-pressure environment in a vacuum chamber, where it boils and turns into steam. Turbine and Generator : The steam drives a turbine connected to a generator to produce electricity. Condensation : Cold deep seawater is used to condense the steam back into liquid, which is then returned to the ocean. Air Conditioning : The cold deep seawater can be used for air conditioning in coastal areas, offering a more energy-efficient cooling option. 3.8

7. OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION Hybrid Systems Combination of Closed and Open Cycles : These systems combine features of both closed and open-cycle systems to optimize efficiency and performance. 3. Key Components Heat Exchangers : Devices that transfer heat between the warm surface seawater and the working fluid in closed-cycle systems, or between warm seawater and cold seawater in open-cycle systems. Turbines : Used to convert the energy from the vaporized working fluid or steam into mechanical energy, which is then converted into electrical energy by a generator. Pumps : Circulate seawater through the system to maintain the necessary flow and pressure levels. Condensers : Where the vaporized working fluid or steam is cooled and condensed back into a liquid by the cold deep seawater. 4. Advantages Sustainable Energy : OTEC leverages the natural temperature gradient of the ocean, which is a renewable and sustainable resource. Base Load Power : Unlike intermittent sources like solar and wind, OTEC can provide a continuous, reliable source of electricity. Low Environmental Impact : OTEC has a relatively low environmental impact compared to fossil fuel-based power generation. It does not produce greenhouse gases or pollutants. 3.8

8. CONTINUES 5. Challenges and Disadvantages High Initial Costs : The capital investment for OTEC systems can be significant due to the need for specialized infrastructure and technology. Energy Efficiency : OTEC systems generally have lower efficiency compared to other renewable energy sources. The temperature difference between the surface and deep waters is relatively small, which can limit the amount of energy that can be converted. Location Constraints : OTEC is feasible primarily in tropical regions where the temperature gradient between surface and deep waters is sufficient. This limits the geographical applicability of the technology. Environmental Concerns : While OTEC is relatively low-impact, there are concerns about the potential effects on marine ecosystems from the discharge of cold and warm seawater. Technical Challenges : Developing and maintaining the necessary infrastructure in the challenging ocean environment can be complex and costly. 6. Applications Beyond Power Generation Desalination : OTEC systems can be integrated with desalination processes to provide fresh water by using the temperature gradient to drive the desalination cycle.

9. MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 3 3.9

10. SUMMARY Photovoltaic (PV) Systems: These convert sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductor materials. Solar panels made from silicon or other materials are commonly used in residential, commercial, and industrial applications. Solar Thermal Systems: These capture heat from the sun and use it to produce hot water or steam. This heat can then be used for residential heating, industrial processes, or electricity generation through steam turbines. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP): CSP systems use mirrors or lenses to concentrate a large area of sunlight onto a small area. The concentrated light heats a fluid, which produces steam to drive a turbine that generates electricity. CSP is typically used in large-scale power plants.

11. REFERENCE https://search.worldcat.org/title/Solar-power-plants-:-fundamentals-technology-systems-economics/oclc/551343537 https://library.teri.res.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=26150&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=26149 https://archive.org/details/solarpowerplants0000unse https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Solar_Power_Plants/RehSAAAAMAAJ?hl=en https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/5962215 https://catalogue-bibliotheque.sciencespo.fr/discovery/fulldisplay/alma991007370274805808/33USPC_SPO:SPO