303 Roubin Raj (SE) (22-24) (3rd mid sem).pptx

M.Tech structures presentation on EPS

1. 1 Effect of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) in Geopolymer mortar PRESENTED BY: ROUBIN RAJ (2221303) GUIDED BY: DR. M. LAKSHMI VARA PRASAD (ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR)

2. PRESENTATION OUTLINES Introduction Literature Review Summary of literature Research gap objective Methodology Experimental work Summary References 2

3. EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE (EPS) 3 Expanded polystyrene (EPS), a foam material is then made from expandable beads of polystyrene. which is polymerized from styrene monomer and contains an expansion gas (pentane) dissolved within the polystyrene bead. Both styrene and pentane are hydrocarbon compounds. They are obtained from petroleum and natural gas byproducts. Polystyrene is produced from crude oil refinery product styrene. For manufacturing EPS, the polystyrene beads are impregnated with the foaming agent pentane. Polystyrene granulate is performed at temperatures above 90°C Fig: Polysterene

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF EPS 4 • Superior insulation which protects produce from temperature changes • Dimensional stability and recovery • Lightweight and easy-to-stack material • Water Resistant • Ideal cooling material • Resistant to bacterial growth • Economical and waste product

5. 5 LITERATURE REVIEW

6. 6 Author Topic Methodology Finiding D. Saradhi Babu et al.(2004) Properties of lightweight expanded polystyrene aggregate concretes containing fly ash The effects of EPS aggregate on the green and hardened state characteristics of concretes containing fly ash were evaluated The compressive strength showed an increasing trend as the age increased and also the percentage of increase in almost all the mixes at 7 days to 28 days and 28 days to 90 days was even higher than 35%. The strength decreases with the increase of EPS percentage (i.e., varying linearly with the density of the concrete). R wang et al. (2012) Thermal conductivity decreases as the EPS volume fraction increases Dynamic modulus of elasticity The Olson Instruments Model RT-1 was used to measure the transverse and longitudinal frequencies. The radial heat flow method was used to determine the thermal conductivity The dynamic modulus of elasticity of mortar is found to decrease from 36 GPa to 30 GPa , 25 GPa , and 13 GPa when increasing the HIPS ratio from 0-50% respectively. The thermal conductivity of the mortar decreases to 87%, 69%, and 44% that of regular mortar when the HIPS ratio is 10-50% respectively

7. 7 Author Topic Methodology Findings Gokhan Gorhan et al. (2013) The influence of the NaOH solution on the properties of the fly ash based geopolymer mortar cured at different temperatures Three different molarities of NaOH concentrations (3 M, 6 M and 9 M) were used together with sodium silicate (water glass) solution. The samples were cured at two different temperatures (65 and 85ºC) The samples of the 7-day geopolymer mortars which were activated by 6M NaOH were observed to have the optimum condition and the highest compressive strength values. When strength values were considered the samples of the 7-day geopolymer mortars which were activated by 6M NaOH were observed to have the optimum condition and the highest compressive strength values when cured at 85ºC. Jian Zhanget al. (2019) Preparation of EPS-Based Thermal Insulation Mortar with Improved Thermal and Mechanical Properties The effects of EPS dosage, polymer emulsion adhesive, air-entraining agent, and fly ash content on the performance of EPS mortar were investigated The experimental results showed that high-performance EPS thermal insulation mortar can be prepared by limiting the EPS volume fraction to 80%–82%, air content to around 20%, and fly ash content to 20%. which increases as the EPS fraction increases. Thermal conductivity decreases

8. Author Topic Methodology Findings Amrita Milling et.al. 2020 full replacement of cement with expanded polystyrene (EPS) waste in mortars used for masonry construction Determination of cement mortar mix ratio, compressive strength test, bond strength test, and tensile strength test. This OMR EPS mortar was found to have the following engineering properties, average compressive strengths at 7 days, 14 days and 28 days of 0.9 MPa, 4.2 MPa and 6 MPa, EPS mortar has demonstrated a lower energy demand over its life cycle as compared to cement mortars. B.R. Vinod et.al.2021 Lightweight concrete blocks produced using expanded polystyrene and foaming agent Mixed proportions and their mechanical properties The results suggest that lightweight blocks can be used only for non-structural construction, where it has low weight and low thermal conductivity. 8

9. Authors Topics Methodology Findings Zhixing Li et al. (2021) Physical and chemical Properties of New Lightweight Ambient-Cured EPS Geopolymer Composites The mechanical properties as compressive and splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and Poisson’s ratio were obtained, followed by the XRD and SEM analysis The compressive strain capacity of plain GM was 0.36%. The reduction of compressive strain capacity of LGC was 33.33%,41.66%, and 63.89% by replacing natural aggregate with EPS beads in volume fractions of 10%, 20%, and 30% M Maghfouri et al.(2022) Drying shrinkage properties of expanded polystyrene (EPS) lightweight aggregate concrete novel coating technique with a binder consisting of clay and cement for the EPS beads to produce stabilized polystyrene (SPS) aggregates and minimize the segregation of EPS particles in concrete mixtures Lightweight concrete containing EPS has a larger drying shrinkage than normal-weight concretes since EPS aggregates have lower mechanical properties and lower stiffness 9

10. 10 Author Topic Methodology Findings Hamza Karaka et.al.2023 Properties of fly ash-based lightweight-geopolymer mortars containing perlite aggregates Expanded perlite replacement rates in both groups were determined as 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. The produced geopolymer mortar samples were cured at 75 ◦C for 24 and 48 h When raw and expanded perlite were used, the flexural and compressive strengths of geopolymer mortars were reduced in comparison to geopolymer mortar made with river sand. However, up to 60 % expanded perlite utilization, considerable flexural and compressive strengths were obtained

11. Summary Of Literature Review Replacing cement with a high carbon footprint and embodied energy reduces energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission. Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is explored as a replacement for cement in conventional-based mortars used in joining masonry units. E PS is more ductile than normal conventional mortar. E PS decreases the dry bulk density, dynamic modulus of elasticity, thermal conductivity, and water vapor permeability, but does not affect the resistance to freeze–thaw cycles. Cement is replaced with fly ash GGBS by about 30.0%, reducing the water content, density, and shrinkage. 11

12. Research Gaps Research gaps should not include of mix ratios for EPS mortars, determination of the optimum mix ratio of normal conventional mortar and geopolymer mortar based on other engineering properties and not solely the bond strength, did not include the effect of chemical additives in the EPS mortar for improved compressive strength or to aid in resolving the air voids and hardening issues highlighted with the material. Also, the testing of scaled models is recommended to verify the performance of walls built with this new EPS material. 12

13. OBJECTIVE To propose a mixed proportion of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) ordinary mortar and purpose the optimal % of the same. To propose a mixed proportion of Geopolymer-based Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) mortar and purpose the optimal % of the same. Compare the Fresh and Hardened properties from ordinary mortar to geo polymer mortar. 13

14. 14 Methodology Select the materials for normal mortar Prepare a design mix Note down the test result Check their fresh and hardened properties Check their fresh and hardened properties Prepare a design mix Select the material of geopolymer mortar Compare the result

15. 15 Firstly prepare the normal mortar by using opc 53, and report the compressive strength of sample Then, prepare the EPS mortar by using different proportion of EPS replace with the sand and report their compressive strength of the sample of 7 day, 14 day, 28 day, 56 day. Then preparing geopolymer mortar first alkali activator should be prepared 10 M Alkali activator of NAOH is prepared Start with activator/ binder ratio (0.40-0.50) After 24 hrs, the naoh and na2sio3 are mixed in the ratio of 1:2 (NAOH:NA2SIO2). Methodology mixed proportion for expanded polystyrene (EPS) mortar:

16. Cont …. For the control mix (G100), FA is mixed with GGBS in dry condition and then an alkali solution is added to it. For mixes with fly ash replacement of GGBS, FA are mixed with GGBS and FA in dry condition followed by the addition of alkali solution. Then the cube is cast and the sample for ambient or oven curing both at 60 for 6 hours then the sample are kept at room temperature. And report their compressive strength of 7 day, 14 day, 28 day, 56 days. Then further compare the result of normal EPS mortar with geopolymer mortar.   16

17. Experimental work Specific gravity test This dimensionless unit is the ratio of material density to the density of water and is used to calculate density, void ratio, saturation, and other properties. Fig: pycnometer Specfic gravity of of OPC is 3.12 Specific gravity of Zone 2 Sand is 2.6 Specfic gravity of EPS os 0.015 17

18. Cont ….. Fineness modulus test empirical figure obtained by adding the total percentage of the sample of sand retained on each of a specified series of sieves and dividing the sum by 100. According to Is 1343-1970 Table 4, The sand is classified as Zone-2 sand. Fineness modulus of Fine Aggregate (Sand) = 2.0085 Fig : sieve 18

19. Cont ….. Setting time test To determine the initial and final setting times of cement. Vicat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513-1976 then Balance of capacity 1kg and sensitivity 1 gram take Gauging trowel conforming to IS: 10086-1982 The initial setting time of OPC 53 grade obtained is more than 45 mins and the final setting time obtained was less than 3hrs 45mins. Fig : sieve 19

20. Cont ….. Consistency of cement To check the consistency of cement. Vicat Apparatus Conforming to IS: 5513-1976 then Balance of capacity 1Kg and sensitivity to 1gram take Gauging trowel conforming to IS: 10086-1982. Take 400g of cement and place it in the enamel in a tray. Mix about 24% water by weight of dry cement thoroughly to get a cement paste. Standard Consistency = 31% Fig : Vicat Appratus 20

21. Cont ….. Compressive strength This test is used to determine the compressive strength of the concrete. ordinary 1:3 mortar is expected to have a compressive strength of ordinary 1:3 mortar (megapascals) after 7 day, 14 day, 28 day, and 56 day of curing 21 7 Day 14 Day 28 Day 56 Day Ordinary Mortar 9.09 Mpa 15.75 Mpa 23.62 Mpa 25.015 Mpa 10 % replacement sand with Eps 7.289 Mpa 13.774 Mpa 19.99 Mpa 21.541 Mpa 20% replacement sand with Eps 4.92 Mpa 10.56 Mpa 14.1 Mpa 15.97 Mpa 30% replacement sand with Eps 3.7 Mpa 6.47 Mpa 8. 41 Mpa 12.5 Mpa 40% replacement sand with Eps 2.6 Mpa 5.055 Mpa 6.640 Mpa 7.784 Mpa 50% replacement sand with Eps 3.398 Mpa 4.329 Mpa 5.396 Mpa 6.533 Mpa

22. 22

23. 23

24. 24 Fig: mortar mix Fig: Cube Sample Fig: UTM

25. Cont ….. Unit weight test The unit weight is a useful tool in determining the concrete batch yield and air content. Water absorption test the specimens are dried in an oven for a specified time and temperature and then placed in a desiccator to cool. Bulk density test The bulk density test is a classification test carried out for a cohesive sample. Bulk density is the mass of the sample per unit volume including voids, or the weight of the sample for a given volume. Porosity Test The porosity is the ratio of pore volume (volume occupied by fluid) to the total volume of mortar (volume of the test object). 25

26. Cont …. Impermeability test measuring the quantity of water percolating through it during a given interval of time and computing the coefficient of permeability. Flow table test The flow indicates the workability of the sample. 26

27. Cont …… split tensile strength test The split tensile test is an indirect way of evaluating the tensile test of concrete. 27

28. Materials Cement (OPC- 53 Grade) Water Waste Polystyrene (1-6 mm) Sand Fly-Ash GGBS 28

29. SUMMARY It is a lightweight mortar when that contain EPS (Expanded polystyrene) beads. It has lower mechanical properties and lower stiffness. The result shows that it can be used as a non-structural member like (plastering and brick masonry work). The compressive strengths at 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days of 0.9 MPa, 4.2 Mpa , and 6 Mpa . 29

30. REFERENCES Zhixing , et al. "Physical and mechanical properties of new lightweight ambient-cured EPS geopolymer composites." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 33.6 (2021): 04021094. Vinod, B. R., H. J. Surendra, and R. Shobha. "Lightweight concrete blocks produced using expanded polystyrene and foaming agent."  Materials Today: Proceedings  52 (2022): 1666-1670. Hernández-Zaragoza, Juan Bosco, et al. "Cellular concrete bricks with recycled expanded polystyrene aggregate."  Advances in Materials Science and Engineering  2013 (2013). C.H.E.N. Bing, L.I.U. Jie, C.H.E.N. Long- zhu , Experimental Study of LightweightExpanded Polystyrene Aggregate Concrete Containing Silica Fume andPolypropylene Fibers , J. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University 15 (2) (2010). E.T. Dawood, A.J. Hamad, Proportioning of Lightweight Concrete by the inclusion of Expanded Polystyrene Beads (EPS) and Foam agent, Tikrit Journal of Engineering sciences 23 (2) (2016). V. Sahu, P. Dandwate , B. Bakalkart , Study on Cellular Lightweight Concrete, International Journal of Trend in Research and Development 5 (6) (2018). 30

31. Cont … 7. M.G. Gomes, I. Flores- Colen , F. da Silva, M. Pedroso, Thermal conductivity measurement of thermal insulating mortars with EPS and silica aerogel by steady-state and transient methods, Constr. Build. Mater. 172 (2018). 7. Zhang, Jian, Bing Chen, and Fu Yu. "Preparation of EPS-based thermal insulation mortar with improved thermal and mechanical properties." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 31.9 (2019): 04019183. 7. https://www.foamex.com.au/news/benefits-of-polystyrene-packaging 8. Karakaş , Hamza, et al. "Properties of fly ash-based lightweight-geopolymer mortars containing perlite aggregates: Mechanical, microstructure, and thermal conductivity coefficient." Construction and Building Materials 362 (2023): 129717. 31

32. THANK YOU 32