3114Hydro electric-Power-Plant layout.ppt

Hydro electric-Power-Plant

1. HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
-LAYOUT

2. Working Construction of Hydro-electric Power Plant
•Hydro-electric power plant utilizes the potential energy of water stored in the
reservoir.
•Water from the reservoir flows through the penstock and then forced through
a nozzle.
•Water jet from the nozzle strikes the turbine blades and the blades gain
kinetic energy.
•The kinetic energy gained by the turbine is delivered as mechanical energy at
the shaft of the turbine.
•The mechanical energy from the turbine is given as input for the electrical
generator which generates electricity.
•The electricity generated is of low voltage. With the help of the step-up
transformer the low voltage is converted into high voltage. Later the high
voltage is fed to the transmission lines for distribution.
•The power produced by the hydro-electric power plant depends on the head
of water available in the reservoir and the quantity of water permitted
through the nozzle.

3. Merits of Hydro-electric Power Plant:
•No fuel is required for generating power.
•Environmental pollution is not possible.
•Life of the plant is more.
•Apart from power generation, the reservoir and dam of the plant can
be used for irrigation, fishing and recreation.
Demerits of Hydro-electric Power Plant:
•Very high capital cost is required.
•The power generation gets affected during summer season due to
water scarcity.
•Cost of transmission is high due to the location of plant in hilly areas.
•Construction of new hydel plant may need relocation of people and
wild life.

4. MICRO HYDROELECTRIC POWER
PLANT WITH CHAIN TURBINE

5. Content
1.Overview about hydroelectric power plant
2.Analysis chain turbine
3.Governor using for chain turbine
4.Challenges ahead

6. Hydropower to Electric Power
Potential
Energy
Kinetic
Energy
Electrical
Energy
Mechanical
Energy
Electricity

7. Hydropower to Electric Power

8. How Hydropower Works
Water from the reservoir
flows due to gravity to
drive the turbine.
Turbine is connected to a
generator.
Power generated is
transmitted over power
lines.

9. How Hydropower Works (2)
A water turbine that cover the energy of flowing
or falling water into mechanical energy that
drives a generator, which generates electrical
power. This is a heart of hydropower power
plant.
A control mechanism to provide stable electrical
power. It is called governor.
Electrical transmission line to deliver the power
to its destination.

10. Sizes of Hydropower Plants
Pico hydroelectric plant
Up to 10kW, remote areas away from the grid
Micro hydroelectric plant
Capacity 10kW to 300kW, usually provided power
for small community or rural industry in remote
areas away from the grid
Small hydroelectric plant
Capacity 300kW to 1MW
Mini hydroelectric plant
Capacity above 1MW
Medium hydroelectric plant
15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid
Large hydroelectric plant
More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity
grid

11. Micro Hydropower Systems
Many creeks and rivers are permanent,
they never dry up, and these are the most
suitable for micro-hydro power production
Micro hydro turbine could be a waterwheel
Newer turbines : Pelton wheel (most
common)
Others : Turgo, Crossflow and various
axial flow turbines

12. Turbine Classified

13. Impulse Turbines
Uses the velocity of the water to move the
runner and discharges to atmospheric
pressure.
The water stream hits each bucket on the
runner.
High head, low flow applications.
Types : Pelton turbine, Turgo turbine

14. Pelton Turbine

15. Turgo Turbine

16. Reaction Turbines
Combined action of pressure and moving
water.
Runner placed directly in the water stream
flowing over the blades rather than striking
each individually.
Lower head and higher flows than
compared with the impulse turbines.

17. Francis Turbine

18. Kaplan Turbine

19. Turbine Selection Chart

20. Chain Turbine
It is a gravity machine
It is built up of two parallel
chain systems joint
together at the chains with
a series of buckets.
 The flow rater entering
the buckets is controlled
by the water valve through
a motor to open or close
the valve.
Buckets fill full of water go
down to bring to rotary
sprocket system.

21. Analysis of the Chain Turbine
With flow rate is
1m
3
/s, and the head is
20m.
Assume H
1=19m,
H
2
=1m, the diameter
of the sprocket is 1m.

22. Analysis of the Chain Turbine (2)
The gross power output:
Apply the principle of work and energy with the bucket of chain
turbine:
The maximum speed of bucket
The angular velocity the sprocket would be
The rotational speed of the sprocket would be
kWQgHP
grossgross
1962081.911000 

22
00
2
1
2
1
ttmvmghmvmgh 
1
2gHv
t

sec/5.19
5.0
75.9
rad
R
v
op

rpmrpm 1862.186
2
604.9
2
60








23. Analysis of the Chain Turbine (3)
Number of
buckets
The volume of a
bucket (m
3
)
8 0.50
10 0.40
12 0.36
Number of buckets in chain turbine

11
1
02.4)2(
QQv
QDH
N
op





24. Analysis of the Chain Turbine (4)
The power output is
The power out of the turbine shaft
The efficiency of the chain turbine is given by

2
opopout QvrQvTP  
kWQvP
opout
1.9575.911000
22

49.0
196
1.95

kW
kW
P
P
gross
out


25. Analysis of the Chain Turbine (5)
Rotational velocity of sprocket depends on
the distance of between two shafts of
turbine H
1.
 Rotational velocity of turbine shaft is
slow, so it cannot directly connect with
generator. It need a power transmission
 Efficiency of chain turbine is low.

26. Advantages of Chain Turbine
It is run-of-river power plant.
Do not worry about the turbidity of water.
There is no danger of cavitations.
It is simple to construct, repaired and
maintenance.

27. Disadvantages of Chain Turbine
The slow rotation of chain turbine leads to
high speed ratios when connect to
generator at 600 rpm – 1500 rpm.
This chain turbine operation is very noise.
Structure of turbine is very big

28. Governor
 To maintain the generator at a constant 50Hz
frequency, it is necessary to maintain the generator
shaft at a constant rotational speed.
 In the independent hydroelectric power plant, the
rotational speed of the micro hydro power generator
can be change when loads are added or subtracted
from the electrical system.
120
0
pN
f



29. Governor (2)
The system frequency can be maintained constant by eliminating the
mismatch between generator and load.
Governor is to receipt the frequency signal from the output of generator.
And it is compared with standard frequency signal.
From these results, governor output signal is coming-out to control the
valve of water at the entrance to the turbine.

30. Transfer Function Block Diagram of Hydro Plant
 power system gain constant (Hz/p.u)
 nominal starting time of water in penstock (s)
 integral gain constant for servo system
 proportional gain controller constant for servo motor
PK
W
T
ISK
PS
K

31. Governor Transfer Function
Chain Turbine transfer function
 water starting time at full load

So transfer function of chain turbine is
sT
sT
G
P
w
wm
5.01
1





w
T s
g
gH
LU
T
r
w 022.0
2081.9
121




s
s
sT
sT
G
P
w
wm
011.01
022.01
5.01
1









32. Generator Transfer Function
Assume nominal load
Frequency 50Hz
The latter load assumption yields
So, the system gain constant and time constant are given by
The transfer function of generator
kWP
L
90
ssT
K
SG
p
p
p
22.21
55.55
1
)(




s
fD
H
T
P
22.2
018.050
122




upHz
D
K
P
./55.55
1

Hzup
kWHz
kW
fP
P
D
R
L
/.018.0
10050
90




33. Transient responses of system for step changes
in load, showing deviations in system frequency

34. Transient responses of system for step changes in
load, (1.5kW) for different integral gain value,
showing deviations in system frequency (1)

35. Transient responses of system for step changes in
load, (1.5kW) for different integral gain value,
showing deviations in system frequency (2)

36. Transient responses of system for step changes in
load, (1.5kW) for different integral gain value,
showing deviations in system frequency (1)

37. Transient responses of system for step changes in
load, (1.5kW) for different integral gain value,
showing deviations in system frequency (2)

38. Governor Discussion
It is more flexible than classical governor.
This governor effectively eliminate the
frequency deviations due to load
disturbances for different nominal
loadings of the system
It is importance as the saved water can
be used for irrigation.

39. In China, YiuHwa Engineering Company is building a hydroelectric
power plant with chain turbine to experiment and research with
capacity 200kW.
This plant has two turbines and built with head 20m and flow rate
1.03m
3
/sec