'Alamkara' in Indian Aesthetics - Paper 109

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1. ‘ Alamkara’ in Indian Aesthetics Prepared by Gopi Dervaliya

2. Personal Information Name : Gopi Dervaliya Roll no. 08 Sem : 2 Paper Name : Literary Theory, Criticism, Indian Aesthetics Paper no. : 109 Paper Code : 22402 Submitted to : S. B. Gardi Department of English-M.K.B.U Email : [email protected]

3. Indian Aesthetics Chief Schools Introduction Alamkara Conclusion 01 02 03 04 05 Table of contents

4. Introduction •Indian Aesthetics takes its start from the projections of Bharata in his magnificent work entitled ‘Natyaśāstra’ and winding its course through the presentations of Bhamaha, Dandin and Vamana ultimately receives a full-bodied form in the writings of Anandavardhana and Abhinavagupta,Viswanatha and Jagannatha. •The word Alamkara means embellishment and it is always associated with the beautification of the work of art. •But this word does not indicate only the mere embellishment in the work of art. •The concept of Alamkara perfors a number of classifications in order to study Sanskrit poetics, but among them two of them are considered to be of primary importance. They are, The Upama The Upameya

5. Indian Aesthetics •Mammata (11 e A. D) the author of ‘Kavyaprakasa’, through his profound exposition, refuting all the adversaries of Dhvani, defended and re-established the theory of Dhvani indisputably, and throughout six centuries ahead, this doctrine was accepted by all the acharyas. •Even Jayadeva (13 A. D), who had accepted alamkaria to be an inseparable component of poetry, dealt with Dhvani in his book ‘Candraloka’. •Vishvanatha (14 c. A. D.) though established Rasa as an atman of poetry, yet, while treating the theory of devant with all its varieties and sub-varieties in his book ‘Sahitya Darpan’, accepted Rasa as an important variety of deviant. (Satya Day Choudhury, ‘Glimpses of Indian Poetics ’)

6. Chief schools of Indian Poetics and their pioneers Rasa (The theory of aesthetic pleasure) - Bharata Alankarwad (The theory of poetic figure) - Bhamah Riti Sidhant (The theory of style) - Vamana Dhvani Sidhant (The theory of suggestion) - Anandavardhana Vakrokti (The theory of obliquty) - Kuntaka Auchitya (The theory of propriety) - Kshemendra Blog link : https://gopidervaliya02.blogspot.com/2023/01/indian-poetics.html

7. Kavya-alankara Kavyalankara Sutra Vriti Bhamaha Kavyadarsha Dandin Vamana Key Figures

8. Alamkara •The story of Indian poetics is said to have begun with the advent of Alankara school. •Though, Bharata refers to Alamkara and talks about its four types, they were incidental to his discussion on Dramaturgy. •Kavyashastra took off in earnest with the Kavyalankara of Bhamaha and Kavyadarshan of Dandin. •Through their works, these writers started serious inquiry into Kavyasarita and they stated that Alamkara, the figures of speech and underlying principles that govern the application of Alamkara, is responsible for poetic beauty. •They believed that Alamkara is the distinguishing factor that accounts for poetic charm.

9. Continue… What is Alamkara ? • Normally translated as ornament or embellishment, the word Alamkara was used by the above-mentioned critics to refer to individual figurative techniques of poetry and also to refer to the fundamental principles of propriety that govern their application in poetry. •Besides, a whole host of concepts like Guna, Riti, Dhvani, Dosha and Auchitya were brought under the umbrella term of Alamkara. •They believed, ornaments enhance the beauty of a woman, and so does Alamkara to Kavya and that Alamkara is crucial in invoking Rasa.

10. Continue… •Bharata's ‘Natyasastra’ is the earliest work on Alamkara. •After ‘Natyasastra’ the earliest works on Alamkara are ‘Kavyadarsa’ of Dandin and ‘Kavyatairikara’ of Bhamaha. •Both of them belong to the 7th century A.D. Bhamaha stresses the importance of Alamkara and brings all Alamkaras under the general term Vakrokti. •Dandin has defined and classified kavya more elaborately than Bhamaha. He stresses the importance of Alamkara by bringing everything that beautifies the Kavya under the general term Alamkara.

11. Types of Alamkara Rudrata divides Alamkara into two types, Sabdalamkara (based on phonetic form) Arthalamkara (based on meaning) •Mammata in his ‘Kavya Prakash’ enumerates 61 Alamkaras and groups them into Seven types:- Upama (simile) Rupaka (metaphor) Aprastuta Prasamsa (indirect description) Dipaka (stringed figures) Vyatireka (dissimilitude) Virodha (contradiction) Samuchaya (concatenation)

12. Different views on Alamkara •The great scholar, Dandin uses the term Alamkärä in the sense that causes beauty in poetry and he writes: "Kavya-Sobhakaran dharman Alamkäräan pracaksate" (Dandin) (काव्य-शोभाकरन धर्मन आलमकारान प्रकाशते) • Vaman stated that poetry is acceptable from embellishment (Alamkara) but he is careful to explain embellishment not in the narrow sense of poetic figures but in the broad sense of beauty and he says: "Kavyam grahyam alamkaraat, Saundaryam Alamkara" (Vaman) (काव्यं गृह्यं अलंकारात्, सौंदर्यं अलंकारा)

13. Continue… •Alamkära Siddhanta (Theory of Figures) of Bhamah (6th century) defines “Kavya togetherness of sound and meaning”, according to Bhamah, "Alamkara is the essential element of poetry and it consists of the striking manner of putting a striking idea in an equally striking word" . (Bhamah) • Anandavardhana's view in 'Dhvanyaloka' that, "Alamkara are those elements which, depending upon word and meaning, minister to the generation of poetic charm" also certifies the creative use of language in literature. (Anandavardhana)

14. Conclusion •The poet uses Alamkāra (figures) with a view to increasing the beauty, enhancing the qualities and depicting nature,heightening the feelings, delineating the action or activities, and circumstances, exposing the internal state, delineating the character, describing the physical beauty, exhibiting the objective, depicting the scene, characterizing the spontaneous movements, and putting thoughts in tune with feelings.

15. Citation Bisarad, Bikram. “Alankar.” Scribd, Scribd, 2020, https://www.scribd.com/doc/95063708/alankar. Caudharī Satya Deva. Glimpses of Indian Poetics. Sahitya Akademi, 2002, archive.org, https://archive.org/details/glimpsesofindianpoeticssatyadevchoudharysahityaakademi_202002/mode/1up, Accessed 14 Mar. 2023. Patteeri, Maqsood, et al. “Indian Aesthetics.” MaQmusings, 1 Sept. 2017, https://macpcom.wordpress.com/2017/08/31/indian-aesthetics/.

16. Ray, Mohit Kumar. A Comparative Study of the Indian Poetics and the Western Poetics. Sarup & Sons, 2008, books.google.com, https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-5XYRkmys9MC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false, Accessed 14 Mar. 2023. Sarkar, Somnath, and Somnath SarkarHello. “8 Schools of Indian Poetics.” All About English Literature, 31 Jan. 2023, https://www.eng-literature.com/2023/01/8-schools-of-indian-poetics.html. Singh, Siddhartha. “Indian Poetics - Notes on Indian Aesthetics for M. A. II Semester (English) Students Siddhartha.” Studocu, 2021, https://www.studocu.com/in/document/university-of-lucknow/indian-tradition-and-culture/indian-poetics/31128656.

17. Chatgpt’s Answer- What is Indian Aesthetics ? Indian aesthetics refer to the principles and theories of art, beauty, and perception that have been developed and refined over centuries in the Indian subcontinent. It encompasses a wide range of artistic expressions, including visual art, music, dance, literature, and theater. Indian aesthetics have been influenced by various philosophical and religious traditions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. These traditions have emphasized the importance of spiritual and moral values in art and have sought to express the transcendental and the divine. Some of the key concepts in Indian aesthetics include rasa (emotion), bhava (mood), shringara (erotic sentiment), and dhvani (suggestion or evocation). Indian art is also characterized by the use of rich colors, intricate patterns, and symbolism. Indian aesthetics has had a significant impact on art and culture not only in India but also in other parts of the world. It has influenced art forms such as yoga, meditation, and martial arts, and has also inspired modern artists to incorporate Indian themes and styles into their works.

18. Alamkara, also known as alankara, is a term in Indian aesthetics and literary theory that refers to the use of various literary devices or ornaments to enhance the beauty and effectiveness of language. It is derived from the Sanskrit word "alamkara," which means "adornment" or "embellishment." Alamkara is considered an important aspect of poetry, drama, and other forms of literature in Indian traditions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. It is believed to add emotional depth and resonance to the language, and to create a more vivid and powerful experience for the reader or listener. Alamkara is considered an essential component of Indian literature and is used by writers and poets to create works of great beauty and meaning. What is Alamkara ?

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