'PRINT CULTURE AND MODERN WORLD CLASS 10' with you.pptx

By S.A.Sidarth X

1. SOCIAL SCIENCE TITLE OF THE TEXTBOOK: INDIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

2. PRINT CULTURE AND MODERN WORLD Sandeep Kumar TGT S.ST K.V.KOLIWADA, MUMBAI

3. INTRO D UCTIO N ... In this chapter we will look at the development of print, from its beginnings44 in East Asia to its expansion in Europe and in India. We will understand the impact of the spread of technology and consider how social lives and cultures changed with the coming of print.

4. MAKING OF BOOK BEFORE INTRODUCTION OF PRINT

5. THE FIRST PRINTED BOOKS The earliest kind of print technology developed in China, Japan and Korea, called hand printing. From AD 576 onwards, books in China were printed by rubbing paper against inked surface of woodblocks.

6. ACCORDION BOOK The tr a d i t i o nal C h i nese ‘ a c c ord i on book’ was folded and stitched at the side .

7. CALLIGRA P HY Cal l i g raphy is the art o f bea u ti f ul and stylized writing. Superbly skilled craftsmen could duplicate it with accuracy.

8. For a very l o ng time Ch i na r emain e d the major producer of printed material. Further th e civil service exami n a t i o ns expanded the use of print material. Ap a rt f r om sch o l a rs even me r c h a n ts started using print material .

9. Rich women began to read and publish their poetry and plays. New reading culture was accompanied by new technology of Western printing techniques and mechanical press. Shanghai became the hub of the new print culture.

10. PRINT IN JAPAN Buddhist missionaries from china introduced hand-printing technology into Japan (AD 768- 770). The oldest Japanese book, printed in AD868,is the Buddhist ‘DIAMOND SUTRA’.

11. A PAGE FROM ‘DIAMOND SUTRA’

12. Pictu r es w e r e prin t ed o n t e x t iles, play i ng cards and paper money. In medieval Japan, poets and prose writer were regularly published. Books were cheap abundant. P r in t ing o f v i s u al ma t e r i a l l e d to interesting publishing practices .

13. PRINT COMES TO EUROPE In 1295, r eturned to Ma r co I t a l y p o l o , a g r eat ex p l o r er after ma n y years of exploration in China. He brought the knowledge of print technology back with him from China. Lux u ry edit i o n s w e r e s t i l l han d w r i t t en on very expensive VELLUM.

14. Demand for books increased and Europe began exporting books to different countries. Book fairs were held. Scribes started working for booksellers .

15. LIMI TA TIONS not satisfy t h e eve r - Handwr i tten ma n uscr i p ts could increasing demand for book. Copying was expensive, laborious and time consuming. M a nuscripts we r e fra g ile, difficu l t t o h a ndle and carry around. Their circulation remained limited. Thus the r e was a g r eat need for q uicker a n d cheaper production.

16. RISE OF PRINTING PRESS Johann Gutenberg was me r cha n t an d g r ew up t he s o n o f a o n a l a rge agricultural estate . m a k i n g He became a master goldsmith. H e c r eated lead mo u lds f o r trinkets. H e a d o p ted t h is t e chn o l o gy to desi g n n e w innovations .

17. The olive press provided the model for printing press. Moulds were used for casting metal types for the letters. By 1448, he perfected the system. The fi r st book he p r i nted w as ‘THE BI B L E ’ with 180 copies. It took 3 yrs to produce them .

18. By the standards of time the production became fast. But this new technology did not entirely displaced the art of producing books by hand. from prin t ing han d prin t ing to led to the ‘Print The s h ift mechanical Revolution’.

19. GUTENBERG AND HIS PRINTING PRESS

20. THE BIBLE

21. PRINT REVOLUTION (MEANING) Development of new ways of producing books Transformed the lives of people. Change in their relationship with institutions and authorities. Influenced popular perceptions. Opened up new ways of looking at things.

22. IMPACT OF PRINT REVOLUTION A. A NEW READING PUBLIC B. RELIGIOUS DEBATES AND FEAR OF PRINT C. PRINT AND DISSENT

23. A.NEW READING PUBLIC A new reading public emerged. Printing press reduced the cost, time and labor. Books flooded the market.

24. Co m mon peo p le live in the w o rld o f oral culture. They he a rd s a c r ed tex t s r e a d o u t, b a ll a ds recited and folks tales narrated. Ac c ess to b o o k c r e a ted a n e w c u lt u r e of reading among common people.

25. The transmission of new reading culture was easy as the literacy rate were very low. So printers began printing publishing popular ballads and folk tales illustrated with pictures. These were sung and recited in villages and in taverns in towns.

26. AS A RESULT..... O r al cult u r e ente r ed print an d pr i n t ed material was orally transmitted. The hea r ing p u blic an d r ead i ng p u bl i c became intermingled .

27. B. RELIGIOUS DEBATES AND THE FEAR OF PRINT P r int c r e a ted the w i de ci r cul a ti o n of ideas. I n t r o d uced a n e w w o rld o f deb a te and discussion.

28. FEAR OF PRINT.... Many were apprehensive of the effect of wider circulation of books on the mind of the people. R e belli o us & ir r eligious thoughts might spread. The authority of valuable literature would be destroyed. This a n xi e ty to the w i des p r ead c r it i cism of print media .

29. EXAM P LE.... In 1517, the religious reformer Martin Luther wrote Ninety five theses criticizing many of the practices & rituals of the roman catholic church This lead to a division within the church and to the beginning of the ‘Protestant Reformation’.

30. C. PRINT AND DISSENT Print & religious literature stimulated many distinctive individual interpretations of faith. Manocchio reinterpreted the message of bible and formulated a view of god & creation that enraged the Roman Catholic Church. Manocchio was executed for his heretical ideas.

31. The Roman Church was troubled by such effects of popular readings. Thus they imposed severe controls over publishers & booksellers. The Index of Prohibited Books was introduced from 1558 .

32. THE MACABRE DANCE

33. THE READING MANIA The literacy levels in Europe increased up to 60 to 80 percent in 17 th and 18 th century. High literacy level created new reading public. Booksellers employed peddlers to roam and sell books.

34. PRINT CULTURE AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Many historians believe print culture created conditions which led to French revolution. Such as: A. Print popularized the ideas of enlightenment thinkers which included critical commentary on tradition, superstitions and despotism. Voltaire and Rousseau were among the prominent Enlightenment thinkers.

35. B. Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. General public began to discuss the values, norms and institutions and tried to re- evaluate the established notions.

36. C . By the 1780s, there was a surge in literature which mocked the royalty and criticized their morality. Print helped in creating an image of the royalty that they indulged in their own pleasure at the expense of the common public.

37. The nobility and the common people before the French Revolution, a cartoon of the late eighteenth century.

38. The Nineteenth Century T he 19 th century saw vast leaps in mass literacy in Europe. This brought a large numbers of new readers among children, women and workers. Many books were written and printed keeping in mind the sense and sensibilities of children.

39. A PAGE FROM A BOOK FOR CHILDREN

40. Many folk tales were rephrased to suit the children. Many women became important as readers as well as writers. The lending libraries which had been in existence from the 17 th century became the hub of activity for white-collar workers, artisans and lower middle class people

41. FRONTPAGE OF A MAGAZINE FOR WORKING CLASS

42. BOOKS FOR WOMEN IN 19 TH CENTURY

43. EARLY BOOK STORES

44. Richard M. Hoe of New York perfected the power-driven cylindrical press by the mid 19 th century. This could print 8,000 sheets per hour. Offset press was developed in the late nineteenth century. This could print up to six colors at a time. Further Innovations

45. Electrically operated presses came in use from the turn of the 20 th century. This helped in accelerating the printing process. Many other innovations took place during this period. All the innovations had a cumulative effect which improved the appearance of printed texts.

46. RICHARD M. HOE AND HIS PRINTING PRESS

47. New Strategies to sell books Many periodicals serialized important novels in the 19 th century. In the 1920s in England, popular works were sold in cheap series, called the Shilling Series. The dust cover or book jacket is a 20 th century innovation. Cheap paperback editions were brought to counter the effect of the Great Depression in the 1930s

48. SERIALIZED NOVELS AND SHILLING SERIES OF 19 TH CENTURY

49. DUST JACKETS OR BOOK COVERS INTRODUCDIN 19 TH CENTURY

50. India and the World of Print The Port u guese m issio n a r i es f i r s t b r o u g h t printing press to Goa in the mid-16 th century. The first books were printed in Konkani language. By 1674, abo u t 50 boo k s had been pr i nted in Konkani and Kanara Languages. t h e f i r s t T a m i l and a t Cochin and 1713 Catholic priests printed Malayalam book in 1579 respectively.

51. F r om 1780 , J a mes Au g u s t u s Hic k ey b e ga n to edit the Bengal Gazette. It was first weekly Indian newspaper brought out by Gangadhar Bhattacharya. Hickey also published a lot of gossip about the senior officials of the Company. Go v e r n o r G e ner a l W a r r en Has t in g s persecuted Hickey.

52. Has t in g s encoura g ed the Warren publication n e w sp a p e rs o f o f ficially to protect the sancti o ned ima g e of the colonial government.

53. Print culture helped in initiating new debate on religious, social and political issues in India. Many existing religious practices were criticized. Rammohun Roy published Sambad Kaumudi from 1821 to criticize the orthodox views in the Hinduism.

54. Rammohun Roy

55. The Hindu orthodoxy commissioned the Samachar Chandrika to counter his opinions. In 1822, publication of two Persian newspapers began, viz. Jam – i- Jahan Nama and Shamsul Akhbar. Bombay Samachar; a Gujarati newspaper appeared in the same year.

56. In north India, the ulama began to publish cheap lithographic prints which contained Persian and Urdu translations of holy scriptures. They also published religious newspapers and tracts. The Deoband Seminary was founded in 1867. It published thousands upon thousands fatwas about proper conduct in the life of Muslims.

57. Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas was printed from Calcutta in 1810. From the 1880s, the Naval Kishore Press at Lucknow and the Shri Venkateshwar Press in Bombay published many religious texts in vernaculars.

58. RamcharitManas and Tulsidas

59. Print helped in bringing the religious texts within reach of the common masses. It also helped in shaping the new political debate. It also helped in connecting the people from various parts of India; by carrying news of one p a rt t o a n o t h e r .

60. New Forms of Publication Initially, people got to read the novels which were written by European writers. But people could not relate to those novels because they were written in the European context. Many writers emerged who began to write in the Indian context.

61. People could correlate with the theme and characters of such novels in a better way. Many other new forms of writing also came into origin; like lyrics, short stories, essays about social and political matters, etc.

62. A new visual culture was taking shape by the end of the nineteenth century. Many printing presses started to produce visual images in large numbers. Works of painters; like Raja Ravi Varma were produced for mass circulation through printing.

63. Works by Raja Ravi Verma

64. By the 1870s, caricatures and cartoons were being published in journals and newspapers. They commented on various social and political issues.

65. Women and Print Many writers wrote about the lives and feelings of women. Due to this, readership among middle-class women increased substantially. There were many liberal husbands and fathers who stressed on women’s education.

66. While some women got education at home, some others went to schools as well. This was the time, when many women writers also began to express their views through their writings.

67. Conservative Hindus and Muslims were still against women’s education. They thought that a girl’s mind would be polluted by education. People wanted their daughters to read religious texts but did not want them to read anything else.

68. While Urdu, Tamil, Bengali and Marathi print culture had developed early, Hindi printing began seriously only from the 1870s.

69. Very cheap small books were brought to markets in nineteenth century Madras towns. These books were sold at crossroads so that poor people could buy them. Public libraries were set up from the early twentieth century which helped in increasing the access to books. Many rich people set up library in order to assert their prestige in their area. Print and the Poor People

70. Print and Censors h ip Before 1798, the colonial rulers were not too concerned with censorship. Initially, the control measures were directed against Englishmen in India who were critical of Company misrule.

71. After the revolt of 1857, the attitude to freedom of the press changed. The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878. • The Act provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press.

72. In case of a seditious report, the newspaper was warned. If the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery confiscated.

73. THE END