3G network planning overview radio network 2002

3G network planning overview

1. 1 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
3G Network Planning
Overview
2 day Customer Training Course
Nokia Networks
Professional Services

2. 2 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Contents
•3G Network Planning
•3G Network Planning Areas
•3G Network Evolution towards All-IP
•Radio Network Planning
•WCDMA Air-interface
•Radio Resource Management Overview
•Radio Network Planning Process
•Radio Network Optimisation Process & Tools
•Transmission Network Planning
Packet technologies and protocols
Transmission Planning Process
Transmission Equipment, Synchronisation & O&M Issues
•Core Network Planning
•Circuit Core Network Planning process
•Detailed Circuit Core Network Planning
•Packet Core Network Dimensioning
•Detailed Packet Core Network Planning

3. 3 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
•3G Network Planning could be divided to
• Radio Network Planning
• Access Transmission Planning
• CS core Network Planning
• PS Core Network Planning
3G Network Planning Areas
Inter-PLMN
Backbone
Network
RNC
3G-GGSN
3G-SGSN
Gn
IP
Firewall
Gn
PS Domain
Iu-ps
Radio Planning
Transmission Planning
Core Planning
Iub,Iur
Data Network
(Internet)
Iu-cs
MGW 3GMSC
Node B

4. 4 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
3G Radio Network Planning
service quality
cell coveragecell capacity
Optimization
and Tailoring
•Dimensioning
•Coverage & Capacity
Planning
•Coverage & Capacity
Improvement
•Optimisation

5. 5 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Access Transmission Network
Planning
Server
Iub
HLR/AuC
EIR
PSTN
Network
SS7
Network
Iu-
CS A
ATM
Module
MSC
Router
Corporate
BG
SGSN
Firewall
GGSN
LIG
Internet
GPRS/3G
backbone
network
Billing System
CG
Other
PLMN
BTS
Uu
BTS
RNC
Iu-PS
Iu-
CS
Iu-PS
Iub
RNC
Iur

6. 6 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
3G Core Network Planning
Packet Switched Core
Iu-CS
Ga
Gd
TRS Access
Circuit Switched Core
Iu-PS

7. 7 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
BG
Operator Operator
3G 3G
backbonebackbone
DNS
Nokia DNS
Border
Gateway
Cisco 7600 OSR
Switch
Router/
Switch
Cisco 12000
Cisco MGX 8850
GGSN
FW
3G-SGSN
SGSN
Nokia 3G-SGSN
Nokia GGSN
Nokia IP650 Firewall Router
3G Packet Core Network Planning
•Equipment Dimensioning
& Pre-planning
•Detailed Core Network
Architecture Planning
•MPC External Network
Connectivity Planning
•Network Security Planning
•Optimisation

8. 8 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
3G Circuit Core Network Planning
3GPP rel.99
•Circuit Core network planning for 3GPP rel.99 compliant
Nokia network consists of:
•Traditional NSS network planning (MSC/HLR)
•MGW rel.99 planning
MGW
MGW11
MSC
MSC3
MGW
MGW300
MSC
MSC1
BSC
BSC300
MGW
MGW10
BSC
BSC101
BSC
BSC100
RNC
RNC102
RNC
RNC101
RNC
RNC100
RNC
RNC300
MGW
MGW20
RNC
RNC301
MSC
MSC2
BSC
BSC200
RNC
RNC200
A'-if
Iu-cs if
A-if

9. 9 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
•3GPP rel.4 Circuit Core network planning consists of:
•Planning MGW rel.4 network
•Planning MSC Server network
3G Circuit Core Network Planning
3GPP rel.4
Iu-CS
RNC
MSC
Server
AAL2
ATM
TDM
H.248
IP
MSC
Server
Mc
MGW
Nc
AAL2/AAL5
ATM Nb
Mc
BICC, SIP
ATM/IP
HLR
Services
MAP
CAP
MGW
RTP
IP
PSTN
RANAP
AAL5/ATM
SS7
BSC
A
TDM
BSSAP
H.248
IP
User data
over ATM or
IP
BICC or SIP
for signalling
H.248 for
MGW
control
RANAP or
BSSAP
towards radio
network

10. 10 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
3G Network Evolution Towards All-
IP

11. 11 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
RAN architecture today
GSM/
EDGE
WCDMA
A / Iu-cs
Gb
Iu-ps
Core
network
Radio
Network
Controller
Base
Station
Controller
GSM/EDGE
BTS
WCDMA
BTS
RAN
• Strict one-to-one hierarchy between base stations and controllers
• Separated subsystems for all radio access technologies
• Architecture supports equally all packet traffic types
Standard
air interface
Standard
interfaces
to core NW

12. 12 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Control data
All-IP RAN architecture
Standard
air interface
GSM/
EDGE
WCDMA
Standard
interfaces
to core NW
A / Iu-cs
Gb
Iu-ps
Multimode
All-IP BTS
Control
plane
elements
Multiradio
architecture
RAN
Most of controller
functionality
shifted to BTS
Distributed
architecture
Pooled
controller and
gateway resources
Gateway
elements
User data
Core
network

13. 13 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia distributed All-IP RAN
architecture
Nokia radio
network gateway
Nokia circuit-
switched gateway
Iu-ps
A & Iu-cs
Gb
Multimode
All-IP base station
Nokia FlexiServer
Radio
Network
Access
Server
Common
Radio
Resource
Management
Server
O&M
Server
Upgrades to
Nokia UltraSite
and MetroSite
EDGE /
WCDMA base
stations
IP / ATM / MPLS transport
•Multiradio
architecture, with
multimode All-IP base
station
•User plane and control
plane separated to
allow optimised
handling
•Dynamic association
between base station
and Radio Access
Servers
•Radio interface
performance critical
functions located in the
base station
•Transport optimised by
relocating functionality

14. 14 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
All-IP RAN is a parallel evolution
to Nokia BSS/RAN
WCDMA RAN releases
GSM/EDGE BSS releases
Development of existing RAN and BSS architecture will continue
Together with All-IP RAN, several evolution options will be available
for any business case
•Best BSS and RAN solutions for markets with high share of circuit-switched traffic
•Flexible evolution to All-IP for markets with high packet-switched data growth
All-IP RAN
releases
S
i
n
g
l
e

n
e
t
w
o
r
k
Multiradio
RAN

15. 15 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
2002200220012001 2004200420032003
Rollout of
Nokia UltraSite
WCDMA BTS
Network evolution Roadmap towards
All-IP
Integrated IP
transport from
RNC to 3G
packet core
Integrated IP
transport
from BSC to
SGSN
Radio access
evolution
Rollout of
packet backbone
network
All-IP RAN architecture
with Multimode IP BTS (WCDMA)
and Nokia UltraSite
WCDMA BTS
All-IP RAN architecture
with support for EDGE
Core network
evolution
Mass market
IP multimedia
services
Rollout of
3G
packet core
Integrated
IP transport
between MSCs
Optional
MSC upgrade to
MSC Servers
First
All-IP Core
release
3GPP R5
compliant
All-IP Core

16. 16 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
3G Radio Network Planning
PART of 3GNPLOVE
Nokia Networks
Professional Services

17. 17 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Contents
•What is new in WCDMA
•WCDMA Air-interface
•Radio Resource Management Overview
•Radio Network Planning Process
•System Dimensioning
•Coverage & Capacity Planning
•Coverage & Capacity Improvement
•Radio Network Optimisation
Process & Tools

18. 18 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
What’s New in WCDMA?
Multiservice Environment
•Data speed
•In RAN1 bit rate varies from 8 kbps up to
384 kbps
•Variable bit rate also available
•Bit rate gradually grows up to 2 Mbps
•Service delivery type
•Real-time (RT) & non real-time (NRT)
•Quality classes for user to choose
•Different error rates and delays
•Traffic asymmetric in uplink &
downlink
•Common channel data traffic
•Inter-system handovers
Air Interface
•Capacity and
coverage coupled -
“cell breathing”
•Neighbor cells
coupled via
interference
•Soft handover
•Fast power control
•Interference limited
system (e.g. GSM
frequency limited)
Characteristic to WCDMA
•RAKE receiver takes advantage of multipath propagation
•Fast power control keeps system stable by using minimum power
necessary for links
•Soft handover ensures smooth handovers, reduced probability of dropped
calls

19. 19 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Contents
•What is new in WCDMA
•WCDMA Air-interface
•Radio Resource Management Overview
•Radio Network Planning Process
•System Dimensioning
•Coverage & Capacity Planning
•Coverage & Capacity Improvement
•Radio Network Optimisation
Process & Tools

20. 20 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Differences Between WCDMA and
GSM
High bit rates
Spectral
efficiency
Different quality
requirements
Efficient
packet data
Downlink
capacity

21. 21 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
GSM system is TDMA based
f1
f2
f1
f1
f2
f2
f3
f1
f1
f2
f2
f3
f3
f1
f2
f1
f3
f1
M
S
1
M
S
2
M
S
3
M
S
4
BTS
Time
200 kHz
BTS
Typical GSM
Frequency
Usage
Pattern
MS = Mobile Station
Users divide the common
frequency by time slots

22. 22 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
UMTS system is CDMA based
f1 f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
MS1
MS2
MS3
MS4
BS
Time
5 MHz
CDMA
Frequency
Usage
Pattern
MS1
MS2
MS3
MS4
BS
FDD = Frequency-division
duplex
•Uplink and Downlink
operate in separated
frequency bands
TDD = Time-division duplex
•Uplink (UL) and downlink
(DL) use the same
frequency band, which is
time-shared by the UL and
DL
All users share the same
frequency/time domain

23. 23 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA Key Benefits
•Soft Handover
•Call is connected before handoff is completed, reducing the
probability of a dropped call
•Processing Gain
•basic CDMA benefit => the wider is the transmitted bandwidth
compared to the user datarate the less power is needed for the
transmission
•Advanced Radio Resource Management (RRM)
•RRM will control call admission and packet scheduling and all RRM
building blocks are closely related to each other
•Multipath Signal Processing
•Combines power for increased signal integrity => RAKE receiver

24. 24 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
RAKE Receiver
•Multipath signals reflected from obstacles and signals from
different basestations can be combined using RAKE
receiver
•RAKE receiver takes different factors (attenuation, timing)
into account and receiver fingers combine multipath
signals to one signal
X
X
X
a
1
a
2
a
3
X
RAKE receiver
shadowing
distance
attenuation
multipath
Phase adjusting
delay1
delay2
delay3

25. 25 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Coverage & Capacity coupling
•Load factor directly corresponds to the supported traffic per cell
•More traffic means more interference -> cell breathing
•Max. recommended load : 70 %, typically 30-50 %
•50 % load means 3 dB loss in link budget
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Load factor
L
o
s
s

(
d
B
)
BS
CELL BREATHING
higher load
BS
service quality
cell coveragecell capacity
Optimization
and Tailoring

26. 26 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Increased load 800 kbps
 Decreased coverage
Low load 200 kbps
 Large coverage
128 kbps
64 kbps
8 kbps
144 kbps
64 kbps
64 kbps
144 kbps
144 kbps
64 kbps
64 kbps
•Traffic load has
direct effect on
the cell size
•Radio Resource
Management
provides means
to control cell
breathing in
network
optimisation
Cell Breathing in WCDMA

27. 27 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Received signal strength
BS3
Distance from BS1
Threshold
Base station
diversity
BS1
BS2
BS3
BS2
BS1
Handovers in WCDMA
Hard handover: MS handover between different frequencies or between WCDMA
and GSM
Soft handover: MS handover between different base stations
Softer handover: MS handover within one base station but between different
sectors
•Soft handover keeps simultaneous connection to different base stations thus
providing a way to improve call quality during handover.
•Soft handover feature has a direct impact on network capacity and therefore is
a trade-off between quality and capacity. It has also an effect to coverage due
cell breathing.

28. 28 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
With Optimum
Power Control
Without
Power Control
MS1
MS2
MS3
MS4
MS1MS2MS3MS4
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
p
o
w
e
r

a
t

B
S
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
p
o
w
e
r

a
t
B
S
MS1
MS2
MS3
MS4
Power Control in WCDMA
•Fast power control is vital for WCDMA performance. It aims
to control the transmitted power on the same level with
received power. This leads to minimised interference and
small power consumption
•Power is controlled by parameters and needs to be defined
during network optimisation

29. 29 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Effect of Tx & Rx Powers on Interference
Levels
Downlink transmission power =
Interference to the network
Uplink received power =
Interference to own cell users
Uplink transmission power =
Interference to other cells
Since every Tx and Rx power is causing interference to others, PC is
necessary to limit the interference

30. 30 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Frequency
P
o
w
e
r

d
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
W
a
t
t
s
/
H
z
)
Unspread narrowband signal
Spread wideband signal
W
R
Processing gain =
W/R,
typically at least 100
•A narrowband signal is spread to a wideband signal
CDMA radio access technology:
spreading/despreading
WCDMAWCDMA
5 MHz, 1 carrier5 MHz, 1 carrier
TDMA (GSM)TDMA (GSM)
5 MHz, 25 carriers5 MHz, 25 carriers

31. 31 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
•The user signal spreading (modulation) is done with spreading sequences
(codes) having much higher bandwidth than the user signal (processing gain =
W/R, where R = data rate, W = spread bandwidth)
•Codes are unique for each channel
•Transmitting and receiving sides have the same code with the same phase.
The code to be used is determined by the transmitting side and the receiving
side acquires the code from the transmitted signal (code acquisition)
Spreading
Transmitter
RX
spreading
code
generator
Receiver
Despreading
TX
spreading
code
generator
synchronism required
Spread signal
input narrowband
signal
(unspread)
output
signal
(detected)
radio path
Spreading/Despreading

32. 32 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Processing Gain
Voice user (12,2 kbit/s)
Packet data user (384 kbit/s)
P
o
w
e
r

d
e
n
s
it
y

(
W
/
H
z
)
W
R
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
Unspread narrowband
signal
Spread wideband
signal
Processing Gain
G=W/R=25 dB
P
o
w
e
r

d
e
n
s
it
y

(
W
/
H
z
)
W
R
Unspread
"narrowband"
signal
Spread wideband
signal
Processing Gain
G=W/R=10 dB
•Spreading sequences of
different length
•Processing gain dependent on
user data rate
(User data rate) x
(spreading ratio)=
const.=W=3,84 Mcps

33. 33 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Code Channels
Freq. 1
Freq. 1
Code A
C
ode B
C
o
d
e
C
BS1
BS2
Code D
C
o
d
e

E
• Users are separated by codes (code channels), not by
frequency or time
(in some capacity/hierarchical cell structure cases, also
different
carrier frequencies may be used).
• Signals of other users are seen as noise-like interference
• CDMA system is an interference limited system which averages
the
interference (ref. to GSM which is a frequency limited system)

34. 34 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA Codes
•The spreading operation in WCDMA is done in two phases, both in uplink and
downlink.
1The first phase is done by using short codes.
•The length of the short code is one symbol in chip units and the length is thus
varying according to the symbol rate.
•The short codes are called spreading codes.
•in downlink they orthogonalize the transmitted physical channels of one cell.
2The second phase is done by using long codes.
•The length of the long code is 36864 radio frames in uplink and one radio frame in
downlink.
•The long codes are called scrambling codes.
•The scrambling code of the downlink identifies the cell (sector), while in the uplink
it identifies the call.
•The spreading codes and in uplink also the scrambling codes are allocated by the
system and require no actions in radio network planning. Allocating the downlink
scrambling codes of the cells, or actually the scrambling code groups of the cells, can
be part of the planning process.

35. 35 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Long and Short Codes

36. 36 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Tree of Orthogonal Short Codes in
Downlink
•Hierarchical selection of short codes from a "code tree" to maintain orthogonality
•Several long scrambling codes can be used within one sector to avoid shortage of
short codes
C
1
(0) = [ 1 ]
C
2
(0) = [ 1 1 ]
C
2
(1) = [ 1 0 ]
C
4
(0) = [ 1 1 1 1 ]
C
4(1) = [ 1 1 0 0 ]
C
4
(2) = [ 1 0 1 0 ]
C
4
(3) = [ 1 0 0 1 ]
C
8
(0) = [ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ]
C
8(1) = [ 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 ]
. . .
. . .
Spreading factor:

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 8
C
8(2) = [ 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 ]
C
8
(3) = [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1]
. . .
. . .
C
8
(4) = [ 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 ]
C
8
(5) = [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 ]
. . .
. . .
C
8
(6) = [ 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 ]
C
8
(7) = [ 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 ]
. . .
. . .
Example of
code allocation

37. 37 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Physical Layer Bit Rates (Downlink)
• The number of orthogonal channelization codes = Spreading factor
• The maximum throughput with 1 scrambling code ~2.5 Mbps or ~100 full rate
speech users
Half rate speech
Full rate speech
128 kbps
384 kbps
2 Mbps

38. 38 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Contents
•What is new in WCDMA
•WCDMA Air-interface
•Radio Resource Management Overview
•Radio Network Planning Process
•System Dimensioning
•Coverage & Capacity Planning
•Coverage & Capacity Improvement
•Radio Network Optimisation
Process & Tools

39. 39 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Power Control
Power Control
Load Control
Power Control
Handover Control
Admission Control
Load Control
Packet Scheduler
RNCBSMS
Radio Resource Management
•Radio Resource Management (RRM) is responsible for efficient utilization of the air
interface resources
•RRM is needed to maximize the radio performance
•Guarantee Quality of Service (BLER, BER, delay)
•Maintain the planned coverage for each service
•Ensure planned capacity with low blocking
•Optimize the use of capacity
•RRM can be divided into
•Power control
•Handovers
•Admission control
•Load control (Congestion control)
•Packet scheduling
Locations of RRM algorithms

40. 40 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA Radio Resource
Management:
Logical Model
•AC Admission
Control
•LC Load Control
•PS Packet
Scheduler
•RM Resource
Manager
•PCPower Control
•HCHO Control
PC
HC
Connection based functions
LC
AC
Network based functions
PS
RM

41. 41 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Overview of RRM algorithms
•Power control (PC) maintains radio link level quality by
adjusting the uplink and downlink powers.
• The quality requirements are tried to get with minimum transmission powers to
achieve low interference in radio access network. The basic functions of WCDMA
power control are:
• Open loop power control (RACH, FACH)
• Fast closed loop power control (DCH)
• Outer loop power control
•Handover Control (HC) controls the active state mobility
of UE in RAN.
•HC maintains the radio link quality and minimises the radio network interference by
optimum cell selection in handovers. The Handover Control (HC) of the Radio Access
Network (RAN) supports the following handover procedures:
• Intra-frequency soft/softer handover
• Intra-frequency hard handover
• Inter-frequency handover
• Inter-system (GSM) handover

42. 42 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Overview of RRM algorithms
•Admission Control (AC) decides whether a request to
establish a Radio Access Bearer (RAB) is admitted in the
Radio Access Network (RAN) or not.
•Admission control is used to maintain stability and to achieve high traffic capacity
of RAN. The AC algorithm is executed when radio access bearer is setup or the
bearer is modified. The AC measures take place as well with all kind of handovers.
•Load Control (LC) continuously updates the load
information of cells controlled by RNC
•Load Control and provides this information to the AC and PS for radio resource
controlling purposes. In overload situations, the LC performs the recovering
actions by using the functionalities of AC, PS and HC.

43. 43 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Overview of RRM algorithms
•Packet scheduler (PS) schedules radio resources for NRT
radio access bearers both in uplink and downlink direction.
•The traffic load of cell determines the scheduled transmission capacity. The
information of load caused by NRT bearers is determined by PS.
•It can be said that PS controls the NRT load when system is not in overload.
•PS also allocates and changes the bitrates of NRT bearers. PS controls both dedicated
and shared channels.

44. 44 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Contents
•What is new in WCDMA
•WCDMA Air-interface
•Radio Resource Management Overview
•Radio Network Planning Process
•System Dimensioning
•Coverage & Capacity Planning
•Coverage & Capacity Improvement
•Radio Network Optimisation
Process & Tools

45. 45 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Radio Network Planning Process
Coverage
Planning and
Site Selection
Path loss
prediction
Cell isolation
optimisation
System
Dimensioning
DEFINITION PLANNING and IMPLEMENTATION
Traffic distribution
Pilot Power
Soft handover
Blocking objectives
Network
Optimisation
O & M
Survey
measurements
Statistical
performance
analysis
Capacity
Optimisation
Requirements
and strategy
for coverage,
quality and
capacity,
per service
Coverage
optimisation
Coverage
Planning and
Site Selection
Path loss
prediction
Cell isolation
optimisation
System
Dimensioning
DEFINITION PLANNING and IMPLEMENTATION
Traffic distribution
Pilot Power
Soft handover
Blocking objectives
Network
Optimisation
O & M
Survey
measurements
Statistical
performance
analysis
Capacity
Optimisation
Requirements
and strategy
for coverage,
quality and
capacity,
per service
Coverage
optimisation

46. 46 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Contents
•What is new in WCDMA
•WCDMA Air-interface
•Radio Resource Management Overview
•Radio Network Planning Process
•System Dimensioning
•Coverage & Capacity Planning
•Coverage & Capacity Improvement
•Radio Network Optimisation
Process & Tools

47. 47 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
System Dimensioning
•Dimensioning is a very
rough first estimate for
Network Elements :
•number of required RAN
(BS+RNC)
•number of required IP core
Network elements: SGSN,
GGSN, MSC etc.
 Evolution steps for
future expansion.
•Input Info
•Operator specific input info
•Regulator specific input
info
•Manufacturer specific input
info
RAN part Core part
Nokia
3G
SGSN
G
n
I
u
G
I
Nokia
RNC
Nokia
3G
BTS
I
ub
Nokia MSC PSTN
Internet
I
u
I
u
Nokia
3G
GGSN
Nokia
RNC
I
ur
Nokia
3G
BTS

48. 48 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
•Information possibly specified by the operator:
•Traffic forecast
•may be total network traffic or traffic per subscriber
•may specify service type
•may specify user characteristics e.g. speed
•Population coverage requirement
•may specify areas of population to be
•covered in each phase of roll-out
•Location probability requirement
•may specify system area
•availability indoor/outdoor
•Reuse of existing sites
•difficult to identify new sites
Operator Specified Input Information
Consideration must be
given to each area type
Data Sample
Population coverage:
Voice: from 15% in 2002 to 98% in 2007
LCD64: from 10% in 2002 to 98% in 2007
LCD144: from 10% in 2002 to 98% in 2007
Environments:
Pedestrian, Indoor, In car
Loading: 60% Urban, 30% sub-urban/rural

49. 49 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Traffic Forecast
•Until the first WCDMA networks generate actual traffic
distributions forecasts are based on existing mobile traffic
distribution and estimations.
•Actual data traffic depends on
•End user needs and behaviour
•Service availability
•Availability and features of terminals
•Network functionality
•Service pricing
•Good traffic forecast is of importance throughout network
planning and optimisation.
•Dimensioning calls for accurate traffic forecast
•Deviations in forecast inaccuracy must be taken into account in capacity planning (planning
margins)
•Optimisation improves the network performance and evens out the traffic between base
stations. However, if traffic is clearly higher than estimated it cannot be corrected through
optimisation

50. 50 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Contents
•What is new in WCDMA
•WCDMA Air-interface
•Radio Resource Management Overview
•Radio Network Planning Process
•System Dimensioning
•Coverage & Capacity Planning
•Coverage & Capacity Improvement
•Radio Network Optimisation
Process & Tools

51. 51 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
b
Link Budget Comparison 2G - 3G
GSM900 /
speech
GSM1800 /
speech
WCDMA /
speech
WCDMA /
64 kbps
WCDMA /
128 kbps
WCDMA /
384 kbps
Mobile transmission power 33 dBm30 dBm21 dBm21 dBm21 dBm21 dBm
Receiver sensitivity (incl Rx diversity)-110 dBm-110 dBm-126 dBm-121 dBm-118 dBm-115 dBm
Interference Margin 2G/ load 3G1.0 dB0.0 dB2.0 dB2.0 dB2.0 dB2.0 dB
Fast fading margin (incl. SHO gain 3G) 2.0 dB2.0 dB2.0 dB2.0 dB2.0 dB2.0 dB
Base station antenna gain 16.0 dBi18.0 dBi18.0 dBi18.0 dBi18.0 dBi18.0 dBi
Body loss for speech terminal 3.0 dB3.0 dB3.0 dB - - -
Mobile antenna gain 0.0 dBi0.0 dBi0.0 dBi0.0 dBi0.0 dBi0.0 dBi
Relative gain from lower frequency
compared to UMTS frequency
10.0 dB1.0 dB - - - -
Maximum path loss 163.0 dB154.0 dB158.0 dB156.0 dB153.0 dB150.0 dB

52. 52 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Uplink Coverage of Different Bit Rates
Suburban area with 95% outdoor location probability
Continuous high bit rate
coverage in uplink is challenging
 Coverage solutions are important

53. 53 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Relation of Uplink and Downlink Load
•Downlink load is
always higher than
uplink load due to:
•asymmetry in user traffic
•different Eb/No values in
uplink and downlink
•orthogonality in
downlink
•overhead due to soft-
handover
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50
UL Load [%]
D
L

L
o
a
d

[
%
]
Increasing
asymmetry

54. 54 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Typical Pathlosses for different Bearer
Services
Low Data Scenario
140,00
145,00
150,00
155,00
160,00
165,00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
UL Load
P
a
t
h
l
o
s
s

[
d
B
]
Speech 12,2k UL Pathloss
RT Data 14k UL Pathloss
RT Data 64k UL Pathloss
NRT Data 144k UL Pathloss
NRT Data 384k UL Pathloss
DL Pathloss
Low Asymmetry Scenario
b
e
t
t
e
r
c
o
v
e
r
a
g
e
Capacity is
downlink limited
Coverage is
uplink limited

55. 55 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
Load [kbps]
Max. path loss [dB]
WCDMA uplink (with Rx div)
64 kbit/s Coverage / Capacity in
Macrocells
DL loadDL load
curvecurve
UL load
curve
120011001000900800700600500400300200100
WCDMA downlink 20W

56. 56 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
64 kbit/s Coverage / Capacity in
Macrocells
Limit is DLLimit is DL
capacitycapacity
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
Load [kbps]
Max. path loss [dB]
WCDMA uplink
120011001000900800700600500400300200100
WCDMA downlink 20W
Limit is UL
coverage

57. 57 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Typical Capacity of WCDMA
- 1x3 configuration, 50% uplink load
Voice
traffic
Data Traffic
Soft Capacity
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

p
e
r

c
e
l
l

p
e
r

c
a
r
r
i
e
r
More DataMore Voice
800kbps Air Interface (L1) rate50 Erlang
Not Real Time (NRT) Packet switched
• greater efficiency
• greater total capacity
Real Time (RT) circuit switched
• low predictable delay
• lower total capacity

58. 58 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Capacity in Macro vs. Micro
Environments
•Packet data throughput, calculated with CDMA capacity
formulas
Assumptions
Results
•Downlink capacity is more sensitive to the environment because of
orthogonal codes (other cell interference affects more downlink)
•Micro cells provide a higher capacity due to less multipath
Micro cell:
higher orthogonality
Micro: higher
isolation between cells
These figures without
transmit diversity

59. 59 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Contents
•What is new in WCDMA
•WCDMA Air-interface
•Radio Resource Management Overview
•Radio Network Planning Process
•System Dimensioning
•Coverage & Capacity Planning
•Coverage & Capacity Improvement
•Radio Network Optimisation
Process & Tools

60. 60 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Coverage Improvement Alternatives
•6 sectored site
•utilizing narrowbeam antennas
•~ 2 dB better antenna gain than in 3 sectored site
•Nokia Smart Radio Concept, SRC
•4-branch uplink diversity
•Mast head amplifier
•basic solution for optimized uplink performance
•compensates feeder cable loss
•supported by Nokia's base stations
•can be used together with Smart Radio Concept

61. 61 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Capacity Improvement Alternatives
•6 sectored site
•~ 80% capacity gain compared to 3 sectors
(not 100% due to inter-sector interference)
•More carriers (frequencies) per
sector
•doubling the amount of carriers with power
splitting gives roughly 60% more capacity
•Smart Radio Concept
•transmit diversity

62. 62 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Received signal power
Smart Radio Concept
Uplink coverage
•4-branch diversity reception per sector
•Maximal ratio baseband combining of 4 uplink
signals forms a beam
Combined
received
signal
WCDMA
Transceiver
RX + TX
RX
RX
RX
+ TX
Downlink capacity upgrade
•Upgrade transmit diversity when needed
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
dB
Seconds, 3km/h
SRC
Rx diversity

63. 63 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
145
150
155
160
165
170
1002003004005006007008009001000110012001300
Load per sector [kbps]
Max. allowed
path loss [dB]
144 kbps Coverage / Capacity in Macro
Cells
Better
coverage
Downlink
load curve
Uplink load
curve with
RX diversity
for 144 kbps
Capacity is
downlink limited
Coverage is
uplink limited

64. 64 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia Smart Radio Concept
Phase 1: Increase Uplink Coverage
145
150
155
160
165
170
1002003004005006007008009001000110012001300
Load per sector [kbps]
Max. allowed
path loss [dB]
Uplink
load curve
with SRC
Uplink load
curve
without
SRC
2.5-3.0 dB
coverage
improvement
with SRC

65. 65 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia Smart Radio Concept
Phase 2: Increase Downlink Capacity
145
150
155
160
165
170
1002003004005006007008009001000110012001300
Load per sector [kbps]
Max. allowed
path loss [dB]
Downlink 20W
no diversity
Downlink with TX
diversity, 20W per branch
70%
increase in
capacity

66. 66 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Sites / km
2
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
3-sector (rx div)3-sector (SRC)
Coverage : 30 % less sites with SRC
2.5 - 3.0 dB gain
corresponds to 30%
less sites with SRC

67. 67 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Capacity Upgrade with Smart Radio
Concept•No changes to antennas or antenna cables
•All these capacity upgrades within one Ultrasite cabinet
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Speech Erlang per site
20W 2x10W + 2x10W
Downlink power per sector
Add tx diversity +
take 2
nd
frequency
into use
Cost / Erlang is
decreasing with
capacity upgrades

68. 68 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Contents
•What is new in WCDMA
•WCDMA Air-interface
•Radio Resource Management Overview
•Radio Network Planning Process
•System Dimensioning
•Coverage & Capacity Planning
•Coverage & Capacity Improvement
•Radio Network Optimisation
Process & Tools

69. 69 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Network Optimisation criteria
•Coverage criteria
•Coverage for different data rate services
•Pilot channel coverage
•Soft handover areas and probabilities
•Maximum loading based on traffic forecasts and defined margins
•Quality of Service criteria (Key Performance Indicators)
•Cell total data throughput
•End user data throughput (application throughput)
•Delays
•Call setup success rates for different services
•Call drop rates
•Handover performance
How to
Measure?
What
Tools?

70. 70 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Key Performance Indicators, KPI
•KPIs are a set of selected indicators which are used for
measuring the current network performance and trends.
•KPIs highlight the key factors of network monitoring and
warn in time of potential problems. KPIs are also used to
prioritise the corrective actions.
•KPIs can be defined for circuit switched and packet switched
traffic separately and be measured by field measurement
systems and Nokia NetAct
TM
network management system.
•An example set of KPIs
•RRC Setup Complete Ratio
•RAB Setup Complete Ratio
•RAB Active Complete Ratio
•Call Setup Success Ratio
•Call Drop Rate
•Softer/Soft Handover Fail Ratio

71. 71 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Optimisation - required performance
•Examples of performance metrics
•Area of service availability or coverage performance
•Average FER
•Access failures including paging and SMS
•MOC/MOT Failures
•Dropped call performance
•Handover percentage
•Ec/Io performance
•UMTS Bearer Service Attributes
•Maximum bitrate (kbps)
•Residual bit error ratio
•Transfer Delay
•Guaranteed bitrate (kbps)

72. 72 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Cluster Optimisation and Acceptance
•Cluster optimisation is typical for networks with CDMA technology. As the frequency
is the same optimisation should be conducted simultaneously for the whole cluster.
Optimisation site by site will not produce the best results.
•Cluster should be selected by geographical terms. Geographically isolated clusters
(e.g. separated by a hill) will not cause excessive interference between each other.
•In practice the roll-out plan will affect how the clusters are initially selected
•Cluster acceptance process is started
after all sites of the cluster have
achieved site acceptance
•Missing a site means
•non-performance in the area
•exclusion zones in acceptance
•Adding a site later means
•Neighbouring sites affected
•Next neighbouring sites also affected
•Re-optimisation in the area necessary • Missing site
• Neighbouring sites
• Next neighbouring sites

73. 73 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia NetAct™ Framework and
Optimisation
Important in
network
optimisation

74. 74 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Nokia NetAct Planner and
Optimisation
Integrated
Data &
Environment
Microwave Link
Planning
Link
Site Acquisition &
Project Tracking
Rollout
Field Measurement
Analysis
Quality
WCDMA
& Totem
Vantage
3G Radio Network
Planning
Radio
2G Radio Network
Planning
Transmission Network
Planning
Transmission
Important in
Optimisation
Impact on planning

75. 75 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA RAN Optimisation
Network Management
• Nokia NetAct
TM
for 3G
• Field Tool Server
RAN Optimisation
• pre-defined procedures
• semi / full automated
configuration
S t a r t
W in d o w A d d
C h an g e 1 s t e p s iz e
W i n d r o w D r o p
C h a n g e 1 s t e p s iz e
C o m p T h r e s h o l d
C h a n g e 1 s t e p s iz e
D r o p T im e r
Ch a n g e 1 s te p s i z e
N M S : C o ll ec t
ne tw o r k
p e r fo rm a n c e d a ta
E v a lu at e K P I
' H O O ve r h e ad '.
OK ?
E v a l u at e a l l
ne tw o r k K P I s .
OK ?
Ye s
G o to r el ev a n t
op ti m i s ati o n
fl o w - c h a r t
No
E n d
Ye s
N o
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
KPIs, counters
air-interface
Field Tool
WCDMA RAN
KPIs,
measurements
Configuration

76. 76 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA Field Tool
Phase 1
Phase 2
Data Logging Tool
Post Processing Tool
Field Tool Server
• map data
• network configuration
information
•Measurement data with
location and timestamp
•Measurement data with
location and timestamp
•File & remote IP based
interface
• connection to NMS
• Map data
• Network configuration
information

77. 77 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Data Logging Tool
Terminal
I/F
GPS
I/F
real-time
map
display
• measurement data:
setup info, L1 meas.,
L2/L3 signaling msg.,
etc.
• “terminal setup”
Remote
I/F
• measurement data with
timestamp & location
• test call generation
• “terminal setup”
• network conf. info
• location & time
information
File
I/F
• map data, network
configuration
• measurement data
with location and time

78. 78 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Optimisation based on statistics
•Optimisation is mainly based on Nokia NetAct reports
•Field measurements are used to get additional information from the pinpointed
problem spots
•Useful for optimisation
•To locate the problem spots geographically and by network elements
•To prioritise actions needed with the help of KPIs
•To identify reasons for non-performance by giving information on various statistical
indicators and network history
•Basis for area-wide performance improvement
•Area wide parameter tuning based on long-term statistics and trends
•Alarms of future problems in fast-growing traffic areas
•Prior notice to be able to react in time and to be prepared for network expansions

79. 79 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
NetAct Statistics
•Online Monitoring with NetAct
Monitor
•For instance network alarms
•Collecting, displaying and
storing service quality
information with NetAct Service
Quality Manager
•Key Performance Indicators etc.
•Customised reporting with
NetAct Reporter
•Regular performance reviews