3G to 5G Network Architecture and issues.pptx

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1. 3G to 5G System: Protocols and Network Architecture Prepared and Presented by Dr Mrs Upena Dalal Professor, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat

2. Three major categories of the networks exists in Wireless networks in general Infrastructure based-- Cellular Adhoc —(may be with cellular support) Broadcast While studying any system, its Electronics aspects and Software aspects are to be considered separately. Electronics part forms the basis for physical and data link layers, rest are the higher layers

3. GPRS Architecture Works over GSM infrastructure with same 200 kHz BW per channel SGSN=Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN=Gateway GPRS Support Node

4. of 3G UMTS

5. 3G UMTS Architecture

6. 3G UMTS Channels

7. 3G UMTS Protocol Stack

8. Major Development in Infrastructure based Cellular networks till 2010

9. Development of Mobile IP—IPv4 to IPv6

10. Macrocell Environment 14

11. Heterogeneous network 15

12. Long Term Evolution IMT-advanced technologies including LTE, LTE- Advanced LTE, LTE Advanced and Wireless MAN-Advanced, were designed to enable high speed Internet/Broadband at anytime, anywhere. These systems facilitated higher bandwidth, higher data rate and support higher level of user-level customization . As per ITU for IMT-Advanced technologies, the targeted peak data rates of LTE-A are up to 100 Mbit/s for high mobility and up to 1 Gbit/s for low mobility scenario. Scalable bandwidths up to at least 40 MHz should be provided The term International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) is the generic term used by the ITU community to designate  broadband mobile systems (3G/4G/5G etc ) . It encompasses IMT-2000, IMT- Advanced and IMT-2020 collectively.

13. LTE and WiMax technologies are available since 2009/2006 Current versions are called ‘LTE-Advanced’ and WirelessMAN Advanced respectively. Qualifies IMT-advanced technologies make use of same key technologies: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDMA) Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) and System Architecture Evolution (SAE) LTE Capabilities:- Scalable bandwidth up to 20 MHz, covering 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MHz Up/Downlink peak data rates up to 86.4/326 Mbps with 20 MHz bandwidth Operation in both TDD and FDD modes Reduced latency, up to 10 ms round-trip times between user equipment and the base station, and upto less than 100 ms transition times from inactive to active

14. LTE Specifications

15. LTE-A Features:- Compatibility of services Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbit/s for high and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility). Spectrum efficiency: 3 times greater than LTE. Peak spectrum efficiency: downlink – 30 bps/Hz; uplink – 6.75 bps/Hz. Spectrum use: the ability to support scalable bandwidth use and spectrum/carrier aggregation where non-contiguous spectrum needs to be used.

16. Comparison of various IMT technologies

17. Solution to Increasing urbanization : by 2050 more than 85% of the developed world’s population will live in a comparatively small number of ever-growing cities. Within such cities, reliable high-rate wireless communication will be required for (quasi-) static users, people moving in public and private transportation networks. Low latency communication will be required to operate robots wirelessly and to have instantaneous controls Wireless connectivity everywhere : Intelligent Mobility where each connected transportation vehicle (car, train, bus, ship, aircraft, motorcycle, bicycle) is expected to be a smart object equipped with a powerful multi-sensor platform, Intelligent communication capability, Smart computing units Internet protocol (IP)-based connectivity, such as to be highly efficient in various vehicular and transportation applications. A more pervasive and ubiquitous communications/computing and networking core : not restricting the existing research on 5G, but also enabled by future mobile wireless communications which employ new concepts, such as data analytics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, cloud-computing, etc. Vision-5G and beyond

18. Various Issues to address now Understanding 5G and new protocol developments beyond 5G Heterogeneous networks and distributed antenna systems—planning using AI and other methods mmWave , sub- millimeter wave, and THz communications enabling intelligent mobility MIMO and Massive MIMO for intelligent transportation systems Propagation and channel measurement and advance channel modeling for connected cars, trains, ships, and aircrafts, especially at new frequency bands Integrated space-air-vehicle-ground networks including UAVs Integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning into new wireless systems solutions and applications for intelligent mobility Data analytics for intelligent transportation systems Cloud- and edge based high-performance computing techniques for mobile networks real time solutions. Radio/wireless technologies for high mobility transportation systems-automated and connected vehicles Physical layer techniques for connected vehicles, public transportation control and signalling Novel physical layer waveforms and modulation schemes

19. Heterogeneous Architecture-LTE onwards

20. Present Requirements in 5G in General

21. 5G VISION –User Centric 5G Terminologies are available on Slideshare

22. Enhancing Mobile Broadband Extreme throughput multi-gigabits per second Ultra-low latency down to 1ms e2e latency Uniform experience with much more capacity

23. Mission-Critical Control Services High reliability Extremely low loss rate Ultra-low latency Down to 1ms e2e latency High availability Multiple links for failure tolerance & mobility

24. Massive Internet of Things Power efficient Multi-year battery life Low complexity Low device and network cost Long range Deep coverage

25. 5G Design for All Spectrum Types/Bands

26. Heterogeneous Architecture of 5G

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28. SAE - System Architecture Evolution and uses eNB and Access Gateway, removes RNC and SGSN MME-Mobility Management Entity ePDG -Evolved Packet data Gateway OVS-Open Virtual switch

29. DATA TRANSFER ARCHITECHTURE OF 5G Utilizes internet & central remote servers to maintain data and applications of users

30. Flat IP Architecture This is a generic architecture. 5G uses Flat IP concept so that different RANs can use the same single Nanocore for communication. RANs supported by 5G architecture are GSM, GPRS/EDGE, UMTS, LTE, LTE-Advanced, WiMAX, WiFi , CDMA2000, EVDO, CDMAOne , IS-95 etc. Flat IP architecture identify devices using symbolic names unlike hierarchical architecture Nanocore is the heart of the system. It consists of All IP Architecture, cloud computing and nanotechnology.

31. Functional Architecture of 5G Control System Protocol Layout Control System: User Terminal Network Abstraction Functions IP Tunnels Routing of Packets based on defined policies Policy router Routing Rules Shared Virtual Network Layer

32. Protocol Architecture of 5G In Comparison With OSI Model Comparison of 5G with OSI model

33. Protocol Architecture of 5G Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) Physical Layer + Data Link Layer =OWA Network Layer Lower network layer (for each interface) Upper network layer (for the mobile terminal) Network Layer of 5G

34. Protocol Architecture of 5G Open Transport Protocol (OTP) Transport layer + Session layer = OTP Wireless network differs from wired network regarding the transport layer. In wireless, the loss is due to higher bit error ratio in the radio interface. Application Layer (Service Layer) Presentation layer + Application layer = Application layer Possibility for service quality testing & storage of measurement Information. Select the best wireless connection for given services. QoS parameters: Delay, losses, BW, reliability stored in DB (Database) of 5G mobile.

35. Challenging Adhoc Network is aVANET

36. S O FT W AR E - D E F I N E D NETWORKING(SDN) A New Approach to Networking

37. 3 Introduction Software Defined Networking (SDN) is an evolutionary approach to network design and functionality based on the ability to programmatically modify the behavior of network devices. SDN uses user-customizable and configurable software that’s independent of hardware to expand data flow control. It will make networks more flexible, dynamic, and cost- efficient, while greatly simplifying operational complexity.

38. 4 The Need for a New Network Architecture Changing Traffic Pattern The Rise of Cloud Services Consumerization of IT “Big data” means more bandwidth Percentage of network traffic

39. D a ta For w arding plane:  Packet streaming Control plane: Routing algorithms 5 Management plane: Configure basic activities Traditional Computer Networks —It worked well earlier Data flow is controlled by switches and routers and contains the following basic elements:

40. 7 1 2 Limitations of Current Networking Technologies Complexity that leads to Static Nature Inconsistent Policies Inability to Scale Vendor Dependence 3 4

41. 8 Software Defined Networking (SDN) is an emerging network architecture where network control plane is decoupled from data forwarding plane and is directly programmable . Lead by Open Networking Foundation(ONF) SDN-enabled control plane allows the underlying infrastructure to be abstracted Network appears to the applications as a single, logical switch entity SDN==Logical Switch

42. SDN Architecture 9 OpenFlow Switches SDN Control Software Business Appl Business Appl Business Appl Northbound API Southbound API(eg. OpenFlow) INFRA S T RU C T U RE LAYER C ON T R OL LAYER APPLIC A T I ON LAYER

43. In the SDN architecture, the control and data planes are decoupled, network intelligence and state centralized, and the underlying network infrastructure is abstracted from the applications.

44. SDN Layers Infrastructure layer: it is the foundation layer consists of both physical and virtual network devices such as switches and routers. All the network devices will implement OpenFlow protocol to implement traffic forwarding rules. Control layer: This layer consists of a centralized control plane that is decoupled from the physical infrastructure to provide centralized global view to entire network. The layer will use OpenFlow protocol to communicate with below layer i.e. infrastructure layer. A p p l ic a tion l a yer: it co n si s ts of n e twork serv i ces, application and orchestration tools that are used to interact with control layer. It provide an open interface to communicate with other layers in the architecture.

45. 10 API Specifies how software components should interact each other. API’s makes it possible to implement basic network functions like path computation, loop avoidance, routing, security and many other tasks. Southbound API Northbound API Allows controller to define the behaviour of switches at the bottom of the architecture Provides a network abstraction interface to the applications and management systems at the top of the architecture

46. SDN Controller The controller is the core of an SDN network. By running the control plane as software, the controller facilitates automated network management and makes it easier to integrate and administer applications. SDN controllers uses protocols such as OpenFlow to configure network devices It manages flow control to enable intelligent networking. 11

47. OpenFlow is a protocol that is used to define the communication interface between the control and forwarding layers. It provides direct access to and manipulation of the forwarding plane of network devices. Uses the concept of flows to identify network traffic. App r oach

48. 13 Open Flow -enabled Switch Controller Secure Channel Group Table Flow Table Flow Table OpenFlow protocol Components: Flow table & Group table Perform packet lookups and forwarding OpenFlow channel Interface that connects a switch to a controller Two types OpenFlow-hybrid Ope n Flo w - o n ly P i pel i n e OpenFlow switch Pipeline process: Maintains sending of packets between flow tables by matching flow entries.

49. 14 Open Flow Ports Logically connects each OpenFlow switch Types of ports: standard logical reser v ed Open Flow Packet header Version Type Length of Msg Transaction id 7 1 5 3 1 63 Flow Table

50. 15 Inside Open Flow Packet arrives at switch Header fields compared to flow table entries Forwarded to specified port D r opp ed OR Encapsulates packets and sends to controller Controller decides D r o p s Make new entry in flow table OR Match Found Match Not Found

51. 16 Message Types Controller-to-switch messages Modify-state Read-state Packet-out/in Barrier Role-Request Asynchronous messages Packet-in Flow-removed Port-status Symmetric messages Hello message Echo request/reply

52. Benefits of OpenFlow Approach 17 Centralized Control Reduced Complexity through Automation Higher rate of Innovation Increased Network Reliability and Security

53. 19 Few vendors who have produced OpenFlow enabled network switches Few OpenFlow based SDN Controllers Programmed in C++/Python on Linux framework Java based controller Focuses on achieving better performance using multithreading MX series IBM Rack Switch

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