4_57716425ggggggggggggggg16256328703.ppt

n

1. Basic Nutrition
Minerals
Lecture 11
Dr. Fouad A Hassan

2. 2
Mineralsareinorganicelementsthathaveaphysiological
functionwithinthebody.
Themajormineralsincludecalcium,phosphorus,
magnesium,sodium,potassium,chlorideandsulphur;they
arecalledmajorbecauseeitherweneedthemmorethan
100mginthedailydiet,orbecausetheyarepresentin
amountsgreaterthan0.01%ofbodyweight.
Thetraceelementsaremineralsrequiredbythebodyinan
amountoflessthan100mgperday,orarepresentin
amountlessthan0.01%ofbodyweight.Theyincludeiron,
zinc,copper,manganese,selenium,iodine,chromium,
fluoride,andmolybdenum
Minerals

3. 3
Importance of Minerals
Integralpartofbonestructure(Ca,P,Mg).
Playveryspecificrolesofbio&chemicalfunctions
(Fe>>>>HB,I>>>>thyroidgland,Co>>>>B12,S>>>B1).
Regulatetheamountofwaterinthebody(Na,K,Cl).
Serveascofactorsrequiredforenzymeactivity(Ca,Mg)
Manymineralshavephysicalfunctions,suchas
osmosis,base-acidbalance.

4. 4
Mineralsarefoundinplantandanimalsources.
Forsomeminerals,theamountpresentinfoodsis
predictablebecausethemineralsareregulated
componentsoftheplantoranimal,suchasiron.
Foodprocessingandrefiningaffectthemineralcontent
offoods.Fe,Se,Zn,andCuarelostwhenwheatis
refinedtomakewhiteflour;Feisaddedwhenwhite
flourisenriched.
Minerals Sources

5. 5
How Much Do You Need?
Theamountofeachmineralthatneedstobeconsumedto
promotehealthdependsontheperson’sage,gender,
andlifestage.
Recommendationsformineralintakehavebeenmadeby
theDRIsthatmusttakeintoaccountthemineral’s
bioavailability.
Bioavailabilityisameasureofhowmuchofthemineralis
availabletothebodyafterthefoodiseaten.Itmaybe
increasedordecreasedbyconstituentsofthedietand
conditionsinthebody.
Forexample,iron===orange juice;Zn===Cu,
calciumisbetterabsorbedduringpregnancy.

6. 6
Recommended Mineral
Intakes
RDIs

7. 7
The Electrolytes:
Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride
Electrolytesarenegativelyandpositivelychargedions
thatconductelectricitywhendissolvedinwater.
Chemically,manymineralsareelectrolytes,buttheterm
electrolyteisgenerallyusedtorefertosodium,potassium,
andchloride,theprincipalelectrolytesthatarefoundin
bodyfluids.

8. 8
Some Important
Minerals

9. 9
Calcium
Calciumisneededforthedevelopmentandmaintenanceof
stronghealthybones.
Deficiencysymptoms:
Ifcalciumintakeislowinchildhood,andadulthood,the
resultmaybeanincreaseinbonefractureslaterinlife.
Itresultsinweakenedbonesthataresusceptibletofractures.
Thisconditionisknownasosteoporosis.
Osteoporosisismorecommoninthin,light-weightpeople
becausetheyhavelowerbonemassthanbigger,heavier
people.

10. 10
Calcium Deficiency
Afact,Ifthepeakbonemassachievedinyoung
adulthoodishighenough,boneswillremainstrong
intooldage,despitethenormallossofbonethat
occurslaterinlife.
GoodSourcesinclude,milk,cheese,andyogurt.
Othergoodsourcesincludelegumes,leafygreen
vegetables,andfishthatareconsumedwiththebones,
suchassardines.

11. 11
AdequatevitaminDisimportantforcalciumabsorption.
Althoughsomecalciumcanbeabsorbedintheabsence
ofvitaminD.
Otherdietaryfactorsalsoaffectcalciumabsorptionsuch
assugarlactose,fiber,phytates,Chocolate
Toomuchcalciummaycausekidneystonesin
susceptibleindividuals,andmayinterferewiththe
absorptionofotherminerals.
Sources

12. 12
Phosphorus
Phosphorusisanimportantstructuralcomponentof
bones.
Phosphorusdeficiencycanaffectbonehealth,butitis
rarebecausethismineralissowidelydistributedin
foods.
Good sourcesinclude dairy products, meats, fish,
cereals, eggs, and nuts.

13. 13
Magnesium
Itislessplentifulinbonethancalciumandphosphorus
butisstillessentialforthemaintenanceofbone
structure
Magnesiumdeficiencyisrare,butitmayoccurwith
thesymptomsincludenausea,muscleweakness,
irritability,mentalderangement,andchangesinblood
pressureandheartbeat.
Sources,leafygreenvegetables,wholegrains,nuts,and
seedsaregoodsources.

14. 14
Sulphur
Sulphurisacomponentofmanyessentialsubstancesin
thebodysuchasthiamin,biotin,glutathione,methionine
andcysteine.
Thereisnorecommendedintakeforsulphur,andno
deficienciesareknownsolongasproteinneedsaremet.
Sources,sulphurinthedietcomesfromthesulfur-
containingaminoacidsinproteins,somesulphurcontaining
vitamins.

15. 15
Iron
Ironisneededtodeliveroxygentobodycells.Mostofthe
ironinthebodyispartofhemoglobin.Ironisalsoa
componentofthemuscleproteinmyoglobin.
Symptoms ofirondeficiencyanemiaincludefatigue,
weakness,headache,decreasedworkcapacity,aninabilityto
maintainbodytemperatureinacoldenvironment,changesin
behaviour,decreasedresistancetoinfection,impaired
developmentininfants,andanincreasedriskoflead
poisoninginyoungchildren.

16. 16
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Healthyred
blood cells (left)
are richin
hemoglobin.
Anemicred
blood cells are
smalland pale
(right).

17. 17
Animalsourcesofhemeironisplentifulinmeat,
poultry,andfishandisabsorbedmorethantwiceas
efficientlyasnon-hemeiron.
Plantsourcesofnon-hemeironincludeleafygreen
vegetables,legumes,andwholeandenrichedgrains.
Iron Sources

18. 18
Copper
Copperisneededforthefunctionofanumberofproteins
andenzymesthatareinvolvedinlipidmetabolism,
maintenanceofheartmuscle,andfunctionoftheimmune
system.
Copperdeficiencyhasbeendocumentedinpremature
infants.Ifthereisnotenoughcopper,ironcannotbe
transportedtotissues.Cupperdeficiencyalongwithironcan
causeSkeletalabnormalities,impairedgrowth,degeneration
oftheheartmuscle,degenerationofthenervoussystem,and
changesinhaircolorandstructure.
Dietary sources of copper include organ meats, seafood,
nuts and seeds, whole grains, and chocolate.

19. 19
Zinc
Zincisinvolvedinthefunctioningofmanyenzymes
thathelpprotectcellsfromfreeradicaldamage.
Sourcesinclude red meat, liver, eggs, dairy products,
whole grains, vegetables, and some seafood.
Deficiencysymptomsincludepoorgrowth,skin
rashes,impairedreproduction,decreasedimmune
function,andincreasedincidenceofinfections.

20. 20
Manganese
Mnisimportantforsomeenzymesthatareinvolvedin
aminoacid,carbohydrate.
Thebestdietarysourcesofmanganesearewholegrains,
legumes,nuts,andtea.Manganeseabsorptionincreases
whenintakeislowanddecreaseswhenintakeishigh.
Manganese deficiencyhas never been reported in humans.

21. 21
Itisanessentialpartoftheenzymeglutathione
peroxidase,whichhelpsneutralizecompoundscalled
peroxidesandpreventfromoxidativedamage.
Dietarysourcesofseleniumincludeseafood,kidney,liver,
andeggs.
Sedeficiencycausesmusclediscomfortandweakness.
Selenium

22. 22
Iodine
Iodinedeficiencycauseagoiter,anenlargedthyroidgland.
Inchildrenandadolescents,iodinedeficiencyimpairs
mentalfunctionandreducesintellectualcapacity.
Inpregnantwomen,thisdeficiencyincreasestheriskof
spontaneousabortion.
Iodinenaturaldietarysourcesincludefish,seafood,
seaweed,andplantsgrownclosetotheseawherethe
iodinecontentofthesoilishigh.Inaddition,iodizedsalt
isasupplementedsource.
Iodineisneededfortheproductionofthyroidhormones.

23. 23
A goiter

24. 24
Fluoride
Fluorideconsumedinthediethelpspreventtoothdecay.
Fluoridecontainedinthesalivapreventscavitiesby
reducingtheamountofacidproducedbybacteria,inhibiting
theacidfromdissolvingtoothenamel,andincreasing
enamelre-mineralization
Enough, But Not Too Much,
Excessintakesoffluoridecancausemottledteethin
childrenandextremelyhighdosescanbedeadly.Studies
helpedtoestablishlevelsofwaterfluoridationthataresafe
buteffectiveforpreventingtoothdecay.

25. 25
Dental Fluorosis (Mottled teeth)