4 air purification

hygiene

1. 104/21/16

2. 204/21/16

3. AIR PURIFICATION
304/21/16

4. INTRODUCTION:
Ensuring air quality is a daunting
task, particularly in rapidly
developing areas, where growing
manufacturing and mining output,
rising urban populations and the
construction of numerous new
power plants and waste
incinerators take a toll.
404/21/16

5. INTRODUCTION(cont)
The occurrence of airborne
infectious agents, such as severe
acute respiratory syndrome
(SARS) provide a fresh warning
that these pandemic threats
continue to flourish.
504/21/16

6. INTRODUCTION(cont)
Filtration technologies,
which eliminate the
airborne spread of
infectious agents, are an
area of significant interest
for public safety.
604/21/16

7. INTRODUCTION(cont)
They are frequently being
implemented in homes, businesses,
communities and transportation
systems to reduce the health risks
associated with naturally occurring,
as well as man-made chemical
pollutants that originate with a
range of consumer products.
704/21/16

8. Objectives:
At the end of this course the
students should be able to:-
1.Define air purification.
2.Mention five major agents,
which are responsible for air
purification.
804/21/16

9. Objectives(cont)
3.Explain how five major agents
can purify air.
4.Describe air purification in
sterile product manufacturing
room under the following sub-
heading:-
Laminar air flow
Radiation04/21/16 9

10. Definition:
Air purification is a process
of cleansing the air from
impurities and
microorganisms.
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11. Agents purifying
the Air
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12. :
Rain:
As it falls, washes air free from many
of the suspended impurities. It
carries airborne particulates to the
ground. It also removes much of the
chemical impurities that may be
present, including gases such as
oxides of sulphur, oxides of Nitrogen,
etc which dissolve in water.
1204/21/16

13. 2.Wind
Tends to produce uniformity of
composition, and diffuse of air
produce a similar results.
Dilutes and sweeps away the
impurities and get replaced
by pure air
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14. 3.Plants
Plants, as has already
been explained, remove
co
2
from the air during the
day
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15. 4. Oxygen and Ozone:
Ozone (O3,), or trioxide, is a
triatomic molecule, consisting
of three oxygen atoms. It is an
allotrope of oxygen that is much
less stable than the diatomic
allotrope (O2).

16. 4. Oxygen and Ozone(cont)
 Ozone in the lower atmosphere is an
air pollutant with harmful effects on the
respiratory systems of animals and will
burn sensitive plants; however, the
ozone layer in the upper atmosphere is
beneficial, preventing potentially
damaging electromagnetic radiation
from reaching the Earth's surface.Ozone
is present in low concentrations
throughout the Earth's atmosphere

17. 4. Oxygen and Ozone(cont)
Ozone is a powerful oxidizing
agent, far stronger than O2. It is
also unstable at high
concentrations, decaying to
ordinary diatomic oxygen

18. Oxygen and Ozone:
Ozone oxidizes airborne
pollutants, then reverts to
oxygen,
leaving behind cleansed and
refreshened air.
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19. Ultraviolet light
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20. Introduction
Ultraviolet (UV) light is a range of
light invisible to human eyes.
While it cannot be seen, UV light is
useful to humans in a wide range of
areas. Astronomers measure UV
light to study stars and planets.
Medical doctors use UV light to
identify and treat ailments.
04/21/16 20

21. Introduction(cont)
Geologists use UV light to
identify gems. Ephemera
collectors use UV to identify
fake collectibles. Police
detectives use UV in criminal
investigations. Civil engineers
use UV to purify water and air.
04/21/16

22. What is ultraviolet light?
Ultraviolet, or UV for short, is a form
of light that is invisible to humans. UV
makes up a small section on the entire
spectrum of light. As shown below, the
entire light spectrum also includes
infrared light, X-rays, gamma rays and
the visible light we see.
04/21/16 22

23. What is ultraviolet light?(cont)
04/21/16 23

24. What is ultraviolet light?(cont)
Light is commonly categorized by
its wavelength. The light to the left
on the above spectrum has the
longest wavelength, while the light
on the right side has the shortest.
Ultraviolet light is just to the left of
the color violet in the visual light
spectrum.
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25. What is ultraviolet light?(cont)
04/21/16 25

26. What is ultraviolet light?(cont
Ultraviolet literally translates
to beyond violet, with ultra
being Latin for beyond or past.
Infrared, just on the other side
of the visible light, means
beyond or past red, with infra
meaning the same as ultra.
04/21/16 26

27. What is ultraviolet light?(cont)
Humans can only see visible
light and its colors violet to red.
Human can't see any of the
other type of light. The visible
colors have different
wavelengths from each other.
04/21/16 27

28. The different categories of UV
light, including black light
 
04/21/16 28

29. The different categories of UV
light, including black light(cont)
Ultraviolet light itself is commonly
divided into categories. As with all light,
the sections are defined by the
wavelength.
The most common categories you will
see are UVA (also known as long wave
UV and black light), UVB (mid-wave UV)
and UVC ( shortwave UV and germicidal
light).
04/21/16 29

30. The different categories of UV
light, including black light(cont)
Common names:
UVA = long wave UV = black light
UVB = mid wave UV
UVC = short wave UV = germicidal light
04/21/16 30

31. Measuring and representing
ultraviolet light: wavelengths.
Light is represented and measured
in different ways. The most
common way is to represent it is as
waves. Length of the wave is
measured from crest to crest,
though you can also measure it
bottom to bottom.
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32. Measuring and representing ultraviolet
light: wavelengths(cont)
04/21/16 32

33. Measuring and representing
ultraviolet light: wavelengths(cont)
Wavelength is commonly
measured in nanometers
(abbreviated as nm). A nanometer
is one billionth of a meter, or one
millionth of a millimeter. One will
occasionally find light represented
in Angstroms (A), which is one
tenth (1/10th) of a nanometer
04/21/16 33

34. Measuring and representing ultraviolet
light: wavelengths(cont)
An easy conversion.
1 nanometer = 10 Angstroms
1 Angstrom = 0.1 nanometer
04/21/16 34

35. Measuring and representing ultraviolet
light: wavelengths(cont)
The following are the wavelengths in
nanometers for UVA, UVB and UVC:
UVA (long wave, black light)
= 320 to 400 nm
UVB (mid-wave)
= 280-315nm
UVC (shortwave, germicidal)
= 200-280 nm
04/21/16 35

36. 5.Ultraviolet light (cont)
There are 3 different types of UV light
UVA (315-400nm) is commonly known
as "black light". This is fairly safe UV
light. UVB (280-315nm) is dangerous
with overdose and will cause the skin to
burn and blister. UVC (100-280nm) is
very dangerous and is mostly blocked
from the sun by the earth's
atmosphere .
3604/21/16

37. 5.Ultraviolet light (cont)
Germicidal lamps are designed
to emit UVC radiation because
of its ability to kill bacteria. In
humans, UVC is absorbed in the
outer dead layers of the
epidermis
04/21/16 37

38. Agents purifying the Air:
Accidental overexposure
to UVC can cause corneal
burns, commonly termed
welders' flash, and snow
blindness, a severe
sunburn to the face.
04/21/16 38

39. Agents purifying the Air:
UVB is typically the most
destructive form of UV
radiation because it has enough
energy to cause photochemical
damage to cellular DNA, yet not
enough to be completely
absorbed by the atmosphere.
3904/21/16

40. 5.Ultraviolet light (cont)
UVB is needed by humans for synthesis of
vitamin D; however, harmful effects can
include erythema (sunburn), cataracts, and
development of skin cancer.
Individuals working outdoors are at the
greatest risk of UVB effects. Most solar UVB is
blocked by ozone in the atmosphere, and
there is concern that reductions in
atmospheric ozone could increase the
prevalence of skin cancer.
4004/21/16

41. 5.Ultraviolet light (cont)
UVA is the most commonly encountered type
of UV light. UVA exposure has an initial
pigment-darkening effect (tanning) followed
by erythema if the exposure is excessive.
Atmospheric ozone absorbs very little of this
part of the UV spectrum. UVA is needed by
humans for synthesis of vitamin D; however,
overexposure to UVA has been associated
with toughening of the skin, suppression of
the immune system, and cataract formation.
UVA light is often called black light. Most
phototherapy and tanning booths use UVA
lamps.
4104/21/16

42. 5.Ultraviolet light (cont)
. The cleansing mechanism of UV is a
photochemical process. The contaminants
that pollute the indoor environment are
almost entirely based upon organic or carbon-
based compounds. These compounds broken
down when exposed to high-intensity UV at
240 to 280 nm. Short-wave ultraviolet light
can destroy DNA in living microorganisms
and break down organic material found in
indoor air. UVC's effectiveness is directly
related to intensity and exposure time.
4204/21/16

43. 5.Ultraviolet light (cont)
The particular wavelength of light
used is absorbed by DNA. The light
causes mutations in the DNA.
Since the DNA encodes what proteins
organisms make, organisms damaged
by UV light are unable to continue to
make the proteins which keep them
alive and allow them to reproduce.
4304/21/16

44. 5.Ultraviolet light (cont)
Bacteria and fungi are single-celled
organisms, so they have nothing but a thin
cell membrane separating them from the
ultraviolet, and the waves pass easily through.
Viruses are even more vulnerable, since they
don't have cell membranes. The ultraviolet
light will not necessarily kill the bugs
outright, but it will weaken them and render
them unable to cause harm or survive for
long.
4404/21/16

45. 5.Ultraviolet light (cont)
Limits of UV Light
Ultraviolet light is only able to harm
bugs that it contacts. Even a small crack
can hide spores in its shadow, keeping
them safe from the UV. High-intensity
ultraviolet lights are also harmful to
people, so you can't use UV in your
living space.
4504/21/16

46. Sterilization by radiation:
Ionizing radiations include
gamma and x-rays. In a
sufficient dose, these radiations
are lethal to all cells, including
bacterial spores, which are
generally more resistant than
vegetative cells.
4604/21/16

47. Sterilization by radiation(cont)
Bacterial species differ in
their sensitivity to ionizing
radiations and the degree of
resistance varies during the
growth cycle..
4704/21/16

48. Sterilization by radiation(cont)
It is used for the commercial
sterilization of large amounts of
pre-packed single use items
such as plastic syringe and
catheters
4804/21/16

49. Sterilization by radiation(cont)
gamma rays
gamma rays have electromagnetic
radiation of wavelengths shorter
than X-rays,. Gamma rays used in
nuclear medicine have higher
energy than diagnostic X-rays and
greater penetration; higher doses
are used in radiotherapy..
4904/21/16

50. Sterilization by radiation(cont)
The powerful nature of gamma
rays has made them useful in the
sterilization of medical equipment
by killing bacteria. They are also
used to kill bacteria and insects in
foodstuffs, particularly meat,
marshmallows, pies, eggs, and
vegetables, to maintain freshness.
5004/21/16

51. Sterilization by radiation(cont)
The gamma radiation can
reach inside even the most
complex shapes and it doesn't
expose delicate equipment to
high temperatures. There's also
no need to rinse off chemicals
afterwards.
5104/21/16

52. Sterilization by radiation(cont)
Due to their tissue penetrating
property, gamma rays/X-rays have a
wide variety of medical uses such as
in CT Scans and radiation therapy
(see X-ray). However, as a form of
ionizing radiation they have the
ability to effect molecular changes,
giving them the potential to cause
cancer when DNA is affected
5204/21/16

53. Air purification in a sterile
product manufacturing room
5304/21/16

54. Air purification in a sterile product
manufacturing room(cont)
The aseptic technique is
achieved when the source of
contamination is well known in
mind, which includes air or
atmosphere, hands, clothing,
hair, fingers, nails and lastly
benches and equipment.
5404/21/16

55. Air purification in a sterile product
manufacturing room(cont)
The term aseptic will be used to
indicate a controlled process OR
condition in which the level of
microbial contamination is
reduced to the designed that
microorganisms can be excluded
from the product during
processing.
5504/21/16

56. Air purification in a sterile product
manufacturing room:
Sterilization (or sterilization,) is a term
referring to any process that eliminates
(removes) or kills all forms of life, including
transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria,
viruses, spore forms, etc.) present on a
surface, contained in a fluid, in medication,
or in a compound such as biological culture
media. Sterilization can be achieved by
applying the proper combinations of heat,
chemicals, irradiation, high pressure, and
filtration.
5604/21/16

57. Laminar air flow
car binate OR chamber
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58. Definition
A system of circulating filtered air in
parallel-flowing planes in hospitals or
other health care facilities. The system
reduces the risk of airborne
contamination and exposure to chemical
pollutants in surgical theaters, food
preparation areas, hospital pharmacies,
and laboratories.

04/21/16 58

59. Laminar air flow
car binate:
A laminar air flow cabinet or laminar
flow closet or tissue culture hood is a
carefully enclosed bench designed to
prevent contamination of
semiconductor wafers, biological
samples, or any particle sensitive
device. Air is drawn through a HEPA
filter and blown in a very smooth,
laminar flow towards the user..
5904/21/16

60. Laminar air flow
car binate(cont)
The cabinet is usually made of
stainless steel with no gaps or
joints where spores might
collect.Such hoods exist in both
horizontal and vertical
configurations, and there are many
different types of cabinets with a
variety of airflow patterns and
acceptable uses. 6004/21/16

61. Laminar air flow
car binate(cont)
Lamina air flow cabinets may
have a UV-C germicidal lamp to
sterilize the shell and contents
when not in use. (It is
important to switch this light
off during use, as it will quickly
give any exposed skin sunburn
and may cause cataracts.)
6104/21/16

62. Laminar air flow
car binate(cont)
The most important part of
a laminar flow hood is a
high efficiency bacteria-
retentive filter. Room air is
taken into the unit and
passed through a pre-filter to
remove gross contaminants
(lint, dust etc).
6204/21/16

63. Laminar air flow
car binate(cont)
The air is then compressed and
channeled up behind and through the
HEPA filter (High Efficiency Particulate
Air filter) in a laminar flow fashion--
that is the purified air flows out over
the entire work surface in parallel lines
at a uniform velocity. The HEPA filter
removes nearly all of the bacteria from
the air.
6304/21/16

64. Laminar air flow
car binate(cont)
Why control room air?
The environmental control of air is of
concern because room air may be
highly contaminated. Example:
Sneezing produces 100,000 - 200,000
aerosol droplets which can then attach
to dust particles. These contaminated
particles may be present in the air for
weeks. 6404/21/16

65. Laminar airflow chamber
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66. 6604/21/16

67. 04/21/16 67

68. Laminar airflow chamber
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69. Laminar airflow chamber
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70. Ahsanteni sana
Bwana
awabariki
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