4. An Overview of Sugarcane White Leaf Disease in Vietnam.pdf

An overview of Sugarcane White Leaf Disease in Vietnam

1. Hội thảo quốc tế Lần Thứ Hai: “Giảm chi phí sản xuất và tăng thu nhập cho người trồng mía ở Việt Nam”
2
nd
International workshop on reduce production cost and increase income for sugarcane growers in Vietnam
Author: Dr. Cao Anh Đương
Sugarcane Research Institute (SRI)

HCMC, 14 July 2014

2. HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION IN INTERNATIONAL

 In the world:
-The disease is first detected in Thailand in 1950s and in Taiwan in 1955s.
-Currently, the disease has been found in China, Taiwan, Japan,
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand,
Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.
Distribution map of white leaf disease in the world (yellow point)

3.  In Vietnam:
- In 1996, the white leaf disease
appeared first in Dong Nai, Binh Thuan,
...Affected sugarcane area was estimated
nearly 2,000 ha in 1997-1998 (This was
the same time with importing and strong
development of sugarcane varieties
(ROC) from Taiwan?)
- From 2011 to present: Outbreak again
and damage in most southern provinces
with a total affected area nearly 3,000
hectares (This was the same time with
importing and strong development of
sugarcane varieties from Thailand ?)

Distribution map of WLD in Vietnam
(black coin)
HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION IN VIETNAM

4.  Annual damage average rate of phytoplasma disease (green grassy
shoot, grassy shoot, Ramu stunt) is about 5-20% average yield,
particularly up to 100% yield of sugarcane in case (Rishi and Chen,
1989; Rao et al., 2000).
 The damage rate almost depends on varieties resistant, weather
conditions and other environmental conditions affect on growth of sugar
cane (sugarcane health). For example: diseased sugarcane planting in
summer-autumn may be reduced to 90% chlorophyll content, sugarcane
yield decreased to 70%, sugar yield was reduced to 30% (Chuang-Yang
and Ling, 1963).
 In Taiwan: Highest damage was in 1965 with 60 hectares of sugarcane
impaired completely. In 1989, over 700 hectares of sugarcane infected
over 10% (Rishi and Chen, 1989).
 In Thailand: the lost of sugar industry caused by white leaf disease is
estimated at 1,700 million baht per year.
ECONOMIC DAMAGE

5. WHITE LEAF DISEASE IN THAILAND
 In 1951: first discovery
 In 1961/1962: the diseased
area increased 10 times
 In 1972/1973: > 10,000 acres
infected (100 million baht)
 In 1989/1990: 178.745 acres
infected (774 million baht).
 In 2000/2001: more than
230,000 acres inflected in
northeast
 In 2006/2007: Heavy Outbreak
in Udon Thani, ~ 100,000 acres
 In 2010: widespread to the
east, 100,000 acres
 Damage: productivity is
reduced 38%, 1,700 million baht /
year.

6. WHITE LEAF DISEASE IN VIET NAM
 In 1996: First discovery in the South East
(follow sugarcane from Taiwan?)
 In 1997: The infected area is over 2,000 ha in
Dong Nai, Binh Thuan
 In 2011: R&D Center for Sugar Cane (SRI)
has warned of the disease outbreak at the
review conference of the sugar production hold
by Ministry of Agriculture (HCMC, 7/2011).
 2011-2012: The disease has spread to the
central, highlands and the South West
 In 2013/2014: Disease epidemics incurred
heavy damage in Khanh Hoa (> 1,200 ha), Gia
Lai (> 1,500 ha), Tay Ninh (> 150 ha), ... and
has widespread throughout in growing areas
(from Thailand varieties?)
 Similar diseases: Diseases grass shoots in
Nghe An, from 2006 to 2010 there were over
10,000 ha infected, annual losses was
estimated about hundreds of billion.

7.  The naked eyes by comparison and
contrast symptoms.
 By electron microscopy: For example:
Vu Trieu Man et al. (1998) using an electron
microscopy namely JEOL 1010 at 40,000
fold 24,000 fold magnification and found
phytoplasma with the plasma size similar in
Taiwan.
 By nested polymerase chain reaction
tech (nested-PCR): For example: By using
the common primers P1/P7 and
R16F2n/R16R2, Trinh Xuan Hoat et al.
(2013) have detected and identificated of a
phytoplasma associated with sugarcane
white leaf disease in South Vietnam, strain
belonging to subgroups SCWL, 16SrXI
group, it had a similar 100% as compared
with strains of phytoplasma caused
sugarcane white leaf disease in Thailand.
 By rapid diagnostic test.
DIAGNOSIS METHODS
By symptoms By electron microscope
By nested-PCR

8. THE PROCESS OF RAPID DISEASE DIAGNOSIS BY INNOVA WLD TEST KIT
DIAGNOSIS METHODS
EARLY DETECTION AND ERADICATION BY KIT RAPID TEST

9. DISEASE SYMPTOMS
 Initial symptoms of the
disease: some white or cream
color streaks appear long,
narrow, along the blade and the
blade parallel to the main veins
in the young leaves. As the
disease progresses, the lesions
spread and combine together
and leaf blade become white.
 Distinguish:
- Grass shoot disease
- Green grass shoot disease
- Ramu stunt disease
- Deficiency of iron (Fe)
Initial symptoms

Late symptoms

10. DISTINGUISH
Item WLD GSD GGSD Ramu stunt
Iron deficiency
disease (Fe)
Causes Phytoplasma Phytoplasma Phytoplasma Phytoplasma Iron deficiency(Fe)
Symptoms
Descriptions White leaf (whole
leaf length)
Excessive
tillering (yellow
tiller), stunted
tillering
Excessive
tillering (green
tiller), stunted
tillering
Excessive
tillering, mottled
patterns on leaf
sheet
Leaf sheet is white
or yellow, midrit is
still green
Transmission By 2 ways: seed
cane and hoppers
(Matsumuratettix
hiroglyphicus or
Yamatotettix
flavovisttatus)
By seed cane

By seed cane
(suspecting by
insect vector)
By hopper
Eumetopina
flavipes
No transmission

Condition Sandy, dry and hot
weather, high
density Mh
- Fresh, high
moisture
- Land of iron
deficiency (Fe)
Main
distribution
south not yet
discovered in
Vietnam
Nghệ An not yet
discovered in
Vietnam
Around llimestone
mountain

11. SYMPTOMS OF WHITE LEAF DISEASE
Profuse tillering associated with white leaves (Chen, 1983)

12. Stools showing white leaf symptoms (Kusalwong, 2000)
SYMPTOMS OF WHITE LEAF DISEASE

13. Symptom of primary infection (right) and healthy cane (left) (Chen, 1983)
SYMPTOMS OF WHITE LEAF DISEASE

14. Sugarcane row affected by white leaf (Kusalwong, 2000)
SYMPTOMS OF WHITE LEAF DISEASE

15. Cane killed by white leaf disease (Kusalwong, 2000)
SYMPTOMS OF WHITE LEAF DISEASE

16. Fallow field because of influence of white leaf disease (Chen, 1983)
SYMPTOMS OF WHITE LEAF DISEASE

17. White leaf disease in adult sugarcane (Chen, 1983)
SYMPTOMS OF WHITE LEAF DISEASE

18. Common name: Phytoplasma

Kingdom: Prokaryote

Division: Tenericutes

Class: Mollicutes

Order: Acholeplasmatales

Family: Acholeplasmataceae
Phytoplasma in cell of plant
CAUSE AND CLASSIFY LOCATION

19. TRANSMISSION
1.Insect vector (hopper) is Matsumuratettix hiroglyphicus Mats. and
Yamatotettix flavovisttatus Mats.
-Main is secondary transmission
-From field to field in the area.
-From sugarcane varieties to sugarcane, from disease one to healthy one.
-It can be stored and passed on from generation to generation hoppers parent.
Healthy cane
Diseased cane
TRANSMISSION

20. 1.Matsumuratettix hiroglyphicus
Matsumura
Source:
-Matsumoto et al., 1968;
-Chen, 1974;
-Maramorosch et al., 1975;
-Wongkaew et al., 1997;
-Hanboonsong et.al., 2002;
-Hanboonsong et al., 2006.
2.Yamatotettix flavovisttatus Matsumura
Source:
-Hanboonsong et al., 2006
TRANSMISSION

21. 2.Planting material (setts; tissue culture, one-eye bud poly bags seedling, …):
-Main is premier transmission
-From region to another (not depending on distance)
-From the seed fields to commercial fields, from plant crop to ratoons crop, from
year to year (not depending on time)
True cane seed (fuzz)
Tissue culture seedling Cuttings (setts)
One eye bud seedling in seedbed One eye bud seedling in poly bag
TRANSMISSION

22. DISEASE OUTBREAKS
Sources: Yu, 2011, Khonkaen, ThaiLand
Weather
Nutrient
Resistance ability

23. POPULATION DYNAMICS OF M.h. AND Y.f. HOPPER
Source: Hanboonsong and co-operators, 2006, ThaiLand
White leaf disease rate
White leaf disease rate (%)

Number of hopper/1,600 m
2

Month

24. LIFE CYCLE OF HOPPER Matsumuratettix hiroglyphicus
6-8 days
30-40 days
14-16 days
Source: Hanboonsong and co-operators, 2002

25. DEVELOPMENT CYCLE OF R.h

26. SECONDARY HOSTS OF PHYTOPLASMA

27. WHITE LEAF DISEASE MANAGEMENT
METHODS

28. INFECTED FIELD
ENVIRONMENTS
PHYTOPLASMA
VECTOR


PRINCIPLES OF DISEASE COTNROL
•Planting resistant varieties
•Improve sugarcane health
•Do not use one variety, diversify
varieties
•Good drainage
•Liming
•Suitable density planting
•Remove and destroy diseased cane
•Kill Vector
•Use free disease seed cane

29. 1.FARMING PRACTIES
Take out disease cane
Field sanitation after harvesting to destroy pathogens.
Focus in planting sugarcane from Oct to Dec to evoid
insect vectors in the rainy season.
Do not use infected sugarcane for seed, do not keep
the sugarcane field having infected rate > 20%.
Use resistant varieties as Phil58-260, Phil85-118,
Phil85-105, Phil87-2-113, F134, F137, (K95-156,
KK3?)...
Good weed management (kill pathogens source on
the host).
Fertilization, irrigation, feeding sugarcane reasonable
and in time to ensure sugarcane healthy, increasing
disease resistance.
After planting, farmer must visit the field every 7-15
days to inspect, detect and destroy new pathogens by
taking out disease cane, burning, or spraying
glyphosate herbicide 1% directly to diseased
sugarcane.
Take care of sugarcane
Use the herbicide
DISEASE MANAGEMENT

31. Source: Itsarapong Voraphab and Yupa Hanboonsong (2012), Thailand
2. ROTATION
DISEASE MANAGEMENT
A/ Population dynamics of white leaf disease rate (SCWL) and M. hiroglyphicus hopper
on sugarcane mono-cultivation field
B/ Population dynamics of white leaf disease rate (SCWL) and M. hiroglyphicus hopper
on rotation field between sugarcane and up-land rice

32. Rotation sugarcane and Congo pea plant in Thailand
2. ROTATION
DISEASE MANAGEMENT

33. - Step 1: Prepare free disease seed
One-eye cutting
Hot water treatment with
50
o
C in 2 hours
Sampling
3. PRODUCTION DISEASE FREE SEED BY TISSUE CULTURE
DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Plant in seed-box in 2-4
weeks

34. - Step 2: Vi-intro transplantation
DISEASE MANAGEMENT
3. PRODUCTION DISEASE FREE SEED BY TISSUE CULTURE

35. - Step 3: Seedlings and disease check
DISEASE MANAGEMENT
3. PRODUCTION DISEASE FREE SEED BY TISSUE CULTURE
Seedling jars
Seedling
jars
bracket
Sampling for white
leaf disease by
Nested-PCR
technique

36. - Step 4: Transplanting seedlings into insect protected net-house
DISEASE MANAGEMENT
3. PRODUCTION DISEASE FREE SEED BY TISSUE CULTURE
The net-house
Plant seedlings in poly-
bag inside net-house
Free disease seedlings (green leaves) after
1.5-3 months

37. Advantages:
- Survival rate achieves > 90%
- High multiplication: 1.000 -1.500 times
- Less seed requires: Planting sugarcane
distance 0.6 to 0.8 m, row distance 1.5 m;
density: 10,500-12,500 plants / ha
- Short time propagation: 2.5-3 months
- The disease free rate > 99% (by PCR
or Kit test)
- It is possible to use plant crop or first
ratoon for tested and commercial seed.
Cons:
- Too expensive: 7-10,000 VND/plant
- Have to have separated area for free
disease seed multiplication, the distance
with commercial field is 1 km at least
- Must have PCR Lab or KIT to rapid
diagnostic disease test.
- Difficult to apply in large area
DISEASE MANAGEMENT
3. PRODUCTION DISEASE FREE SEED BY TISSUE CULTURE

38. Multiplication
rate
1 ha





> 6 ha


> 43 ha

> 300 ha
LEVEL 1 (BASIC SEED PRODUCTION):
•The 1-3 buds cutting, free pest, enough standards, soaked in cold water in 24 hour.
•Hot water treatment in 50
o
C in 2 hours or in 54
o
C hot water air in 2.5 hours, or soaked in antibiotic
solution ledermycin, or tetracycline HCl at a concentration of 500 ppm.
•Soak in cold fungicide solution (Dithane 80 WP) in 30 minutes.
•Take out and planted in isolated areas (minimum 50 m)
•Pest prevention periodically as recommended specifically for the production. Check the ratoon stunt
disease (RSD), it is satisfactory if colored pipe circuit is > 85%. There is absolutely no and other virus
and bactery diseases. There is no smut and red rot disease (visual inspection), no phytoplasma
disease (verified by PCR or rapid diagnostic test)
LEVEL 2 (CERTIFICATED SEED PRODUCTION):
•Choose free disease seed, enough standards, the 3 bud cutting, soaked in fungicide (Dithane
80 WP) for 30 minutes, then take out and planting.
•Pest prevention periodically as recommended specifically for the production. Check the ratoon
stunt disease (RSD), it is satisfactory if colored pipe circuit is > 85%. The virus and bactery
disease is < 0.1%. There is no smut and red rot and phytoplasma diseases (visual inspection).
Provide commercial free disease seed to growers
LEVEL 3 (COMMERCIAL SEED PRODUCTION):
•Choose free disease seed, enough standards, the 3 bud cutting, soaked in fungicide (Dithane 80 WP)
for 30 minutes, then take out and planting
•Pest prevention periodically as recommended specifically for the production. The virus and bactery
disease is < 2%. There is no smut and red rot and phytoplasma diseases (visual inspection
4. PRODUCE AND PROVIDE 3 LEVELS FREE DISEASE SEED
DISEASE MANAGEMENT

39. Fixed Machine Flexible Machine
HOT WATER TREATMENT MACHINE
DISEASE MANAGEMENT
4. PRODUCE AND PROVIDE 3 LEVELS FREE DISEASE SEED

40. Advantages:
- Can be applied on a large area
- Low cost, just higher than 20%
Weakness:
- low multiplication rate: 6-8 times
- High investment capital
- Must have separate seed plantation and
completed seed multiplication system.
- Must have policies to support farmers
about seed price, attention and strictly
seed source control.
Basic seed field
Certificatied seed field
Commercial seed field
DISEASE MANAGEMENT
4. PRODUCE AND PROVIDE 3 LEVELS FREE DISEASE SEED

41. 5. Forecast and prevention measures of vector insects
DISEASE MANAGEMENT
BUILDING UP SOFTWARE
FOR VECTOR HOPPER
FORECAST
Prediction model
Weather data collection
Survey and collect hopper data

42. Using light traps, sticky traps to collect and monitor pest density on sugarcane field
DISEASE MANAGEMENT
5. Forecast and prevention measures of vector insects

43. Number of hoppers collected by light traps and sticky traps at different colours of trap
DISEASE MANAGEMENT
5. Forecast and prevention measures of vector insects
Source: Yu, 2011, Khonkaen, Thailand

44. Thailand has developed software for density forecast of hopper M. hiroglyphicus
DISEASE MANAGEMENT
5. Forecast and prevention measures of vector insects

45. 6. Quarantine
Minimizing imported sugarcane
variety in large quantities from
abroad, not in compliance with
regulations on quarantine of
imported sugarcane varieties of the
Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations – FAO
(Technical guidelines for safe
movement of germplasm
Sugarcane, 1993).
Strictly control in sale and
transportation of sugarcane from
infected areas to others area.
Add white leaf disease into the list
of sugarcane diseases primarily to
assess the resistance in new
variety trial in VN.
DISEASE MANAGEMENT