4-Nutritional-Diseases 4-Nutritional-Diseases

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1. NUTRITIONAL DISEASES
GEN PATHOLOGY

2. What do you mean with “proper diet”?
A.No carbs, only greens
B.Eating three times a day
C.Fasting for 16hours then eating
regularly for 8hours
D.*does skinny pose*
E.Sorry the word you entered
is not in my vocabulary
F.None of the above

3. BALANCE is appropriate

4. What is an “APPROPRIATE DIET”?
•Sufficient source of energy/calories
–In the form of carbohydrates, fats & proteins
–Needed for body’s daily metabolism
•Amino acids & fatty acids
–Used as building blocks for synthesis of structural &
functional proteins and lipids
•Vitamins & minerals
–Function as coenzymes or hormones in metabolic
pathways, and also as structural components

5. MALNUTRITION
•A.K.A. Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
•Consequence of inadequate intake of proteins
and calories, or deficiency in digestion of
absorption of proteins.
•Results in loss of fat & muscle tissue, weight loss,
lethargy & generalized weakness.

6. MALNUTRITION
•Millions of people in developing nations are
malnourished & starving.

7. MALNUTRITION
PRIMARY MALNUTRITION
•Inadequate supply of at least one or all of the
nutrients in the diet
•
Ex. Marasmus, kwashiorkor
SECONDARY MALNUTRITION
•Supply of nutrients is adequate, but there is
insufficient intake, absorption, utilization, storage,
excess loss, or increased need for nutrients

8. Conditions that lead to Dietary
Insufficiency
•Poverty
•Infections
•Acute or chronic illnesses
•Chronic alcoholism
•Ignorance & failure of diet supplementation
•Self-imposed dietary restriction

9. POVERTY
Poor.

10. PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION (PEM)
•A serious & often lethal disease affecting children
•Determined according to body mass index (BMI)
where a BMI less than 16kg/m
2 is considered
malnourished.
–But we have to consider other factors as well such as
edema, fat stores, muscle mass, and blood proteins.

11. PEM SYNDROMES
•A spectrum of syndromes, all characterized by a
dietary intake of protein and calories inadequate
to meet the body’s needs.
•The two ends of the spectrum of PEM syndromes
are known as marasmus & kwashiorkor.
•May affect the somatic (muscle) component, or
the visceral (organs) component

12. MARASMUS
•Considered when a child’s weight falls below 60%
of normal for sex, height and age.
•A marasmic child suffers growth retardation, and
loss of muscle and subcutaneous fat.
•Visceral protein & blood protein levels are
however normal or only slightly reduced.

13. MARASMUS
With such losses of muscle and subcutaneous fat, the extremities are emaciated.
The head appears too large for the body. Anemia and manifestations of multiple
vitamin deficiencies are present, and there is evidence of immune deficiency

14. KWASHIORKOR
•Occurs when marked protein deprivation is
greater than the reduction in total calories, and is
associated with severe loss of visceral protein.
•Resultant low albumin levels in the blood causes
generalized edema, which masks weight loss.
•Subcutaneous fat and muscle mass is spared.

15. KWASHIORKOR
Children with kwashiorkor have characteristic “flaky paint” appearance.
Hair changes include overall loss of color or alternates. Other features
that differentiate kwashiorkor from marasmus include an enlarged, fatty
liver, development of apathy, listlessness, and loss of appetite. Vitamin
deficiencies, defects in immunity and secondary infections may also occur

16. SECONDARY PEM
•Occurs in chronically ill, elderly, bedridden
patients.

17. CACHEXIA
•Protein energy malnutrition occurring in patients
with AIDS or advanced cancer (around 50%).
•Highly debilitating condition characterized by
extreme weight loss, fatigue, muscle atrophy,
anemia, anorexia and edema.
•Death is usually caused by the atrophy of the
diaphragm.

18. CANCER-RELATED CACHEXIA
The lesser the physiological reserve (proteins, fats, etc) the lower the chances of
survival in these disease states. Hence nutritional upbuilding is very important.

19. ANOREXIA NERVOSA
•Condition characterized by self-induced starvation,
resulting in marked weight loss.
•Clinical findings similar to those in severe PEM, but
additional effects amenorrhea, anemia,
hypothyroidism, dehydration & electrolyte
imbalance
•Highest death rate of any psychiatric disorder
–Increased susceptibility to sudden cardiac death from low
potassium levels (due to poor intake)

20. ANOREXIA NERVOSA
Eating disorders (anorexia, bulimia) occur primarily in previously healthy young
women who have developed an obsession with body image and thinness.

21. BULIMIA
•A condition in which the patient binges on food
and then induces vomiting.
•Large amounts of food, principally carbohydrates,
are ingested, to be followed by induced vomiting.
•Major medical complications relate to continual
induced vomiting, and the use of laxatives and
diuretics (electrolyte imbalances, lung aspiration)

22. BULIMIA

23. OBESITY
•A disease of caloric imbalance (and excess fat
storage) that results from an excess intake of
calories above their consumption by the body
•Has become a major public health problem in the
industrial world, and even developing nations.
•Associated with the development of diseases
such as diabetes and atherosclerosis, that
complicate into heart attacks, stroke and death.

24. BODY MASS INDEX (BMI)
•The normal BMI range is 18.5 to 25 kg/m
2,
although this may differ for different countries.
•Individuals with BMI between 25 kg/m
2 and 30
kg/m
2 are considered to be overweight.
•Individuals with BMI above 30 kg/m
2 are
classified as obese.

25. Other means of assessing body fat
•Body fat may also be measured by triceps
skinfold thickness, mid-arm circumference, and
the ratio between waist and hip circumferences.

26. CENTRAL OBESITY (Visceral Obesity)
•Condition in which fat accumulates in the trunk
and in the abdominal cavity (in the mesentery
and around viscera).
•Is associated with a much higher risk for several
diseases than is excess accumulation of fat
diffusely in subcutaneous tissue.

27. CENTRAL OBESITY (Visceral Obesity)

28. THICC IZ BETTER

29. VITAMIN DEFICIENCY & TOXICITY
VITAMIN DEFICIENCY EXCESS (TOXICITY)
A Night blindness
Dry eye
Headache, dizziness, blurring
of vision, weight loss, anorexia
B Beriberi
“Brain fog”
Muscle & nerve probs
Excess usually excreted in
urine
C Scurvy (poor wound
healing)
Cracked lips/mucosae
Excess usually excreted in
urine
Increased risk for calcium
stones
D Rickets
Increased risk of bone
loss & hip fractures
Calcifications to soft tissue
Never due to excess sunlight

30. VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY

31. END